The effects of an isometric potentiation protocol in the warm-up of elite rowers
- Authors: Feros, Simon , Young, Warren , Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2010
- Type: Text , Conference paper , Poster
- Relation: 2010 ASCA National Conference
- Full Text: false
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Examining approaches to combining strength and power in a training program
- Authors: Talpey, Scott , Feros, Simon , Saunders, Natalie , Young, Warren
- Date: 2011
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 2011 ASCA International Conference on Applied Strength and Conditioning p. 108-112
- Full Text: false
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The effect of including a series of isometric conditioning contractions to the rowing warm-up on 1,000-m rowing ergometer time trial performance
- Authors: Feros, Simon , Young, Warren , Rice, Anthony , Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2012
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 26, no. 12 (2012), p. 3326-3334
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- Description: The effect of including a series of isometric conditioning contractions to the rowing warm-up on 1,000-m rowing ergometer time trial performance. J Strength Cond Res 26(12): 3326-3334, 2012- Rowing requires strength, power, and strength-endurance for optimal performance. A rowing-based warm-up could be enhanced by exploiting the postactivation potentiation (PAP) phenomenon, acutely enhancing power output at the beginning of a race where it is needed most. Minimal research has investigated the effects of PAP on events of longer duration (i.e. 1,000-m rowing). The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of PAP on 1,000-m rowing ergometer performance through the use of 2 different warm-up procedures: (a) a rowing warm-up combined with a series of isometric conditioning contractions, known as the potentiated warm-up (PW), and (b) a rowing warm-up only (NW). The isometric conditioning contractions in the PW were performed by "pulling" an immovable handle on the rowing ergometer, consisting of 5 sets of 5 seconds (2 seconds at submaximal intensity, and 3 seconds at maximal intensity), with a 15-second recovery between sets. The 1,000-m rowing ergometer time trial was performed after each warm-up condition, whereby mean power output, mean stroke rate, and split time were assessed every 100 m. Ten Australian national level rowers served as the subjects and performed both conditions in a counterbalanced order on separate days. The PW reduced 1,000-m time by 0.8% (p > 0.05). The PW improved mean power output by 6.6% (p < 0.01) and mean stroke rate by 5.2% (p < 0.01) over the first 500 m; resulting in a reduction of 500-m time by 1.9% (p < 0.01), compared with the NW. It appears that the inclusion of isometric conditioning contractions to the rowing warm-up enhance short-term rowing ergometer performance (especially at the start of a race) to a greater extent than a rowing warm-up alone. © 2012 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
- Description: 2003010579
Association between agility and change of direction speed and select fitness qualities in Australian football
- Authors: Miller, Ian , Young, Warren , Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning Vol. 21, no. S2 (2013), p. 81-84
- Full Text: false
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Changes in leg power, jump and sprint performance following nine-weeks of conventional vs complex training
- Authors: Talpey, Scott , Young, Warren
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning Vol. 21, no. s2 (2013), p. 78-80
- Full Text: false
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The load-power relationship during a jump squat
- Authors: Radford, Chris , Talpey, Scott , Young, Warren
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning Vol. 21, no. S2 (2013), p. 45-46
- Full Text: false
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Acceleration, change of direction speed and agility profile of adult community level Australian football players
- Authors: Talpey, Scott , Young, Warren , Twomey, Dara , Doyle, Tim , Elliott, Bruce , Lloyd, David , Finch, Caroline
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Australian Strength & Conditioning Vol. 22, no. 5 (2014), p. 176-178
- Full Text: false
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- Description: The article presents research on the necessary data on change of direction (CODS), agility standards and sprint for Australian football (AF) coaches. Results of the study include the significance of specific information to AF players, the use of this information in highlighting the weaknesses and strengths among the players, and the implementation of certain training for CODS improvement.
Association between leg power and sprinting technique with 20-m sprint performance in elite junior australian football players
- Authors: Young, Warren , Grace, Steve , Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching Vol. 9, no. 5 (2014), p. 1153-1160
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- Description: The main purpose of this study was to determine the association between leg power and sprint technique with 20-m sprint performance. Seventy-seven elite junior Australian Rules football players were assessed on a 20-m sprint test, a countermovement jump (CMJ) and a two bound test, and on a new method of quantifying sprint technique from simple video recordings. Technique assessment involved rating 14 points on a scale from 1-5. Players were median-split into faster and slower groups based on their 20-m times, and they were compared for differences in leg power and technique. The faster group was significantly better (p<0.05) in the two-bound test (5.2%) and the technique score (8.2%), but not in the CMJ (p>0.05). A multiple regression indicated that the two-bound test and technique accounted for 37.7% of the variance associated with the 20-m sprint time (p<0.05). It was concluded that the technique assessment tool captured some important characteristics of 20-m sprint performance and could potentially be used to profile or monitor athletes. Further the two-bound test is a more relevant test for developing athletes because of its specificity to sprinting, compared to the CMJ.
Association between leg power and sprinting technique with 20-m sprint performance in elite junior Australian football players
- Authors: Young, Warren , Grace, Steve , Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching Vol. 9, no. 5 (2014), p. 1153-1160
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The main purpose of this study was to determine the association between leg power and sprint technique with 20-m sprint performance. Seventy- seven elite junior Australian Rules football players were assessed on a 20-m sprint test, a countermovement jump (CMJ) and a two bound test, and on a new method of quantifying sprint technique from simple video recordings. Technique assessment involved rating 14 points on a scale from 1-5. Players were median-split into faster and slower groups based on their 20-m times, and they were compared for differences in leg power and technique. The faster group was significantly better (p<0.05) in the two-bound test (5.2%) and the technique score (8.2%), but not in the CMJ (p>0.05). A multiple regression indicated that the two-bound test and technique accounted for 37.7% of the variance associated with the 20-m sprint time (p<0.05). It was concluded that the technique assessment tool captured some important characteristics of 20-m sprint performance and could potentially be used to profile or monitor athletes. Further the two-bound test is a more relevant test for developing athletes because of its specificity to sprinting, compared to the CMJ. ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR
The acute effects of conventional, complex, and contrast protocols on lower-body power
- Authors: Talpey, Scott , Young, Warren , Saunders, Natalie
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 28, no. 2 (February 2014 2014), p. 361-366
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- Description: Talpey, SW, Young, WB, and Saunders, N. The acute effects of conventional, complex, and contrast protocols on lowerbody power. J Strength Cond Res 28(2): 361-366, 2014- This study compared conventional, complex, and contrast protocols on peak power (PP) output. Static vs. dynamic contractions were also manipulated to determine the effect of these confounding variables. Eighteen recreationally trained men [age, 21.1 ± 3.3 years; body mass, 81.7 ± 15.9 kg; height, 182.8 ± 6.2 cm; 5 repetition maximum (5RM) half back squat, 119.2 ± 25.4 kg; 5RM/BW, 1.5 ± 0.2 kg] involved in sports including Australian Rules football, basketball, soccer, and rugby participated in this investigation. Five protocols were executed in a randomized order, a conventional protocol in which 3 sets of 4 countermovement jumps (CMJs) were performed 2 minutes apart. Contrast protocols using a heavy resistance conditioning action of either 4 repetitions with a 5RM load or a 5-second static back squat were alternated with sets of 4 CMJs. Complex conditions with 3 sets of 4 repetitions of a 5RM back squat or a 5-second static back squat were performed before the 3 sets of CMJs. In all conditions, 4 minutes of rest followed sets of heavy resistance exercises and 2 minutes of rest followed each set of CMJs. Individual set means and a total session mean were calculated from each CMJ performed during the session. Results showed that the conventional protocol produced significantly greater PP than all conditions except for the dynamic complex and the static contrast. Results suggest that the use of the complex and contrast protocols used in this investigation should not be used for acute increases in lower-body PP in recreationally trained individuals.
A comparison of Smith machine and barbell half squats to elicit potentiation in countermovement jump performance
- Authors: O'Grady, Mathew , Young, Warren , Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Australian Strength & Conditioning Vol. 23, no. 6 (2015), p. 90-94
- Full Text: false
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- Description: The article presents a study which compares the post activation potentiation (PAP) of Smith machine & barbell (BB) half squats in countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. It explores the different force output and muscle activation between the two different squatting methods in jumping performance. It shows repeated measures of ANOVA revealing a significant squat type by time interaction for the best peak power, indicating that CMJ is greater in Smith machine squat than the BB squat.
Lower body exercise selection across the force-velocity continuum to enhance sprinting performance
- Authors: Young, Warren , Talpey, Scott , Feros, Simon , O'Grady, Mathew , Radford, Christopher
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning Vol. 23, no. (2015), p. 39-42
- Full Text: false
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- Description: BLUF Training for the speed component of sprinting with resistance training requires the use of high velocity horizontally-directed exercises such as speed-bounding and sled sprinting. ABSTRACT The purpose of this article was to evaluate selected resistance training exercises in relation to the force-velocity continuum, with the application to sprinting performance in team sport athletes. The analysis of exercises was done by focussing on the peak velocities reached and comparing this to velocities in sprinting. Many popular resistance training exercises such as jump squats and modifications of the Olympic lifts are used to enhance the explosive muscle qualities required for sprinting. A common characteristic of these exercises is that force application and corresponding body/bar movement is directed vertically upward against gravity. This means that despite using light loads or no extra load, the resulting movements are relatively slow (less than 5 s-1). For example, adding any load to jump squats generally decreases power output compared to jumps with only bodyweight. Therefore, vertically-directed exercises should be considered as being strength-dominated. However, sprinting involves relatively short muscular contractions and considerably faster movement, even over short distances of less than 20 m. To prescribe exercises that are closer to the speed end of the force-velocity continuum, horizontally directed exercises are preferable. Examples include sled sprints and plyometric exercises such as speed-bounding. In a periodised program designed to enhance sprinting performance, vertical exercises such as jump squats and power cleans should be considered as strength-dominated, whereas horizontal exercises should be prescribed when speed qualities need to be emphasised such as in a pre-competition phase.
- Description: BLUF Training for the speed component of sprinting with resistance training requires the use of high velocity horizontally-directed exercises such as speed-bounding and sled sprinting. ABSTRACT The purpose of this article was to evaluate selected resistance training exercises in relation to the force-velocity continuum, with the application to sprinting performance in team sport athletes. The analysis of exercises was done by focussing on the peak velocities reached and comparing this to velocities in sprinting. Many popular resistance training exercises such as jump squats and modifications of the Olympic lifts are used to enhance the explosive muscle qualities required for sprinting. A common characteristic of these exercises is that force application and corresponding body/bar movement is directed vertically upward against gravity. This means that despite using light loads or no extra load, the resulting movements are relatively slow (less than 5 m
Physical qualities predict change-of-direction speed but not defensive agility in Australian rules football
- Authors: Young, Warren , Miller, Ian , Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 29, no. 1 (2015), p. 206-212
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- Description:
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between selected physical qualities, change-ofdirection (COD) speed, and defensive agility performance in Australian Rules football players. Twenty-four male communitylevel players were assessed on sprint acceleration (10-m time), maximum strength (3 repetition-maximum half squat), leg power (countermovement jump), reactive strength (drop jump), and a single COD speed test and a defensive agility test. Change-of-direction speed was correlated with reactive strength (r = 20.645, p = 0.001) and sprint acceleration (r = 0.510, p = 0.011). Multiple regression indicated that the combined physical qualities explained 56.7% of the variance associated with COD speed (adjusted R
2 = 0.567, p ≤ 0.05). Participants were median split into faster and slower COD speed groups, and these were compared by independent t-tests. The faster group was significantly better (p ≤ 0.05) on the sprint acceleration and reactive strength tests (large effect size). The correlations between physical qualities and agility were trivial to small (r = -0.101 to 0.123, p > 0.05) and collectively explained only 14.2% of the variance associated with agility performance (adjusted R2 = -0.142, p > 0.05). When faster and slower agility groups were compared, there were trivial to moderate differences (p > 0.05) in all physical qualities. It was concluded that reactive strength and sprint acceleration are important for COD speed, but the physical qualities assessed are not associated with defensive agility performance. For agility tasks similar to those in this study, sprint and resistance training should not be emphasized, and training other factors, such as the development of sportspecific technique and cognitive skill, is recommended. © 2015 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
Effect of instructions on selected jump squat variables
- Authors: Talpey, Scott , Young, Warren , Beseler, Bradley
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 30, no. 9 (2016), p. 2508-2513
- Full Text: false
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- Description: Talpey, SW, Young, WB, and Beseler, B. Effect of instructions on selected jump squat variables. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2508-2513, 2016-The purpose of this study was to compare 2 instructions on the performance of selected variables in a jump squat (JS) exercise. The second purpose was to determine the relationships between JS variables and sprint performance. Eighteen male subjects with resistance training experience performed 2 sets of 4 JS with no extra load with the instructions to concentrate on (a) jumping for maximum height and (b) extending the legs as fast as possible to maximize explosive force. Sprint performance was assessed at 0- to 10-m and 10- to 20-m distances. From the JS jump height, peak power, relative peak power, peak force, peak velocity, and countermovement distance were measured from a force platform and position transducer system. The JS variables under the 2 instructions were compared with paired t-tests, and the relationships between these variables and sprint performance were determined with Pearson's correlations. The jump height instruction produced greater mean jump height and peak velocity (p < 0.05), but the fast leg extension instruction produced greater (p < 0.05) peak force (3.7%). There was a trivial difference between the instructions for peak power output (p > 0.05). Jump height was the variable that correlated most strongly with 10-m time and 10- to 20-m time under both instructions. The height instruction produced a stronger correlation with 10-m time (r = -0.455), but the fast leg extension JS produced a greater correlation with 10-20 time (r = -0.545). The results indicate that instructions have a meaningful influence on JS variables and therefore need to be taken into consideration when assessing or training athletes.
Is nine weeks of complex training effective for improving lower body strength, explosive muscle function, sprint and jumping performance?
- Authors: Talpey, Scott , Young, Warren , Saunders, Natalie
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching Vol. 11, no. 5 (2016), p. 736-745
- Full Text: false
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- Description: There is currently minimal evidence from training studies that document the effectiveness of complex training to elicit gains in explosive muscle function that are greater than those obtained from a more conventional approach. Over nine weeks of training, 20 recreationally trained athletes with a minimum of one year of resistance training experience were randomly assigned to either a complex training group (n=9) or a conventional training group (n=11). In an attempt to capitalise on muscles post-activation potentiation response, the complex training group performed all sets of 1/2 back squats prior to sets of jumps squats, while the conventional training group performed jump squats prior to sets of 1/2 back squats. Lower body explosive muscle function and jump performance improved significantly in both groups. The complex training group's improvement in running vertical jump performance was significantly greater than in the conventional groups. Sprint performance was not significantly improved in either training group.
Development of muscle mass : How much is optimum for performance?
- Authors: Young, Warren , Talpey, Scott , Bartlett, Rogan , Lewis, Mitchell , Mundy, Stephanie , Smyth, Andrew , Welsh, Tim
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Strength and Conditioning Journal Vol. 41, no. 3 (2019), p. 47-50
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- Description: Training for muscle hypertrophy can be expected to induce some increase in total body mass, and this can have positive or negative consequences for athletic performance. Positive effects may be increased strength, increased resistance to being pushed aside, and greater momentum when running, whereas possible negative effects may be reduced capacity to accelerate, decelerate, change direction, and jump. These possible effects of gaining muscle and total body mass suggest that strength and conditioning coaches should give thoughtful consideration to the amount of hypertrophy training prescribed throughout an athletes's development and should be determined by the specific needs of the athlete.
- Description: TRAINING FOR MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY CAN BE EXPECTED TO INDUCE SOME INCREASE IN TOTAL BODY MASS, AND THIS CAN HAVE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE. POSITIVE EFFECTS MAY BE INCREASED STRENGTH, INCREASED RESISTANCE TO BEING PUSHED ASIDE, AND GREATER MOMENTUM WHEN RUNNING, WHEREAS POSSIBLE NEGATIVE EFFECTS MAY BE REDUCED CAPACITY TO ACCELERATE, DECELERATE, CHANGE DIRECTION, AND JUMP. THESE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF GAINING MUSCLE AND TOTAL BODY MASS SUGGEST THAT STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING COACHES SHOULD GIVE THOUGHTFUL CONSIDERATION TO THE AMOUNT OF HYPERTROPHY TRAINING PRESCRIBED THROUGHOUT AN ATHLETE'S DEVELOPMENT AND SHOULD BE DETERMINED BY THE SPECIFIC NEEDS OF THE ATHLETE.
The effects of sprint training and the Nordic hamstring exercise on eccentric hamstring strength and sprint performance in adolescent athletes
- Authors: Freeman, Brock , Young, Warren , Talpey, Scott , Smyth, Andrew , Pane, Calvin , Carlon, Todd
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness Vol. 59, no. 7 (2019), p. 1119-1125
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- Description: BACKGROUND. Hamstring strain injuries (HSI) are among the most common injuries in field-based team sports with a high-speed running component. The implementation of the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) is a well-documented method of improving eccentric hamstring strength to mitigate the risk of HSI occurrence. Sprint training is specific to the injury mechanism and is thought to activate the hamstrings through maximal eccentric contractions. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of sprint training and the NHE on eccentric hamstring strength and sprint performance. METHODS. Twenty-eight participants (mean +/- SD age=16.21 +/- 1.34 years; height=1.75m +/- 0.10m; body mass=68.5kg +/- 12.1kg) completed an eccentric hamstring strength assessment and 40m sprint to assess acceleration and maximum speed. Participants were randomly allocated to either a NHE training or sprint training group. Two sessions per week for four-weeks of training was performed with baseline testing procedures repeated in the week following the intervention. Perceptions of soreness were recorded following the warm-up in each training session. RESULTS. Both the NHE (effect size=0.39, P<0.05) and sprint training (effect size=0.29, P<0.05) groups displayed significant gains in eccentric hamstring strength. The NHE group reported trivial improvements in sprint performance, whilst the sprint training group experienced a moderate improvement, specifically in maximum speed (ES=0.83 Moderate). Sprint training also produced greater perceptions of soreness than the NHE following a four-week training intervention, specifically before the start of the last session (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS. These findings indicate that sprint training had a beneficial effect for both eccentric hamstring strength and sprint performance, whilst also producing greater soreness than the NHE following the final training session. It was concluded that a four-week block of maximum speed training may have both an injury prevention and performance enhancement benefit.
Does the warm-up effect subsequent post activation performance enhancement?
- Authors: O'Grady, Mathew , Young, Warren , Talpey, Scott , Behm, David
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Journal of Sport and Exercise Science Vol. 5, no. 4 (SESN 2021), p.
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- Description: The purpose of the following study was first to identify an optimal warm-up to maximise countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, and second to investigate whether a conditioning activity (CA) of half-squats could potentiate CMJ performance above that of the optimal warm-up. Sixteen resistance trained males were recruited for the study. Participants performed six different warm-up volumes over six sessions. Warm-ups consisted of submaximal running, dynamic stretching and practice CMJs. After the warmup, participants rested for four minutes before performing three CMJs on a force platform. The warm-up which resulted in the best CMJ relative peak power (RPP) was considered to be that individual’s optimal warm-up. Participants attended another testing session where they performed their optimum warm-up followed by a pre-CMJ test. Participants then performed a CA of four half-squats with a 5RM load followed by post-CMJ tests after fourand eight-minutes recovery. No CMJ variable displayed significant improvements at either four or eight minutes recovery after the CA when compared to the pre-test. However, when everyone’s optimum recovery period was considered, CMJ height significantly improved by 5.2% (p = 0.009) when compared with pre-CMJ performance. If the optimum recovery period is considered, a half-squat CA can further mprove CMJ height above that of a general warm-up alone
Effect of intention to squat explosively on acute countermovement jump performance
- Authors: O'Grady, Mathew , Young, Warren , Behm, David , Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 35, no. 12 (2021), p. 3348-3354
- Full Text: false
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- Description: Effect of intention to squat explosively on acute countermovement jump performance. J Strength Cond Res 35(12): 3348-3354, 2021 - The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of squatting with the intention of moving the bar as fast as possible during the ascent phase on potentiating countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. Fourteen recreationally resistance-trained men (age = 22.1 ± 1.7 years, height = 179.9 ± 4.2 cm, body mass = 83.8 ± 6.6 kg) with a predicted 1 repetition maximum half-squat of 201.0 ± 27.8 kg participated in this study. Subjects performed 3 CMJs before and then 4 and 8 minutes after a squat conditioning activity (CA). Conditions were randomized. For 1 condition, the CA involved subjects performing 4 repetitions of the half-squat with a 5RM load in a controlled manner (CON) at a self-selected normal squatting tempo. In the other condition, subjects used the same number of repetitions and load; however, they were instructed to move the bar up as fast as possible during the concentric phase of the half-squat (VMAX). Half-squat peak force (N), peak power (W), peak velocity (m·s-1), and rate of force development (RFD) were measured for each CA using a force platform and linear position transducer. At 4 and 8 minutes post-CA, CMJ height, relative peak power, peak velocity, and peak force were also measured. Despite there being significant increases in the half-squat peak power, peak velocity and maximum RFD in the VMAX condition, neither condition significantly improved any post-CMJ variable. Some small improvements in jump height were observed in certain individuals after the VMAX condition, suggesting that an explosive half-squat CA may potentiate CMJ performance in certain individuals. © 2020 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
Sprinting and hamstring strain injury : beliefs and practices of professional physical performance coaches in Australian football
- Authors: Freeman, Brock , Talpey, Scott , James, Lachlan , Young, Warren
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Physical Therapy in Sport Vol. 48, no. (2021), p. 12-19
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- Description: Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish beliefs and practices of physical performance coaches regarding sprinting and Hamstring Strain Injury (HSI) in Australian Rules football. Designs: Delphi-validated questionnaire. Setting: Online. Participants: Eighteen high-performance managers of the Australian Football League. Main outcome measures: Descriptive statistics were collected to establish experience; central themes were established for the analyses of the beliefs and practices. Results: Nine (50%) physical performance coaches responded to an invitation to complete the questionnaire. Participants held an undergraduate degree and had 9.2 ± 4.3 years of experience. Accelerations (n = 9), maximum speed sprints (n = 9) and running with hip flexion (n = 7) were the most common activities associated with HSI. Coaches believed sprinting, eccentric strength training and proper periodisation were effective strategies to reduce HSI risk. There's a disparity between beliefs and practices when using GPS to monitor sprinting, however, all coaches reported regular exposure to sprint training across both pre and in-season. Overstriding (n = 9) and pelvic instability (n = 6) were identified as key flaws in running mechanics. Conclusions: This information can be used to improve training strategies, whilst these findings indicate further investigations into sprint training and running mechanics for HSI risk reduction. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd