Co-EEORS : cooperative energy efficient optimal relay selection protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks
- Khan, Anwar, Ali, Ihsan, Rahman, Atiq, Imran, Muhammad, Amin, Fazal, Mahmood, Hasan
- Authors: Khan, Anwar , Ali, Ihsan , Rahman, Atiq , Imran, Muhammad , Amin, Fazal , Mahmood, Hasan
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: IEEE Access Vol. 6, no. (2018), p. 28777-28789
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- Description: Cooperative routing mitigates the adverse channel effects in the harsh underwater environment and ensures reliable delivery of packets from the bottom to the surface of water. Cooperative routing is analogous to sparse recovery in that faded copies of data packets are processed by the destination node to extract the desired information. However, it usually requires information about the two or three position coordinates of the nodes. It also requires the synchronization of the source, relay, and destination nodes. These features make the cooperative routing a challenging task as sensor nodes move with water currents. Moreover, the data packets are simply discarded if the acceptable threshold is not met at the destination. This threatens the reliable delivery of data to the final destination. To cope with these challenges, this paper proposes a cooperative energy-efficient optimal relay selection protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. Unlike the existing routing protocols involving cooperation, the proposed scheme combines location and depth of the sensor nodes to select the destination nodes. Combination of these two parameters does not involve knowing the position coordinates of the nodes and results in selection of the destination nodes closest to the water surface. As a result, data packets are less affected by the channel properties. In addition, a source node chooses a relay node and a destination node. Data packets are sent to the destination node by the relay node as soon as the relay node receives them. This eliminates the need for synchronization among the source, relay, and destination nodes. Moreover, the destination node acknowledges the source node about the successful reception or retransmission of the data packets. This overcomes the packets drop. Based on simulation results, the proposed scheme is superior in delivering packets to the final destination than some existing techniques. © 2013 IEEE.
- Authors: Khan, Anwar , Ali, Ihsan , Rahman, Atiq , Imran, Muhammad , Amin, Fazal , Mahmood, Hasan
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: IEEE Access Vol. 6, no. (2018), p. 28777-28789
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Cooperative routing mitigates the adverse channel effects in the harsh underwater environment and ensures reliable delivery of packets from the bottom to the surface of water. Cooperative routing is analogous to sparse recovery in that faded copies of data packets are processed by the destination node to extract the desired information. However, it usually requires information about the two or three position coordinates of the nodes. It also requires the synchronization of the source, relay, and destination nodes. These features make the cooperative routing a challenging task as sensor nodes move with water currents. Moreover, the data packets are simply discarded if the acceptable threshold is not met at the destination. This threatens the reliable delivery of data to the final destination. To cope with these challenges, this paper proposes a cooperative energy-efficient optimal relay selection protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. Unlike the existing routing protocols involving cooperation, the proposed scheme combines location and depth of the sensor nodes to select the destination nodes. Combination of these two parameters does not involve knowing the position coordinates of the nodes and results in selection of the destination nodes closest to the water surface. As a result, data packets are less affected by the channel properties. In addition, a source node chooses a relay node and a destination node. Data packets are sent to the destination node by the relay node as soon as the relay node receives them. This eliminates the need for synchronization among the source, relay, and destination nodes. Moreover, the destination node acknowledges the source node about the successful reception or retransmission of the data packets. This overcomes the packets drop. Based on simulation results, the proposed scheme is superior in delivering packets to the final destination than some existing techniques. © 2013 IEEE.
Impact of node deployment and routing for protection of critical infrastructures
- Subhan, Fazli, Noreen, Madiha, Imran, Muhammad, Tariq, Moeenuddin, Khan, Asfandyar, Shoaib, Muhammad
- Authors: Subhan, Fazli , Noreen, Madiha , Imran, Muhammad , Tariq, Moeenuddin , Khan, Asfandyar , Shoaib, Muhammad
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: IEEE Access Vol. 7, no. (2019), p. 11502-11514
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- Description: Recently, linear wireless sensor networks (LWSNs) have been eliciting increasing attention because of their suitability for applications such as the protection of critical infrastructures. Most of these applications require LWSN to remain operational for a longer period. However, the non-replenishable limited battery power of sensor nodes does not allow them to meet these expectations. Therefore, a shorter network lifetime is one of the most prominent barriers in large-scale deployment of LWSN. Unlike most existing studies, in this paper, we analyze the impact of node placement and clustering on LWSN network lifetime. First, we categorize and classify existing node placement and clustering schemes for LWSN and introduce various topologies for disparate applications. Then, we highlight the peculiarities of LWSN applications and discuss their unique characteristics. Several application domains of LWSN are described. We present three node placement strategies (i.e., linear sequential, linear parallel, and grid) and various deployment methods such as random, uniform, decreasing distance, and triangular. Extensive simulation experiments are conducted to analyze the performance of the three state-of-the-art routing protocols in the context of node deployment strategies and methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the node deployment strategies and methods significantly affect LWSN lifetime. © 2013 IEEE.
- Authors: Subhan, Fazli , Noreen, Madiha , Imran, Muhammad , Tariq, Moeenuddin , Khan, Asfandyar , Shoaib, Muhammad
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: IEEE Access Vol. 7, no. (2019), p. 11502-11514
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Recently, linear wireless sensor networks (LWSNs) have been eliciting increasing attention because of their suitability for applications such as the protection of critical infrastructures. Most of these applications require LWSN to remain operational for a longer period. However, the non-replenishable limited battery power of sensor nodes does not allow them to meet these expectations. Therefore, a shorter network lifetime is one of the most prominent barriers in large-scale deployment of LWSN. Unlike most existing studies, in this paper, we analyze the impact of node placement and clustering on LWSN network lifetime. First, we categorize and classify existing node placement and clustering schemes for LWSN and introduce various topologies for disparate applications. Then, we highlight the peculiarities of LWSN applications and discuss their unique characteristics. Several application domains of LWSN are described. We present three node placement strategies (i.e., linear sequential, linear parallel, and grid) and various deployment methods such as random, uniform, decreasing distance, and triangular. Extensive simulation experiments are conducted to analyze the performance of the three state-of-the-art routing protocols in the context of node deployment strategies and methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the node deployment strategies and methods significantly affect LWSN lifetime. © 2013 IEEE.
Energy efficiency perspectives of femtocells in internet of things : recent advances and challenges
- Al-Turjman, Fadi, Imran, Muhammad, Bakhsh, Sheikh
- Authors: Al-Turjman, Fadi , Imran, Muhammad , Bakhsh, Sheikh
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: IEEE Access Vol. 5, no. (2017), p. 26808-26818
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- Description: Energy efficiency is a growing concern in every aspect of the technology. Apart from maintaining profitability, energy efficiency means a decrease in the overall environmental effects, which is a serious concern in today's world. Using a femtocell in Internet of Things (IoT) can boost energy efficiency. To illustrate, femtocells can be used in smart homes, which is a subpart of the smart grid, as a communication mechanism in order to manage energy efficiency. Moreover, femtocells can be used in many IoT applications in order to provide communication. However, it is important to evaluate the energy efficiency of femtocells. This paper investigates recent advances and challenges in the energy efficiency of the femtocell in IoT. First, we introduce the idea of femtocells in the context of IoT and their role in IoT applications. Next, we describe prominent performance metrics in order to understand how the energy efficiency is evaluated. Then, we elucidate how energy can be modeled in terms of femtocell and provide some models from the literature. Since femtocells are used in heterogeneous networks to manage energy efficiency, we also express some energy efficiency schemes for deployment. The factors that affect the energy usage of a femtocell base station are discussed and then the power consumption of user equipment under femtocell coverage is mentioned. Finally, we highlight prominent open research issues and challenges. © 2013 IEEE.
- Authors: Al-Turjman, Fadi , Imran, Muhammad , Bakhsh, Sheikh
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: IEEE Access Vol. 5, no. (2017), p. 26808-26818
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Energy efficiency is a growing concern in every aspect of the technology. Apart from maintaining profitability, energy efficiency means a decrease in the overall environmental effects, which is a serious concern in today's world. Using a femtocell in Internet of Things (IoT) can boost energy efficiency. To illustrate, femtocells can be used in smart homes, which is a subpart of the smart grid, as a communication mechanism in order to manage energy efficiency. Moreover, femtocells can be used in many IoT applications in order to provide communication. However, it is important to evaluate the energy efficiency of femtocells. This paper investigates recent advances and challenges in the energy efficiency of the femtocell in IoT. First, we introduce the idea of femtocells in the context of IoT and their role in IoT applications. Next, we describe prominent performance metrics in order to understand how the energy efficiency is evaluated. Then, we elucidate how energy can be modeled in terms of femtocell and provide some models from the literature. Since femtocells are used in heterogeneous networks to manage energy efficiency, we also express some energy efficiency schemes for deployment. The factors that affect the energy usage of a femtocell base station are discussed and then the power consumption of user equipment under femtocell coverage is mentioned. Finally, we highlight prominent open research issues and challenges. © 2013 IEEE.
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