Understanding deep aquifer responses to interseam materials of brown coal mines
- Rastogi, Sid, Barton, Andrew, Mackay, Rae, Kandra, Harpreet, Tolooiyan, Ali
- Authors: Rastogi, Sid , Barton, Andrew , Mackay, Rae , Kandra, Harpreet , Tolooiyan, Ali
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Conference proceedings , Conference paper
- Relation: 2018 Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium: Water and Communities, HWRS 2018; Melbourne, Australia; 3rd-6th December 2018 p. 711-722
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Brown coal deposits in the Latrobe Valley form part of the tertiary coal system of the Gippsland Basin, which is one of three major tertiary basins in Victoria, Australia. There are currently two operating brown coal mines in the Latrobe Valley (Yallourn and Loy Yang Mines) where coal is mined for power generation, with a third mine (Hazelwood) having recently ceased operations. An ongoing challenge in the mines is the management of geotechnical stability of the open pit batters. This includes the management of significant issues such as instability due to floor heave which is directly related to groundwater pressures of the underlying confined aquifers. The time dependent pressure distributions in the interseam layers are complex due to the complex heterogeneous stratigraphy of these layers. A model of the fine scale stratigraphy using Minescape has been developed to explore how pressure redistribution occurs and how the groundwater flow systems impact the interseam pore pressures due to pumping activity, leading to potential impacts on the mine batter movements. The objective of the preliminary groundwater modelling presented in this paper is to examine the hydraulic connectivity between the lower pumped aquifer layers and the upper sandy layers. The goal is to assess whether the connections are solely through vertical flows through the interbedded aquitard layers or whether there are lateral connections of the sandy layers that govern the vertical connections. A one-dimensional vertical flow model has been used for this purpose in conjunction with high quality groundwater head data from multiple depths in vertically sealed bores. The results suggest that the pressure redistributions vertically cannot be explained by vertical flows alone and that lateral exchange between layers is also occurring. This work will inform the next stage of modelling that will use the detailed stratigraphic modelling in three dimensions.
Assessing nature of clogging in zeolite based stormwater filters
- McCarthy, David, Deletic, Ana, Kandra, Harpreet
- Authors: McCarthy, David , Deletic, Ana , Kandra, Harpreet
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 8 p. 63-73
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Clogging of filter media is recognised as main limiting factor of the stormwater filtration and infiltration systems that are now widely used in the management of polluted urban runoff. An understanding of pollutant migration and location of clogged material could have important connotations for design, operation and especially maintenance of these filtration-based systems. However, conflicting information is available on the extent of clogging that occurs within the filter bed. Effect of filter bed design; inflow sediment characteristics and hydraulic/hydrology characteristics on the nature of clogging/ location of clogged material has been studied. Profiling of clogged columns with different particle sizes suggests that a combination of cake and depth filtration contribute to the clogging of these systems. While surface clogging was still dominant in configurations with different depths, the deeper columns had the lowest proportion of sediment retained in the surface layer. The concentration of sediment and the size of sediment in stormwater were found to impact the location of clogged material. However, presence of other pollutants in stormwater and the hydraulic/hydrology characteristics of catchment had limited effect on the nature of clogging.
Losing stormwater: 60 years of urbanisation and reduced downstream flow
- Ebbs, David, Dahlhaus, Peter, Barton, Andrew, Kandra, Harpreet
- Authors: Ebbs, David , Dahlhaus, Peter , Barton, Andrew , Kandra, Harpreet
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 10th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design: Creating water sensitive communities (WSUD 2018 & Hydropolis 2018), 12-15 February 2018, Perth, Western Australia p. 142-151
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The potential for stormwater to supplement traditional water supplies from upstream catchments or groundwater is high, with claims that the quantity of additional runoff from impervious surfaces in a modern city in a temperate climate is greater than the total potable water demand. To ensure the success of Integrated Urban Water Management, it must consider the broad context of catchment management and the cumulative effect of all factors including river health. Ballarat, an inland city of approximately 100,000 people in south-eastern Australia, has many attributes necessary to potentially exploit stormwater. Given the doubling of population, tripling of residences and 90% increase in average residence size over the past 60 years, over which time flow data is available for the downstream waterway, it might be expected that the flow in the river downstream of the city within the catchment would reflect additional stormwater runoff. However, no increase in flow was detected between 1957 and 1996 while flow over the past 20 years has reduced by 60%. A water balance shows this decrease was not due to extractions as the stream has been a consistent net receiver of water from other catchments. Modelling data from the Australian Water Resources Assessment indicates that the reduction in streamflow is double what might be expected due to climatic variations. Between 1957 and 1996 there was no significant difference between modelled runoff and actual flow, however from 1997 onwards there is a significant divergence. While lower runoff may be expected during the period of drought, the rainfall-runoff relationship does not return to previous levels during latter years of rainfall. The effect is greater during higher flow months, which has significance when identifying potential additional water resources. Base flow has been reduced to the point where dry weather flow is reliant on waste water treatment plant and mine discharge. This study indicates that while impervious surfaces generate higher runoff which can cause environmental damage, making stormwater an attractive water source, consideration must be given to the impacts on the whole catchment when assessing alternative supply options.
- Authors: Ebbs, David , Dahlhaus, Peter , Barton, Andrew , Kandra, Harpreet
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 10th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design: Creating water sensitive communities (WSUD 2018 & Hydropolis 2018), 12-15 February 2018, Perth, Western Australia p. 142-151
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The potential for stormwater to supplement traditional water supplies from upstream catchments or groundwater is high, with claims that the quantity of additional runoff from impervious surfaces in a modern city in a temperate climate is greater than the total potable water demand. To ensure the success of Integrated Urban Water Management, it must consider the broad context of catchment management and the cumulative effect of all factors including river health. Ballarat, an inland city of approximately 100,000 people in south-eastern Australia, has many attributes necessary to potentially exploit stormwater. Given the doubling of population, tripling of residences and 90% increase in average residence size over the past 60 years, over which time flow data is available for the downstream waterway, it might be expected that the flow in the river downstream of the city within the catchment would reflect additional stormwater runoff. However, no increase in flow was detected between 1957 and 1996 while flow over the past 20 years has reduced by 60%. A water balance shows this decrease was not due to extractions as the stream has been a consistent net receiver of water from other catchments. Modelling data from the Australian Water Resources Assessment indicates that the reduction in streamflow is double what might be expected due to climatic variations. Between 1957 and 1996 there was no significant difference between modelled runoff and actual flow, however from 1997 onwards there is a significant divergence. While lower runoff may be expected during the period of drought, the rainfall-runoff relationship does not return to previous levels during latter years of rainfall. The effect is greater during higher flow months, which has significance when identifying potential additional water resources. Base flow has been reduced to the point where dry weather flow is reliant on waste water treatment plant and mine discharge. This study indicates that while impervious surfaces generate higher runoff which can cause environmental damage, making stormwater an attractive water source, consideration must be given to the impacts on the whole catchment when assessing alternative supply options.
Regression modelling for prediction of clogging in non-vegetated stormwater filters
- Meade, Ben, Khorshidi, Hadi, Kandra, Harpreet, Barton, Andrew
- Authors: Meade, Ben , Khorshidi, Hadi , Kandra, Harpreet , Barton, Andrew
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 10th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design: Creating water sensitive communities (WSUD 2018 & Hydropolis 2018), 12-15 February 2018, Perth, Western Australia p. 8
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Authors: Meade, Ben , Khorshidi, Hadi , Kandra, Harpreet , Barton, Andrew
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 10th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design: Creating water sensitive communities (WSUD 2018 & Hydropolis 2018), 12-15 February 2018, Perth, Western Australia p. 8
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
Exploring a flow regime and its historical changes downstream of an urbanised catchment
- Ebbs, David, Dahlhaus, Peter, Barton, Andrew, Kandra, Harpreet
- Authors: Ebbs, David , Dahlhaus, Peter , Barton, Andrew , Kandra, Harpreet
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 10th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design: Creating water sensitive communities (WSUD 2018 & Hydropolis 2018), Perth, Western Australia p. 131-141
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The rapid growth of Ballarat's urban area, an inland city of approximately 100,000 people in south-eastern Australia, suggests that it is suitable for stormwater capture and reuse. With a threefold increase in the number of dwellings in recent decades, along with a 90% increase in their average size, it should follow that there is evidence of more flow being generated from the urban areas. However, while additional runoff from the growth of impervious areas may be occurring, the overall flow in the receiving river has dramatically reduced with a 60% decrease in the rainfall-runoff relationship since 1997. This reduction in river flow seems disproportionate to any association with the Millennium Drought which occurred during 1997 to 2009. The evidence of river flow has been complicated by other changes in the catchment. A change in the rainfall-runoff relationship has been identified in other similar catchments, and may lead to significant impacts on water resource management over the long term. To better understand the impacts on river flow downstream of an urbanised catchment, the flow has been partitioned into various components over time using the daily stream flow data available from 1957. Base flow, calculated as the stream flow after periods of four or more days without rain, has decreased. Transfers, predominantly from other catchments for use as potable supply and entering the river via the waste water treatment plant, have remained steady, but now make up the vast majority of dry weather flow. While climatic variations have impacted the river significantly the actual streamflow reduction has been twice that predicted by data from the Australian Water Resources Assessment. A significant increase in the number of small farm dams due to the expansion of peri-urban living around Ballarat explains a further portion of the flow reduction. This paper highlights multiple factors which influence river flow and demonstrates how increases in urbanised area do not necessarily create additional river flow at larger aggregate scales. The investigation therefore provides a cautionary tale around assumptions of stormwater harvesting and any perceived benefit to river flow, and provides insights into the importance of collecting water information of the correct type and scale to help inform future integrated urban water management efforts.
- Authors: Ebbs, David , Dahlhaus, Peter , Barton, Andrew , Kandra, Harpreet
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 10th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design: Creating water sensitive communities (WSUD 2018 & Hydropolis 2018), Perth, Western Australia p. 131-141
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The rapid growth of Ballarat's urban area, an inland city of approximately 100,000 people in south-eastern Australia, suggests that it is suitable for stormwater capture and reuse. With a threefold increase in the number of dwellings in recent decades, along with a 90% increase in their average size, it should follow that there is evidence of more flow being generated from the urban areas. However, while additional runoff from the growth of impervious areas may be occurring, the overall flow in the receiving river has dramatically reduced with a 60% decrease in the rainfall-runoff relationship since 1997. This reduction in river flow seems disproportionate to any association with the Millennium Drought which occurred during 1997 to 2009. The evidence of river flow has been complicated by other changes in the catchment. A change in the rainfall-runoff relationship has been identified in other similar catchments, and may lead to significant impacts on water resource management over the long term. To better understand the impacts on river flow downstream of an urbanised catchment, the flow has been partitioned into various components over time using the daily stream flow data available from 1957. Base flow, calculated as the stream flow after periods of four or more days without rain, has decreased. Transfers, predominantly from other catchments for use as potable supply and entering the river via the waste water treatment plant, have remained steady, but now make up the vast majority of dry weather flow. While climatic variations have impacted the river significantly the actual streamflow reduction has been twice that predicted by data from the Australian Water Resources Assessment. A significant increase in the number of small farm dams due to the expansion of peri-urban living around Ballarat explains a further portion of the flow reduction. This paper highlights multiple factors which influence river flow and demonstrates how increases in urbanised area do not necessarily create additional river flow at larger aggregate scales. The investigation therefore provides a cautionary tale around assumptions of stormwater harvesting and any perceived benefit to river flow, and provides insights into the importance of collecting water information of the correct type and scale to help inform future integrated urban water management efforts.
- Dey, Sayani, Barton, Andrew, Bagirov, Adil, Kandra, Harpreet, Wilson, Kym
- Authors: Dey, Sayani , Barton, Andrew , Bagirov, Adil , Kandra, Harpreet , Wilson, Kym
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium 2021, HWRS 2021: Digital Water: Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium 2021, Virtual online, 31 August-1 September 2021, HWRS 2021: Digital Water: Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium 2021 p. 465-480
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Water of adequate quality and quantity is the key to health and integrity of the environment and fundamental to good water supply. Achieving water quality and quantity objectives can conflict and has become more complicated with challenges like, climate change, growing populations and changed land uses. Therefore, a multi-objective optimisation strategy is required for achieving optimal water quality and quantity outcomes from a water resources system. This study uses a multi-objective optimisation approach to illustrate the trade-offs occurring when water quantity and quality in a reservoir system are optimised. Taylors Lake, part of the Grampians Reservoir System in Western Victoria, Australia was chosen as the case study for this research as it is quite complex and includes many contemporary water resources challenges seen around the world, such as high turbidity and salinity. The objective functions are set in a way to maximise the water quantity available for supply, while minimising the deviation of quality parameters from the accepted limits. The water system is modelled using eWater Source® modelling platform, while optimisation is undertaken using NSGA-II optimisation technique. Daily time step data over a ten-year period was used in this work. Various optimisation runs were performed with different population sizes and generations to seek out the best trade-off curve. The optimisation results indicate trade-offs between salinity, turbidity, and quantity. Key findings for this case study show that through optimisation, stored water never exceeded 19,000 ML even though the storage capacity was 27,000 ML indicating a significant loss of water to improve quality, or alternatively, a potential asset re-design opportunity.
A review of cascade water supply systems
- Pathberiyage, Githmi, Barton, Andrew, Kandra, Harpreet, Dassanayake, Kithsiri
- Authors: Pathberiyage, Githmi , Barton, Andrew , Kandra, Harpreet , Dassanayake, Kithsiri
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 40th Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, HWRS 2022, Brisbane, Australia, 30 November to 2 December 2022, Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, HWRS 2022 p. 679-694
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Cascade Water Supply Systems (CWSS) are a type of rural water supply system used in many parts of the world such as India, China, Sri Lanka, South America, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabi, Korea, Peru, Egypt, Rome, Turkey, Greece, and Thailand. They are also known as Village Tank Cascade Systems (VTCS) & Cascade Systems (CS). CWSS is typically designed to collect runoff from upper forested catchment areas to provide to downstream areas and consists of a network of linearly inter-connected 'tanks' or storages, with the supply of water often supplemented from additional catchments downstream, along with groundwater resources and diversions from other sources such as rivers. As water flows from the upper regions to the downstream segments of the system, water is utilised for various purposes such as irrigation, drinking, bathing, and other household activities. The inflows and outflows result in changes in water quality in different stretches of these systems. This paper reviews the international literature surrounding CWSS, with a particular focus on water quality and associated issues. It has been found that despite the significant social, environmental, and economic importance of CWSS, and their existence for many centuries, there is limited information on water quality characteristics over space and time. Pressures such as population growth, intensification of agricultural practices, and changing climate, affect these systems as well. This review reveals that water quality is comparatively better in the upstream sections of CWSSs and progressively worsens downstream, with the data showing that the water quality in downstream systems clearly exceeds the WHO drinking and irrigation water standards. © Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, HWRS 2022. All rights reserved.
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