Direct injection of hydrogen, oxygen and water in a novel two stroke engine
- Authors: Boretti, Alberto , Osman, Azmi , Aris, Ishak
- Date: 2011
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Vol. 36, no. 16 (2011), p. 10100-10106
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: This short communication proposes novel two stroke engine burning hydrogen in oxygen in presence of large amounts of steam as residual gases. This engine has a bowl-in-piston combustion chamber, exhaust valves only and it uses direct injection of hydrogen, oxygen and water. Diesel-like compression ignition combustion is achieved by injecting the oxygen and the hydrogen in the surrounding steam close to a continuously operated glow plug. The operation of the engine is simulated by commercial softwares. The water injection enables acceptable metal temperatures and reduced heat losses. First computational results show brake efficiencies above 55% achieved with mass of water injected about twice the mass of oxygen and hydrogen mixture and operation with a significant amount of exhaust gas recirculation. It seems reasonable to guess efficiencies of the fully optimised and developed engine approaching the 60% mark, 20% higher than those of the state-of-the-art H 2ICEs designed for operation with air using the spark-ignition engine concept as well as of those projected for Diesel engines operating with exhaust energy recovery. Worth of mention is also the much higher power density following the two stroke operation. © 2011, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Diesel-like and HCCI-like operation of a truck engine converted to hydrogen
- Authors: Boretti, Alberto
- Date: 2011
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Vol. 36, no. 2 (November 2011 2011), p. 15382
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: In addition to the traditional spark ignition (S1), premixed, gasoline-like and compression ignition (CI), diffusion, Diesel-like operation of internal combustion engines, premixed, homogeneous charge, compression ignition (HCCI) operation has also been proposed to improve the fuel conversion efficiency and reduce the pollutant formation. To be attractive, the operation in HCCI mode has to be coupled with the other traditional operations, being HCCI in general difficult to be controlled and limited to values of the air-to-fuel equivalence ratio
- Description: C1
Optical characterisation of alumina–mullite materials for solar particle receiver applications
- Authors: Chen, Jiangjing , Wheeler, Vincent , Liu, Boqing , Kumar, Apurv , Coventry, Joe , Lipiński, Wojciech
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells Vol. 230, no. (2021), p.
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Alumina–mullite particles are used in high-temperature solar thermal applications such as solar particle receivers. In this study, optical properties of alumina–mullite materials with variable content of alumina and mullite are determined in the spectral range of 0.193–1.69 μm. Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry is performed for alumina–mullite thin films, which are fabricated by magnetron sputtering. The thin films are characterised by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy methods. The B-spline model is employed to generate ellipsometric parameters to fit the measured data and to obtain the optical properties. The investigated materials of variable content of alumina and mullite have a similar refractive index in the considered spectral range. The absorptive index of the alumina–mullite materials in the spectral range of 0.193–0.4 μm is higher than in the range 0.4–1.69 μm. The absorptive index decreases with increasing content of alumina in the spectral range of 0.193–0.4 μm. The material composed of similar proportions of alumina and mullite yields the highest absorptive index in the spectral range of 0.4–1.1 μm. The optical properties determined for the alumina–mullite materials are applied to obtain the radiative properties of spherical homogeneous particles. Mie theory is used to calculate absorption and scattering efficiency factors, as well as the scattering phase function. In addition, the scattering phase functions are obtained using the Henyey–Greenstein approximation and the transport approximation. The Monte Carlo ray-tracing method is employed to study the radiative transfer in a model one-dimensional particle curtain containing polydisperse particles exposed to high-flux solar irradiation. It is found that the overall reflectance, absorptance and transmittance of the particles only weakly depend on the optical properties of the materials investigated. © 2021 Elsevier B.V. Corrigendum to “Optical characterisation of alumina–mullite materials for solar particle receiver applications” [Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cell. 230 (2021) 111170] (Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells (2021) 230, (S0927024821002130), (10.1016/j.solmat.2021.111170)) Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 231, October 2021, Article number 111225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2021.111225
- Description: Alumina–mullite particles are used in high-temperature solar thermal applications such as solar particle receivers. In this study, optical properties of alumina–mullite materials with variable content of alumina and mullite are determined in the spectral range of 0.193–1.69 μm. Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry is performed for alumina–mullite thin films, which are fabricated by magnetron sputtering. The thin films are characterised by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy methods. The B-spline model is employed to generate ellipsometric parameters to fit the measured data and to obtain the optical properties. The investigated materials of variable content of alumina and mullite have a similar refractive index in the considered spectral range. The absorptive index of the alumina–mullite materials in the spectral range of 0.193–0.4 μm is higher than in the range 0.4–1.69 μm. The absorptive index decreases with increasing content of alumina in the spectral range of 0.193–0.4 μm. The material composed of similar proportions of alumina and mullite yields the highest absorptive index in the spectral range of 0.4–1.1 μm. The optical properties determined for the alumina–mullite materials are applied to obtain the radiative properties of spherical homogeneous particles. Mie theory is used to calculate absorption and scattering efficiency factors, as well as the scattering phase function. In addition, the scattering phase functions are obtained using the Henyey–Greenstein approximation and the transport approximation. The Monte Carlo ray-tracing method is employed to study the radiative transfer in a model one-dimensional particle curtain containing polydisperse particles exposed to high-flux solar irradiation. It is found that the overall reflectance, absorptance and transmittance of the particles only weakly depend on the optical properties of the materials investigated. © 2021 Elsevier B.V. Corrigendum to “Optical characterisation of alumina–mullite materials for solar particle receiver applications” [Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cell. 230 (2021) 111170] (Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells (2021) 230, (S0927024821002130), (10.1016/j.solmat.2021.111170)) Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Volume 231, October 2021, Article number 111225
Optimizing 3d printed metallic object’s postprocessing : a case of gamma‐tial alloys
- Authors: Chowdhury, M. A. K. , Sharif Ullah, A. , Teti, Roberto
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Materials Vol. 14, no. 5 (2021), p. 1-15
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Gamma‐TiAl (γ‐TiAl) alloys can be used in high‐end products relevant to the aerospace, defense, biomedical, and marine industries. Fabricating objects made of γ‐TiAl alloys needs an additive manufacturing process called Electron Beam Melting (EBM) or other similar processes because these alloys are difficult‐to‐cut materials. An object fabricated by EBM exhibits poor surface finish and must undergo postprocessing. In this study, cylindrical specimens were fabricated by EBM and post‐processed by turning at different cutting conditions (cutting speed, depth of cut, feed rate, insert radius, and coolant flowrate). The EBM conditions were as follows: average powder size 110 μm, acceleration voltage 60 kV, beam current 10 mA, beam scanning speed 2200 mm/s, and beam focus offset 0.20 mm. The surface roughness and cutting force were recorded for each set of cutting conditions. The values of the cutting conditions were set by the L36 Design of Experiment approach. The effects of the cutting conditions on surface roughness and cutting force are elucidated by constructing the possibility distributions (triangular fuzzy numbers) from the experimental data. Finally, the optimal cutting conditions to improve the surface finish of specimens made of γ‐TiAl alloys are determined using the possibility distributions. Thus, this study’s outcomes can be used to develop intelligent systems for optimizing additive manufacturing processes. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
FT-Raman studies of a range of polyimides subjected to high-energy Radiations at room and elevated temperatures
- Authors: Devasahayam, Sheila , Hill, David , Connell, John
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Applied Polymer Science Vol. 101, no. 3 (2006), p. 1575-1582
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: A range of polyimides have been subjected to electron beam radiolysis at different temperatures. These polyimides were chemically designed to suit space applications, being either transparent or having groups which provide oxidation resistance. The structural changes that occur in the polyimides, when subjected to electron beam irradiation doses up to 18.5 MGy and up to temperatures close to their glass transition temperatures, were studied using FT-Raman spectroscopy. The range of polyimides studied included a series of perfluoropolyimides, a silicon-modified polyimide, and Ultem. The changes in the Raman peak intensities of the different groups indicated scission reactions involving the imide rings and ether linkages. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technical evaluation of post-combustion CO2 capture and hydrogen production industrial symbiosis
- Authors: Ghayur, Adeel , Verheyen, Vincent
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Vol. 43, no. 30 (2018), p. 13852-13859
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The aim of this study is to develop an industrial ecosystem whereby wastes/products from a Post-combustion CO2 Capture (PCC) plant are utilised in a hydrogen biorefinery. Subsequently, five hydrogen biorefinery models are developed that use PCC's model amine i.e. monoethanolamine (MEA) as a nitrogen source during microbial hydrogen production and CO2 as a process chemical. Technical evaluations of the five case models are carried out to identify the ones that maximise value by multiproduct generation from biomass and fulfil total/partial parasitic energy demand. The case meeting these criteria, produces 3.1t of succinylated lignin adhesive, 4.9t of dry compost and 2744 kWh of electricity from 10t (dry) of sawdust feedstock, daily. Its daily power and heat duties stand at 3906 kWh and 52.1 GJ respectively. Simulations also demonstrate biohydrogen's potential as an energy storage vector for peak/backup power with an annual 1001.4 MWh of power storage capacity from 10t/d feedstock. © 2018 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC
Enhanced CO2 gas storage in coal
- Authors: Hao, Shu-Qing , Kim, Sungho , Qin, Yong , Fu, Xue-Hai
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research Vol. 52, no. 51 (2013), p. 18492-18497
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: We investigate coal's performance for storing carbon dioxide (CO 2) gas molecules in the form of CO2 hydrates when the in situ hydrates-forming method is applied with the use of promoters. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and pressure augmentation were adopted as a promoter for the hydrate formation in coal. The use of SDS considerably increased the rate of hydrates-forming reaction in coal. The calculated rates of the reaction in the presence of SDS reached 143.70 cm3/min at 3 MPa, and 50% of the maximum gas storage capacity was attained within 2 h. Pressure also controlled the final gas storage capacity of coal. The maximum gas storage capacity of coal under 3 MPa was 188.65 volume of CO2 gas at standard temperature (273.15 K) and pressure (100 kPa) condition per unit volume of coal, as compared to 136.30 under 2.3 MPa. © 2013 American Chemical Society.
Drying and denaturation characteristics of α-LACTALBUMIN, β-lactoglobulin, and bovine serum albumin in a convective drying process
- Authors: Haque, M. Amdadul , Aldred, Peter , Chen, Jie , Barrow, Colin , Adhikari, Benu
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Vol. 62, no. 20 (2014), p. 4695-4706
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Drying and denaturation kinetics of aqueous droplets of α-lactalbumin (α-lac), β-lactoglobulin (β-lg), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were measured in a convective drying environment. Single droplets having an initial droplet diameter of 2 ± 0.1 mm and containing 10% (w/v) protein concentration were dried using conditioned air (65 and 80 °C, 2-3% RH, 0.5 m/s velocity) for 600 s. The denaturation of these proteins was measured by using reversed-phase HPLC. At the end of 600 s of drying 13.3 and 19.4% α-lac was found to be lost due to denaturation at 65 and 80 °C, respectively. Up to 31.0% of β-lg was found to be denatured, whereas BSA was not found to be significantly (p > 0.05) denatured in these drying conditions. The formation and strength of skin and the associated morphological features were found to be linked with the degree of denaturation of these proteins. The secondary structure of these proteins was significantly (p < 0.05) affected and altered by the drying stresses. The β-sheet and random coil contents were increased in α-lac by 6.5 and 4.0%, respectively, whereas the α-helix and β-turn contents decreased by 5.5 and 5.0%, respectively. The β-sheet and random coil contents in β-lg were increased by 7.5 and 2.0%, respectively, whereas the α-helix and β-turn contents decreased by 3.5 and 6.0%, respectively. In the case of BSA the β-sheet, α-helix, and random coil contents were found to increase, whereas the β-turn content decreased. © 2014 American Chemical Society.
Vitamins in brewing : Effects of post-fermentation treatments and exposure and maturation on the thiamine and riboflavin vitamer content of beer
- Authors: Hucker, Barry , Vriesekoop, Frank , Vriesekoop-Beswick, Arielle , Wakeling, Lara , Vriesekoop-Besick, Hamish , Hucker, Amy
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of the Institute of Brewing Vol. 122, no. 2 (2016), p. 278-288
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Post-fermentation processes and maturation are important steps in beer production as they help to shape the organoleptic properties and stabilize the final product. Brewers can use a variety of processing aids (e.g. isinglass, PVPP, etc.) and processes (e.g. pasteurization, bottle conditioning, etc.) to achieve a desired final product with a desirable shelf life; however, these processes can have detrimental effects on the vitamin content of the beer. This research found that heat treatments have a marked influence on the decrease in the thiamine diphosphate vitamer, while PVPP and silica treatments have a greater influence on the decrease in riboflavin vitamers. Refrigeration, filtration or centrifugation have no, or only very limited, influence on thiamine or riboflavin vitamers, while application of isinglass, bentonite, tannic acid and SO2 causes a decrease in both thiamine and riboflavin vitamers. Storage of beer at refrigerated temperatures appears to provide protection against significant degradation of both thiamine and riboflavin vitamers; however, storage of filtered beer at elevated temperatures shows a decrease in thiamine diphosphate and riboflavin. Storage of bottle-conditioned beer at elevated temperatures shows a marked decrease in yeast viability, accompanied by a decrease in thiamine diphosphate and free riboflavin, and a marked increase in free thiamine. These findings provide an insight into the reason why there is a significant variation in the vitamer content of beers, even within a single beer style. © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling.
The influence of thiamine and riboflavin on various spoilage microorganisms commonly found in beer
- Authors: Hucker, Barry , Christophersen, Melinda , Vriesekoop, Frank
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of the Institute of Brewing Vol. 123, no. 1 (2017), p. 24-30
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Beer is generally considered a stable product owing to its intrinsic ‘unfavourable’ conditions (hops, alcohol, low oxygen, etc.) that inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. However spoilage microorganism such as Lactobacillus brevis, Pediococcus damnosus, Acetobacter aceti, Zymomonas mobilis and various wild yeasts (e.g. Brettanomcyes spp.) can have significant detrimental effects on the organoleptic properties of the final product. The presence of essential vitamins, such as thiamine and riboflavin, can help to enhance the growth of these microorganisms, accelerating the rate of spoilage. The presence of thiamine had a noticeable effect on the lactic acid productivity of L. brevis and P. damnosus, acetaldehyde productivity of Z. mobilis and acetic acid production of Brettanomyces spp., while riboflavin enhanced 2,3-pentanedione production by P. damnosus and Brettanomyces spp. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling
Tissue programmed hydrogels functionalized with GDNF improve human neural grafts in Parkinson's disease
- Authors: Hunt, Cameron , Penna, Vanessa , Gantner, Carlos , Moriarty, Niamh , Long, Benjamin
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Advanced Functional Materials Vol. 31, no. 47 (2021), p.
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The survival and synaptic integration of transplanted dopaminergic (DA) progenitors are essential for ameliorating motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived DA progenitors are, however, exposed to numerous stressors prior to, and during, implantation that result in poor survival. Additionally, hPSC-derived grafts show inferior plasticity compared to fetal tissue grafts. These observations suggest that a more conducive host environment may improve graft outcomes. Here, tissue-specific support to DA progenitor grafts is provided with a fully characterized self-assembling peptide hydrogel. This biomimetic hydrogel matrix is programmed to support DA progenitors by i) including a laminin epitope within the matrix; and ii) shear encapsulating glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to ensure its sustained delivery. The biocompatible hydrogel biased a 51% increase in A9 neuron specification—a subpopulation of DA neurons critical for motor function. The sustained delivery of GDNF induced a 2.7-fold increase in DA neurons and enhanced graft plasticity, resulting in significant improvements in motor deficits at 6 months. These findings highlight the therapeutic benefit of stepwise customization of tissue-specific hydrogels to improve the physical and trophic support of human PSC-derived neural transplants, resulting in improved standardization, predictability and functional efficacy of grafts for PD. © 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 5 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Benjamin Long” is provided in this record**
Composite cathode based on doped vanadate enhanced with loaded metal nanoparticles for steam electrolysis
- Authors: Li, Yuanxin , Wu, Guojian , Ruan, Cong , Zhou, Qi , Wang, Yan , Doherty, Winston , Xie, Kui , Wu, Yucheng
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Power Sources Vol. 253, no. (2014), p. 349-359
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The use of composite electrodes based on La0.7Sr 0.3VO3 (LSV) for steam electrolysis has uncovered the tremendous potential and capacity inherent in this material. Unfortunately, this material has a major setback of inefficient electrolysis triggered by limited electrocatalytic activity. In this work, an infiltration method is employed to load catalytic-active metal nanoparticles onto the composite electrodes in order to achieve an activity-enhanced electrode performance. The electrical properties of LSV are methodically explored and correlated to electrode performance. At 800 C in either pure H2 or low hydrogen partial pressure (pH2) of 5%H2/N2, the polarization resistance of symmetrical cells with Ni-loaded LSV (LSV-Ni) cathode is largely enhanced, in contrast to bare LSV cathode. Similar improvement is also achieved for the Fe-loaded LSV (LSV-Fe) cathode in a wide range of hydrogen partial pressures of 5%-100%. The Faraday efficiencies of LSV-Ni and LSV-Fe composite cathodes were remarkably improved for electrolysis in either 3%H 2O/4.7H2/Ar or 3%H2O/Ar at 800 C. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Application of high-speed countercurrent chromatography for the isolation of sulforaphane from broccoli seed meal
- Authors: Liang, Hao , Li, Chunfang , Yuan, Qipeng , Vriesekoop, Frank
- Date: 2008
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Vol. 56, no. 17 (2008), p. 7746-7749
- Full Text: false
- Description: In order to produce large amounts of pure sulforaphane for research purposes, a novel method using high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) was developed. Without any initial cleanup steps, sultoraphane was successfully purified from the ethyl acetate extract of the broccoli seed meal by HSCCC. The separation was performed with two-phase solvent systems: n-hexane/ethyl acetate/ methanol/water (1:5:1:5, v/v/v/v). From 850 mg of the ethyl acetate extract, 186 mg of sultoraphane was isolated with the solvent system. The purified compound was over 97% purity as determined by HPLC analysis, and the chemical structure was confirmed by MS and 1H and 13C NMR. © 2008 American Chemical Society.
Physical and chemical changes during the maturation of Gordal Sevillana olives (Olea europaea L., cv. Gordal Sevillana)
- Authors: Menz, Garry , Vriesekoop, Frank
- Date: 2010
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Vol. 58, no. 8 (2010), p. 4934-4938
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: A series of physical and chemical changes occur as olives mature on the tree, and these changes are important for the production of oil and table olives. The aim of this study was to increase the understanding of the maturation process of Gordal Sevillana olives, to optimize harvest timing, and to determine the most appropriate harvesting and post-harvesting processing methods. During maturation, the olive size, flesh/pit ratio, and oil content increased, with a maximum oil content of 72 g kg(-1) (wet weight). Changes in the fatty acid composition are reported. Levels of both total sugars and total phenolic compounds slightly decreased over the maturation period; however, we observed that these compounds were continually being synthesized until full black maturity. The optimal harvest time for the production of Gordal Sevillana as Spanish-style green olives occurred immediately prior to the color change from green to turning color, at which point the sugar levels and flesh/p! it ratio were at maximum levels.
A comparative study on the role of polyvinylpyrrolidone molecular weight on the functionalization of various carbon nanotubes and their composites
- Authors: Namasivayam, Muthuraman , Andersson, Mats , Shapter, Joseph
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Polymers Vol. 13, no. 15 (2021), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanocomposites filled with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) wrapped carbon nanotubes were prepared via a solution casting technique. The effect of the molecular weight (polymer chain length) of the PVP on the ability to wrap different nanotube structures and its impact towards nanotube dispersibility in the polymer matrix was explored. The study was conducted with PVP of four different molecular weights and nanotubes of three different structures. The composites that exhibit an effective nanotube dispersion lead to a nanotube network that facilitates improved thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties. It was observed that nanotubes of different structures exhibit stable dispersions in the polymer matrix though PVP functionalization of different molecular weights, but the key is achieving an effective nanotube dispersion at low PVP concentrations. This is observed in MWNT and AP-SWNT based composites with PVP of low molecular weight, leading to a thermal conductivity enhancement of 147% and 53%, respectively, while for P3-SWNT based composites, PVP of high molecular weight yields an enhancement of 25% in thermal conductivity compared to the non-functionalized CNT-PVDF composite. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
IR monitoring of absorbent composition and degradation during pilot plant operation
- Authors: Puxty, Graeme , Bennett, Robert , Conway, Will , Webster-Gardiner, Mike , Yang, Qi , Pearson, Pauline , Cottrell, Aaron , Huang, Sanger , Feron, Paul , Reynolds, Alicia , Verheyen, Vincent
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research Vol. 59, no. 15 (2020), p. 7080-7086
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The monitoring of the absorbent during the operation of CO2 separation processes is a necessary and challenging task. The most common absorbent used is an aqueous amine solution. Traditional approaches to analysis such as titration and chromatography are time-consuming and only provide limited information. This hinders the ability of process operators to rapidly respond to changes in operating conditions. In this work, a combination of infrared (IR) spectroscopy and principle component regression (PCR) analyses have been demonstrated as a rapid and reliable technique to determine the composition of an absorbent during a pilot plant campaign at a brown coal power station. The concentration of amine, a degradation product, CO2, and water was monitored throughout the campaign by a method that provided results in minutes. The results were verified by independent sample analysis using acid-base titration, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and 13C NMR spectroscopy. It was necessary to use spectral windowing when building the IR-PCR model, but this resulted in a robust and reliable method that has been demonstrated to work in a real-world process environment. © 2019 American Chemical Society.
- Description: The authors wish to acknowledge the financial assistance provided by the Brown Coal Innovation Australia, Ltd., a private member-based company with funding contracts through the Australian National Low Emissions Coal Research and Development, Ltd. (ANLEC R&D) and the Victorian State Government. The work described here was made possible through the PICA project, a collaboration between AGL Loy Yang, IHI, and CSIRO that aims to advance post-combustion CO 2 -capture technology in Australia.
Quantification of aqueous monoethanolamine concentration by gas chromatography for postcombustion capture of
- Authors: Reynolds, Alicia , Verheyen, Vincent , Adeloju, Samuel , Chaffee, Alan , Meuleman, Erik
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research Vol. 53, no. 12 (2014), p. 4805-4811
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The availability of reliable analytical methods for measuring amine concentrations is necessary for optimum operation of aqueous amine CO 2 separation systems being employed for postcombustion capture (PCC) of CO2. A GC-FID (gas chromatography with flame ionization detection) method is described for the reliable quantification of 30% (w/w) monoethanolamine (MEA) in severely degraded solvent samples. The observation of intermittent splitting of the MEA peak was a major concern with this approach. The use of a wide-bore column led to improved MEA peak resolution and peak shape. The reliability and robustness of the GC-FID method were assessed by analyzing degraded 30% (w/w) MEA solvent samples from CSIRO's pilot plant at AGL's Loy Yang power station in Victoria, Australia. The results were compared with those obtained by titration and total organic carbon (TOC) measurements of the same samples. The MEA concentrations obtained by the GC-FID and titration methods were statistically similar. In contrast, the MEA concentrations calculated from TOC were consistently higher than those obtained by both GC-FID and titration. © 2014 American Chemical Society.
Process modelling for the production of hydrogen-rich gas from gasification of coal using oxygen, CO2 and steam reactants
- Authors: Shahabuddin, M. , Bhattacharya, Sankar
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy Vol. 46, no. 47 (2021), p. 24051-24059
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This process modelling studied the effect of different reactants on syngas composition and gasifier heat duty (heat energy required to carry out the operation) and the downstream treatment of CO rich syngas to maximise hydrogen yield. The process modelling was validated against experimental data obtained from a large bench-scale entrained flow gasifier. Results show that considering the H2/CO ratio, the steam-O2 reactant favours the most compared to those of the pure oxygen and oxygen-CO2 reactants. Under comparable operating conditions, the highest H2/CO ratio of 0.74 was determined using steam-O2 reactant compared to that of 0.31 and 0.33 using steam-CO2 and pure oxygen reactant. The catalytic water-gas shift reaction (WGSR) favours the yield of H2 with complete CO conversion at a temperature of 400 °C using the steam/coal ratio of 1.2. Supplying steam in the gasifier requires more heat energy to be supplied to drive endothermic gasification reaction and maintain the gasifier temperature. Under complete carbon conversion, steam-CO2 and steam-oxygen reactants require 5–65 kW more energy than pure oxygen. © 2021 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC
Improved shear strength performance of compacted rubberized clays treated with sodium alginate biopolymer
- Authors: Soltani, Amin , Raeesi, Ramin , Taheri, Abbas , Deng, An , Mirzababaei, Mehdi
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Polymers Vol. 13, no. 5 (2021), p. 1-21
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This study examines the potential use of sodium alginate (SA) biopolymer as an environmentally sustainable agent for the stabilization of rubberized soil blends prepared using a high plasticity clay soil and tire-derived ground rubber (GR). The experimental program consisted of uniaxial compression and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests; the former was performed on three soil–GR blends (with GR-to-soil mass ratios of 0%, 5% and 10%) compacted (and cured for 1, 4, 7 and 14 d) employing distilled water and three SA solutions—prepared at SA-to-water (mass-tovolume) dosage ratios of 5, 10 and 15 g/L—as the compaction liquid. For any given GR content, the greater the SA dosage and/or the longer the curing duration, the higher the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), with only minor added benefits beyond seven days of curing. This behaviour was attributed to the formation and propagation of so-called “cationic bridges” (developed as a result of a “Ca2+/Mg2+
Paclitaxel-loaded self-assembled lipid nanoparticles as targeted drug delivery systems for the treatment of aggressive ovarian cancer
- Authors: Zhai, Jiali , Luwor, Rodney , Ahmed, Nuzhat , Escalona, Ruth , Tan, Fiona , Fong, Celesta , Ratcliffe, Julian , Scoble, Judith , Drummond, Calum , Tran, Nhiem
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces Vol. 10, no. 30 (2018), p. 25174-25185
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Chemotherapy using cytotoxic agents, such as paclitaxel (PTX), is one of the most effective treatments for advanced ovarian cancer. However, due to nonspecific targeting of the drug and the presence of toxic solvents required for dissolving PTX prior to injection, there are several serious side effects associated with this treatment. In this study, we explored self-assembled lipid-based nanoparticles as PTX carriers, which were able to improve its antitumour efficacy against ovarian cancer. The nanoparticles were also functionalized with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody fragments to explore the benefit of tumor active targeting. The formulated bicontinuous cubic- and sponge-phase nanoparticles, which were stabilized by Pluronic F127 and a lipid poly(ethylene glycol) stabilizer, showed a high capacity of PTX loading. These PTX-loaded nanoparticles also showed significantly higher cytotoxicity than a free drug formulation against HEY ovarian cancer cell lines in vitro. More importantly, the nanoparticle-based PTX treatments, with or without EGFR targeting, reduced the tumor burden by 50% compared to PTX or nondrug control in an ovarian cancer mouse xenograft model. In addition, the PTX-loaded nanoparticles were able to extend the survival of the treatment groups by up to 10 days compared to groups receiving free PTX or nondrug control. This proof-of-concept study has demonstrated the potential of these self-assembled lipid nanomaterials as effective drug delivery nanocarriers for poorly soluble chemotherapeutics, such as PTX.