Meaning-sensitive noisy text analytics in the low data regime
- Authors: Kasthuriarachchy, Buddhika
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Digital connectivity is revolutionising people’s quality of life. As broadband and mobile services become faster and more prevalent globally than before, people have started to frequently express their wants and desires on social media platforms. Thus, deriving insights from text data has become a popular approach, both in the industry and academia, to provide social media analytics solutions across a range of disciplines, including consumer behaviour, sales, sports and sociology. Businesses can harness the data shared on social networks to improve their organisations’ strategic business decisions by leveraging advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, such as context-aware representations. Specifically, SportsHosts, our industry partner, will be able to launch digital marketing solutions that optimise audience targeting and personalisation using NLP-powered solutions. However, social media data are often noisy and diverse, making the task very challenging. Further, real-world NLP tasks often suffer from insufficient labelled data due to the costly and time-consuming nature of manual annotation. Nevertheless, businesses are keen on maximising the return on investment by boosting the performance of these NLP models in the real world, particularly with social media data. In this thesis, we make several contributions to address these challenges. Firstly, we propose to improve the NLP model’s ability to comprehend noisy text in a low data regime by leveraging prior knowledge from pre-trained language models. Secondly, we analyse the impact of text augmentation and the quality of synthetic sentences in a context-aware NLP setting and propose a meaning-sensitive text augmentation technique using a Masked Language Model. Thirdly, we offer a cost-efficient text data annotation methodology and an end-to-end framework to deploy efficient and effective social media analytics solutions in the real world.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Kasthuriarachchy, Buddhika
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Digital connectivity is revolutionising people’s quality of life. As broadband and mobile services become faster and more prevalent globally than before, people have started to frequently express their wants and desires on social media platforms. Thus, deriving insights from text data has become a popular approach, both in the industry and academia, to provide social media analytics solutions across a range of disciplines, including consumer behaviour, sales, sports and sociology. Businesses can harness the data shared on social networks to improve their organisations’ strategic business decisions by leveraging advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, such as context-aware representations. Specifically, SportsHosts, our industry partner, will be able to launch digital marketing solutions that optimise audience targeting and personalisation using NLP-powered solutions. However, social media data are often noisy and diverse, making the task very challenging. Further, real-world NLP tasks often suffer from insufficient labelled data due to the costly and time-consuming nature of manual annotation. Nevertheless, businesses are keen on maximising the return on investment by boosting the performance of these NLP models in the real world, particularly with social media data. In this thesis, we make several contributions to address these challenges. Firstly, we propose to improve the NLP model’s ability to comprehend noisy text in a low data regime by leveraging prior knowledge from pre-trained language models. Secondly, we analyse the impact of text augmentation and the quality of synthetic sentences in a context-aware NLP setting and propose a meaning-sensitive text augmentation technique using a Masked Language Model. Thirdly, we offer a cost-efficient text data annotation methodology and an end-to-end framework to deploy efficient and effective social media analytics solutions in the real world.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
Revision and validation of the Australian Competency Standards for Occupational Therapy Driver Assessors to ensure best practice
- Authors: Fields, Sally
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Occupational therapy driver assessment and rehabilitation is an advanced and complex area of practice. Users of this service require that occupational therapy driver assessors are, and remain, competent in their role. Competency standards support and inform occupational therapy driver assessment and rehabilitation practice, ensure standardisation of practice, and determine whether practice can be deemed competent. Competency standards for occupational therapy driver assessors in one Australian state, Victoria, were published in 1998 to provide a benchmark for service provision and guide training. Since then, occupational therapy driver assessor practice has undergone further developments and growth, including a significant increase in research evidence underpinning this advanced practice area. As a result, the competency standards required revision to reflect contemporary practice and enable their use and application across all Australian states and territories. The purpose of the research program reported in this thesis was to revise and validate the Australian Competency Standards for Occupational Therapy Driver Assessors and determine if education and practice using these standards led to increased adherence to their use in clinical practice. A sequential, exploratory, mixed methods design was used within a pragmatist research paradigm to revise and validate the competency standards for occupational therapy driver assessors from a national perspective. Four separate research studies were conducted. In the first study, an overview was undertaken to summarise the current evidence for including cognitive and perceptual assessments within fitness-to-drive evaluations, to inform the revision of the competency standards for occupational therapy driver assessors. The second study involved focus groups with Australian occupational therapy driver assessors and expert educators and identified the changes and revisions required to be made to the Victorian competency standards for occupational therapy driver assessors. Content themes and changes were extracted from the focus groups and combined with research evidence to draft the revised standards. The third study collected feedback from consumers and Australian driver licensing authorities to incorporate into the revised draft. This was followed by a two-round Delphi process with Australian occupational therapy driver assessors to achieve consensus and validate the Australian Competency Standards for Occupational Therapy Driver Assessors. A high level of consensus on the content of all competency standards and underlying practice behaviours was obtained in the final round. Finally, a mixed-methods multiple case-study methodology was adopted, and multiple forms of evidence were collected from file audits, semi-structured interviews and an individualised education session with occupational therapy driver assessors. This study demonstrated that, for this sample, occupational therapy driver assessors’ adherence to the Australian Competency Standards for Occupational Therapy Driver Assessors increased following an individually tailored education package about the standards. The research in this thesis has contributed to the evidence base for occupational therapy driver assessor practice. The Australian Competency Standards for Occupational Therapy Driver Assessors have been revised, validated and published, and the impact of an education package to increase adherence has been investigated. These competency standards: (i) assist occupational therapy driver assessors’ clinical practice, support occupational therapy registration and regulatory agencies to evaluate practice against a standard and (iii) provide universities with a framework to deliver postgraduate training in occupational therapy driver assessment and rehabilitation. Finally, this research has described a process that can be utilised in other areas of occupational therapy practice to develop and validate competency standards.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Fields, Sally
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Occupational therapy driver assessment and rehabilitation is an advanced and complex area of practice. Users of this service require that occupational therapy driver assessors are, and remain, competent in their role. Competency standards support and inform occupational therapy driver assessment and rehabilitation practice, ensure standardisation of practice, and determine whether practice can be deemed competent. Competency standards for occupational therapy driver assessors in one Australian state, Victoria, were published in 1998 to provide a benchmark for service provision and guide training. Since then, occupational therapy driver assessor practice has undergone further developments and growth, including a significant increase in research evidence underpinning this advanced practice area. As a result, the competency standards required revision to reflect contemporary practice and enable their use and application across all Australian states and territories. The purpose of the research program reported in this thesis was to revise and validate the Australian Competency Standards for Occupational Therapy Driver Assessors and determine if education and practice using these standards led to increased adherence to their use in clinical practice. A sequential, exploratory, mixed methods design was used within a pragmatist research paradigm to revise and validate the competency standards for occupational therapy driver assessors from a national perspective. Four separate research studies were conducted. In the first study, an overview was undertaken to summarise the current evidence for including cognitive and perceptual assessments within fitness-to-drive evaluations, to inform the revision of the competency standards for occupational therapy driver assessors. The second study involved focus groups with Australian occupational therapy driver assessors and expert educators and identified the changes and revisions required to be made to the Victorian competency standards for occupational therapy driver assessors. Content themes and changes were extracted from the focus groups and combined with research evidence to draft the revised standards. The third study collected feedback from consumers and Australian driver licensing authorities to incorporate into the revised draft. This was followed by a two-round Delphi process with Australian occupational therapy driver assessors to achieve consensus and validate the Australian Competency Standards for Occupational Therapy Driver Assessors. A high level of consensus on the content of all competency standards and underlying practice behaviours was obtained in the final round. Finally, a mixed-methods multiple case-study methodology was adopted, and multiple forms of evidence were collected from file audits, semi-structured interviews and an individualised education session with occupational therapy driver assessors. This study demonstrated that, for this sample, occupational therapy driver assessors’ adherence to the Australian Competency Standards for Occupational Therapy Driver Assessors increased following an individually tailored education package about the standards. The research in this thesis has contributed to the evidence base for occupational therapy driver assessor practice. The Australian Competency Standards for Occupational Therapy Driver Assessors have been revised, validated and published, and the impact of an education package to increase adherence has been investigated. These competency standards: (i) assist occupational therapy driver assessors’ clinical practice, support occupational therapy registration and regulatory agencies to evaluate practice against a standard and (iii) provide universities with a framework to deliver postgraduate training in occupational therapy driver assessment and rehabilitation. Finally, this research has described a process that can be utilised in other areas of occupational therapy practice to develop and validate competency standards.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
Single- and multiobjective reinforcement learning in dynamic adversarial games
- Authors: Kurniawan, Budi
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: This thesis uses reinforcement learning (RL) to address dynamic adversarial games in the context of air combat manoeuvring simulation. A sequential decision problem commonly encountered in the field of operations research, air combat manoeuvring simulation conventionally relied on agent programming methods that required significant domain knowledge to be manually encoded into the simulation environment. These methods are appropriate for determining the effectiveness of existing tactics in different simulated scenarios. However, in order to maximise the advantages provided by new technologies (such as autonomous aircraft), new tactics will need to be discovered. A proven technique for solving sequential decision problems, RL has the potential to discover these new tactics. This thesis explores four RL approaches—tabular, deep, discrete-to-deep and multiobjective— as mechanisms for discovering new behaviours in simulations of air combat manoeuvring. Itimplements and tests several methods for each approach and compares those methods in terms of the learning time, baseline and comparative performances, and implementation complexity. In addition to evaluating the utility of existing approaches to the specific task of air combat manoeuvring, this thesis proposes and investigates two novel methods, discrete-to-deep supervised policy learning (D2D-SPL) and discrete-to-deep supervised Q-value learning (D2D-SQL), which can be applied more generally. D2D-SPL and D2D-SQL offer the generalisability of deep RL at a cost closer to the tabular approach.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Kurniawan, Budi
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: This thesis uses reinforcement learning (RL) to address dynamic adversarial games in the context of air combat manoeuvring simulation. A sequential decision problem commonly encountered in the field of operations research, air combat manoeuvring simulation conventionally relied on agent programming methods that required significant domain knowledge to be manually encoded into the simulation environment. These methods are appropriate for determining the effectiveness of existing tactics in different simulated scenarios. However, in order to maximise the advantages provided by new technologies (such as autonomous aircraft), new tactics will need to be discovered. A proven technique for solving sequential decision problems, RL has the potential to discover these new tactics. This thesis explores four RL approaches—tabular, deep, discrete-to-deep and multiobjective— as mechanisms for discovering new behaviours in simulations of air combat manoeuvring. Itimplements and tests several methods for each approach and compares those methods in terms of the learning time, baseline and comparative performances, and implementation complexity. In addition to evaluating the utility of existing approaches to the specific task of air combat manoeuvring, this thesis proposes and investigates two novel methods, discrete-to-deep supervised policy learning (D2D-SPL) and discrete-to-deep supervised Q-value learning (D2D-SQL), which can be applied more generally. D2D-SPL and D2D-SQL offer the generalisability of deep RL at a cost closer to the tabular approach.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
Stella’s story : writing a fictional representation of historic poland set during the Second World War
- Authors: Clinnick, Andrew
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: For my Ph.D. Literature thesis, I have produced a historical novel titled Stella’s Story, supported by an exegesis, which explores the Polish experience of WWII. Both novel and exegesis will challenge common misconceptions as perpetuated by the popular mainstream Western media—as expressed in such works as The German New Order in Poland (1943) and God’s Playground (1981), and novels such as Sophie’s Choice (1979) and The Polish Officer (2005)—that, during WWII, Poland was a predominant white-Catholic nation, bullied by the Nazis. Instead, I demonstrate that, rather than being homogenous or a caricature of a passive victim, Poland was a diverse and multi-cultural nation, where eclectic sectors of society resisted Nazi-German rule, despite the complexities wrought by Poland’s own history of antisemitism and the threat posed by those Poles who collaborated with the Nazis. This exegesis will also examine the outsider experience and the contribution to Poland’s wartime effort by women; as well as the relationship between oral history, myth and the historical records. Finally, this exegesis will explore the methods I have used to create a historical fiction about Nazi-occupied Poland.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Clinnick, Andrew
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: For my Ph.D. Literature thesis, I have produced a historical novel titled Stella’s Story, supported by an exegesis, which explores the Polish experience of WWII. Both novel and exegesis will challenge common misconceptions as perpetuated by the popular mainstream Western media—as expressed in such works as The German New Order in Poland (1943) and God’s Playground (1981), and novels such as Sophie’s Choice (1979) and The Polish Officer (2005)—that, during WWII, Poland was a predominant white-Catholic nation, bullied by the Nazis. Instead, I demonstrate that, rather than being homogenous or a caricature of a passive victim, Poland was a diverse and multi-cultural nation, where eclectic sectors of society resisted Nazi-German rule, despite the complexities wrought by Poland’s own history of antisemitism and the threat posed by those Poles who collaborated with the Nazis. This exegesis will also examine the outsider experience and the contribution to Poland’s wartime effort by women; as well as the relationship between oral history, myth and the historical records. Finally, this exegesis will explore the methods I have used to create a historical fiction about Nazi-occupied Poland.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
Teaching with difference : barriers and enablers for teachers with impairments in their professional roles
- Authors: Skene, Gerrard
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Amidst the current groundswell of inclusive practices adopted in learning institutions, there would appear to be a paucity of research regarding the barriers and enablers experienced by teachers with impairments in Australian education systems (Burke, 2016; Pritchard, 2010; Sheridan & Kotevski, 2014). This thesis presents an examination of national and international literature where an imprecise range of issues for teachers with impairments is identified. The social model of disability has been adopted as the overarching theoretical perspective for this study. The conceptualisation of teaching with impairment, rather than about impairment, embodies the notion of teachers with impairments as being culturally relevant educators (Pritchard, 2010). Narrative inquiry, in conjunction with Clandinin and Connelly’s (2000) three-dimensional space approach as a thematical analysis methodology, has been employed and supports the investigation of ten teachers with impairments working in professional education roles within Australia. Narrative interviews were conducted with each of the ten participants with the aim of identifying barriers and enablers within the lived experiences of teachers with impairments. This study identified a silence in relation to teachers with impairments, and to address this silence has amplified the voices of teachers with impairments. Five primary themes emerged from the data to provide insights into barriers and enablers experienced by teachers with impairments. These themes are: Thinking about becoming a teacher; The limiting attitudes of others; Connecting with students and parents; Notions of teaching spaces; and I get by with a little help from my friends. This study found that teachers with impairments do experience adverse attitudes and biases in Australian teaching institutions despite there being laws that have been specifically designed to prevent disability discrimination. Bias, experienced as discrimination towards teachers with impairments, extends to career promotion and workplace advancement opportunities. Conversely, the study also found that respectful conversations about impairment which took place both inside and outside teaching places, highlighted how having open conversations about reasonable adjustments can lead to actions that become enablers for teachers with impairments. This study commences the important work of giving voice to teachers with impairments and creates a space to challenge dominant perspectives. The thesis concludes that more needs to be done to challenge the constructed normative attitudes that are responsible for setting teachers with impairments apart and resulting in them being mostly undetected within the teacher population; Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Skene, Gerrard
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Amidst the current groundswell of inclusive practices adopted in learning institutions, there would appear to be a paucity of research regarding the barriers and enablers experienced by teachers with impairments in Australian education systems (Burke, 2016; Pritchard, 2010; Sheridan & Kotevski, 2014). This thesis presents an examination of national and international literature where an imprecise range of issues for teachers with impairments is identified. The social model of disability has been adopted as the overarching theoretical perspective for this study. The conceptualisation of teaching with impairment, rather than about impairment, embodies the notion of teachers with impairments as being culturally relevant educators (Pritchard, 2010). Narrative inquiry, in conjunction with Clandinin and Connelly’s (2000) three-dimensional space approach as a thematical analysis methodology, has been employed and supports the investigation of ten teachers with impairments working in professional education roles within Australia. Narrative interviews were conducted with each of the ten participants with the aim of identifying barriers and enablers within the lived experiences of teachers with impairments. This study identified a silence in relation to teachers with impairments, and to address this silence has amplified the voices of teachers with impairments. Five primary themes emerged from the data to provide insights into barriers and enablers experienced by teachers with impairments. These themes are: Thinking about becoming a teacher; The limiting attitudes of others; Connecting with students and parents; Notions of teaching spaces; and I get by with a little help from my friends. This study found that teachers with impairments do experience adverse attitudes and biases in Australian teaching institutions despite there being laws that have been specifically designed to prevent disability discrimination. Bias, experienced as discrimination towards teachers with impairments, extends to career promotion and workplace advancement opportunities. Conversely, the study also found that respectful conversations about impairment which took place both inside and outside teaching places, highlighted how having open conversations about reasonable adjustments can lead to actions that become enablers for teachers with impairments. This study commences the important work of giving voice to teachers with impairments and creates a space to challenge dominant perspectives. The thesis concludes that more needs to be done to challenge the constructed normative attitudes that are responsible for setting teachers with impairments apart and resulting in them being mostly undetected within the teacher population; Doctor of Philosophy
The association of circular RNAs with hypertension
- Authors: Woods, Bradley
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: This thesis contains six chapters in total with chapter 1 being a literature overview and chapter 2 being a summary of material and methods. The three results chapters contain all my own work unless stated otherwise and lastly chapter 6 is discussion and conclusions linking together the work undertaken in this thesis.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Woods, Bradley
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: This thesis contains six chapters in total with chapter 1 being a literature overview and chapter 2 being a summary of material and methods. The three results chapters contain all my own work unless stated otherwise and lastly chapter 6 is discussion and conclusions linking together the work undertaken in this thesis.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
The effect of moxonidine on atherosclerosis
- Authors: Nguyen, Dinh Tam
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Background: Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease with hypertension as a risk factor. Moxonidine decreases blood pressure and has an anti-inflammatory effect. Aim: To investigate the effect of moxonidine on atherosclerosis: Key methods and results: For the in vivo experiment, twenty male apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were randomized into two groups: the control and moxonidine treatment groups. The mice from the moxonidine treatment group were treated with moxonidine via drinking water (69 mg/L) which equated to a dose of 18 mg/kg body weight per day, whereas the mice from the control group received normal drinking water without moxonidine. All the mice received angiotensin II (1
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Nguyen, Dinh Tam
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Background: Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease with hypertension as a risk factor. Moxonidine decreases blood pressure and has an anti-inflammatory effect. Aim: To investigate the effect of moxonidine on atherosclerosis: Key methods and results: For the in vivo experiment, twenty male apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were randomized into two groups: the control and moxonidine treatment groups. The mice from the moxonidine treatment group were treated with moxonidine via drinking water (69 mg/L) which equated to a dose of 18 mg/kg body weight per day, whereas the mice from the control group received normal drinking water without moxonidine. All the mice received angiotensin II (1
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
The good, the bad, the ambivalent : investigating patriarchal and complex representations of motherhood in crime television series
- Authors: O’Neill, Courtney
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: The cultural and social understanding of motherhood has been historically determined by patriarchal discourse. This thesis analyses the significance of this discourse and how it manifests in representations of women, mothers in particular, in television series. Specifically, it examines the dichotomy between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ motherhood that is prevalent in patriarchal discourse and in crime television series. Identifying the extent to which crime series subscribe to patriarchal notions of motherhood highlights the prevalence of conservative ideas of motherhood in television narratives. This is crucial to the aim of this thesis, which is to challenge conservative notions of motherhood, demonstrating instead that motherhood is a complex experience. This thesis provides an in-depth analysis of three crime television series—Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (1999–), The Bridge (2011–2018) and Top of the Lake (2013, 2017)—to identify their portrayal of motherhood and highlight the ways in which maternal figures are portrayed as either ‘good’ or ‘bad’. Significantly, the thesis identifies disability as a theme that is repeatedly utilised to explain deviant maternal behaviour, which serves to reinforce patriarchal notions of motherhood. The overall aim of this study is to critically analyse and destabilise patriarchal representations of good and bad motherhood by examining the depiction of complex maternal experiences in crime narratives. By exploring the concept of maternal ambivalence and how it is portrayed in these series, this research ultimately contributes to refuting and undermining patriarchal characterisations of motherhood, particularly the dichotomy between good and bad mothers. In sum, this thesis argues that despite the ongoing emphasis on patriarchal ideas of motherhood in television, the maternal experience is fluid, complex and changing, as made evident in these crime television series.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: O’Neill, Courtney
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: The cultural and social understanding of motherhood has been historically determined by patriarchal discourse. This thesis analyses the significance of this discourse and how it manifests in representations of women, mothers in particular, in television series. Specifically, it examines the dichotomy between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ motherhood that is prevalent in patriarchal discourse and in crime television series. Identifying the extent to which crime series subscribe to patriarchal notions of motherhood highlights the prevalence of conservative ideas of motherhood in television narratives. This is crucial to the aim of this thesis, which is to challenge conservative notions of motherhood, demonstrating instead that motherhood is a complex experience. This thesis provides an in-depth analysis of three crime television series—Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (1999–), The Bridge (2011–2018) and Top of the Lake (2013, 2017)—to identify their portrayal of motherhood and highlight the ways in which maternal figures are portrayed as either ‘good’ or ‘bad’. Significantly, the thesis identifies disability as a theme that is repeatedly utilised to explain deviant maternal behaviour, which serves to reinforce patriarchal notions of motherhood. The overall aim of this study is to critically analyse and destabilise patriarchal representations of good and bad motherhood by examining the depiction of complex maternal experiences in crime narratives. By exploring the concept of maternal ambivalence and how it is portrayed in these series, this research ultimately contributes to refuting and undermining patriarchal characterisations of motherhood, particularly the dichotomy between good and bad mothers. In sum, this thesis argues that despite the ongoing emphasis on patriarchal ideas of motherhood in television, the maternal experience is fluid, complex and changing, as made evident in these crime television series.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
The idea of audience : audience development and the creative industries in Australia's small-to-medium performing arts sector
- Authors: Piening, Simon
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: In recent decades, the governance of arts and culture in Australia has been dominated by the “creative industries” model, which is a market-driven approach to cultural policy that seeks to bring together those workers who operate in the realm of creativity with those who have the knowledge and resources to monetise their creative output. The increased focus on market outcomes has resulted in the need for arts organisation to pay much greater attention to developing audiences and cultivating consumers for the arts. However, strikingly absent from much of the discussion concerning audience development in the arts has been the voices of the artists and arts workers themselves, whose work sits at the very heart of any relationship with the audience. The research study that is the subject of this thesis sought to better understand the audience relationship from the perspective of artists and arts workers operating in Melbourne’s small-to-medium performing arts sector, which is a not-for-profit niche of the performing arts industry that has been charged with creating new works and pushing creative boundaries. In light of the increasingly marketised environment for cultural production, the study asked two broad questions: How do these arts professionals conceptualise their relationship with the audience?; and What role do they envisage for the performing arts in their communities? Through individual interviews and a series of group discussions occurring over a 12-month period between 2017 and 2018, arts professionals from the small-to-medium performing arts sector in Melbourne, Australia, discussed the ways in which the rise of the market-oriented creative industries had been impacting on their understanding of, and relationship with, the audience. The study found that the growing demands of the market and the commodification of artistic work had, for many arts professionals, increased the sense of distance between the artist and the audience and had resulted in confusion over the role and value of art in contemporary society. Despite this, arts workers, through their craft, were seeking greater engagement with their communities and were contributing to a more diverse and robust public sphere. As the authors and architects of the aesthetic experience, artists, arts workers and arts organisations have a profound impact in shaping the audience’s understanding of, and relationship with, the arts (Belfiore & Bennett, 2008). Yet much audience development research and practice has focused on understanding the attitudes and motivations of audience members in relation to the arts and ignored or minimised the important contribution that artists themselves might be making to developing audiences. This study’s aim was to address a significant gap in the understanding of the needs and motivations of arts professionals with regard to their relationship with the audience, and, in so doing, argued for a re-imagining of the field and practice of audience development that considers the needs of both the producers and consumers of culture.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Piening, Simon
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: In recent decades, the governance of arts and culture in Australia has been dominated by the “creative industries” model, which is a market-driven approach to cultural policy that seeks to bring together those workers who operate in the realm of creativity with those who have the knowledge and resources to monetise their creative output. The increased focus on market outcomes has resulted in the need for arts organisation to pay much greater attention to developing audiences and cultivating consumers for the arts. However, strikingly absent from much of the discussion concerning audience development in the arts has been the voices of the artists and arts workers themselves, whose work sits at the very heart of any relationship with the audience. The research study that is the subject of this thesis sought to better understand the audience relationship from the perspective of artists and arts workers operating in Melbourne’s small-to-medium performing arts sector, which is a not-for-profit niche of the performing arts industry that has been charged with creating new works and pushing creative boundaries. In light of the increasingly marketised environment for cultural production, the study asked two broad questions: How do these arts professionals conceptualise their relationship with the audience?; and What role do they envisage for the performing arts in their communities? Through individual interviews and a series of group discussions occurring over a 12-month period between 2017 and 2018, arts professionals from the small-to-medium performing arts sector in Melbourne, Australia, discussed the ways in which the rise of the market-oriented creative industries had been impacting on their understanding of, and relationship with, the audience. The study found that the growing demands of the market and the commodification of artistic work had, for many arts professionals, increased the sense of distance between the artist and the audience and had resulted in confusion over the role and value of art in contemporary society. Despite this, arts workers, through their craft, were seeking greater engagement with their communities and were contributing to a more diverse and robust public sphere. As the authors and architects of the aesthetic experience, artists, arts workers and arts organisations have a profound impact in shaping the audience’s understanding of, and relationship with, the arts (Belfiore & Bennett, 2008). Yet much audience development research and practice has focused on understanding the attitudes and motivations of audience members in relation to the arts and ignored or minimised the important contribution that artists themselves might be making to developing audiences. This study’s aim was to address a significant gap in the understanding of the needs and motivations of arts professionals with regard to their relationship with the audience, and, in so doing, argued for a re-imagining of the field and practice of audience development that considers the needs of both the producers and consumers of culture.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
The role of immune cells in ovarian cancer
- Authors: Ahmady, Farah
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Ovarian cancer remains the leading cause of gynaecological disease related death in women worldwide. Patients given standard treatment have low survival rates and immunotherapy remains unsuccessful. This is largely due to the suppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) and the interaction of the different cells being poorly understood. This has sparked interest in understanding the functions of immune cells and their contribution to the TME. In chapter 3, B and T cells were characterised in samples collected from chemo-naïve highgrade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) patients and compared to benign and healthy controls. B cells were able to express the T cell exhaustion marker T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) on their surface. Blood derived B cells of benign patients expressed less TIM-3 compared to high-grade and healthy donors. Alterations in TIM-3 expression on B cells suggests that the TME may not be causing B cells to harbour an exhaustion phenotype. The frequency of circulating mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) was reduced in benign and high-grade patients compared to healthy donors. Blood derived MAIT cells of healthy donors stimulated with 5-OP-RU antigen and cultured with ovarian cancer cell line supernatants had a reduced capacity of producing tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a compared to control. The reduced frequency of MAIT cells at the premalignant state of the disease indicates that malignancy of the disease is not necessarily the contributing factor in the reduction observed. As TNF-a is a key anti-tumour cytokine expressed by MAIT cells, the impaired production may indicate defects in their function. Low dose-dense (LDD) chemotherapy has recently shown promise as depicted in a clinical study by Kannourakis et al. where LDD treated HGSOC patients had longer survival than those treated with maximum tolerated dose (MTD). It is postulated that this may be due to aspects of the immune system, however the effects of LDD chemotherapy on immune cells remains unknown. In chpter 4, circulating B and T cells of LDD treated patients were characterised and compared to untreated controls. The key finding of this study was the immunostimulatory attributes of LDD regimen in a range of B and T cell populations via their increased expression of TNF-a compared to untreated controls and healthy donors. The frequency of MAIT cells, however, was reduced in LDD treated patients, suggesting that these cells may not contribute to the immunostimulatory aspects, and that this regimen may impact their frequency by creating an environment which may not be compatible for MAIT cell survival. In chapter 5, expression of immuno-oncology protein markers in benign and high-grade primary and metastasised tumours were determined for alterations in hot and cold tumour regions using Digital Spatial Profiling (DSP). An increased expression of immune cell, costimulatory and inhibitory markers were apparent in high-grade tumours compared to benign. The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) marker was studied further, and its expression was also higher in high-grade tumours compared to benign, with cisplatin further enhancing its expression in ovarian cancer cell lines. There were alterations in the expression of some downstream molecules, however interferon (IFN)-b, the key cytokine produced in the activated STING pathway, was virtually non-existent. This suggests a defect in the pathway which if restored, may contribute to some of the known anti-tumour functions of the pathway. The results from these studies provide an understanding of differences in the immune profile of non-malignant and malignant ovarian cancer. These findings work together to improve our understanding of the unique TME with the aim to identify potential immune therapeutic targets for future study.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Ahmady, Farah
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Ovarian cancer remains the leading cause of gynaecological disease related death in women worldwide. Patients given standard treatment have low survival rates and immunotherapy remains unsuccessful. This is largely due to the suppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) and the interaction of the different cells being poorly understood. This has sparked interest in understanding the functions of immune cells and their contribution to the TME. In chapter 3, B and T cells were characterised in samples collected from chemo-naïve highgrade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) patients and compared to benign and healthy controls. B cells were able to express the T cell exhaustion marker T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) on their surface. Blood derived B cells of benign patients expressed less TIM-3 compared to high-grade and healthy donors. Alterations in TIM-3 expression on B cells suggests that the TME may not be causing B cells to harbour an exhaustion phenotype. The frequency of circulating mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) was reduced in benign and high-grade patients compared to healthy donors. Blood derived MAIT cells of healthy donors stimulated with 5-OP-RU antigen and cultured with ovarian cancer cell line supernatants had a reduced capacity of producing tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a compared to control. The reduced frequency of MAIT cells at the premalignant state of the disease indicates that malignancy of the disease is not necessarily the contributing factor in the reduction observed. As TNF-a is a key anti-tumour cytokine expressed by MAIT cells, the impaired production may indicate defects in their function. Low dose-dense (LDD) chemotherapy has recently shown promise as depicted in a clinical study by Kannourakis et al. where LDD treated HGSOC patients had longer survival than those treated with maximum tolerated dose (MTD). It is postulated that this may be due to aspects of the immune system, however the effects of LDD chemotherapy on immune cells remains unknown. In chpter 4, circulating B and T cells of LDD treated patients were characterised and compared to untreated controls. The key finding of this study was the immunostimulatory attributes of LDD regimen in a range of B and T cell populations via their increased expression of TNF-a compared to untreated controls and healthy donors. The frequency of MAIT cells, however, was reduced in LDD treated patients, suggesting that these cells may not contribute to the immunostimulatory aspects, and that this regimen may impact their frequency by creating an environment which may not be compatible for MAIT cell survival. In chapter 5, expression of immuno-oncology protein markers in benign and high-grade primary and metastasised tumours were determined for alterations in hot and cold tumour regions using Digital Spatial Profiling (DSP). An increased expression of immune cell, costimulatory and inhibitory markers were apparent in high-grade tumours compared to benign. The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) marker was studied further, and its expression was also higher in high-grade tumours compared to benign, with cisplatin further enhancing its expression in ovarian cancer cell lines. There were alterations in the expression of some downstream molecules, however interferon (IFN)-b, the key cytokine produced in the activated STING pathway, was virtually non-existent. This suggests a defect in the pathway which if restored, may contribute to some of the known anti-tumour functions of the pathway. The results from these studies provide an understanding of differences in the immune profile of non-malignant and malignant ovarian cancer. These findings work together to improve our understanding of the unique TME with the aim to identify potential immune therapeutic targets for future study.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
The role of sprint training in hamstring strain injury prevention for field sport athletes
- Authors: Freeman, Brock
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Hamstring strain injuries (HSI) are regularly reported as the most common injury in many field-based sports with a high-speed running (HSR) component. Typically, these injuries occur during sprinting efforts, predominantly in the Biceps Femoris Long Head (BFLH). Furthermore, the burden of HSI is amongst the highest in field sports, and the risk of recurrent injury is elevated, and inflated by age. It is of interest to managers, technical coaches, physical preparation staff and athletes to reduce the risk of sustaining a HSI. Therefore, extensive research in HSI has identified several non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors, such as eccentric hamstring strength, BFLH fascicle length, and HSR exposure. Currently, almost all interventions designed to reduce the risk of HSI have utilised resistance training or stretching interventions. This is despite the scientific literature indicating that; 1) sprinting is the most common mechanism associated with hamstring strain injury, and 2) sprinting places a far greater demand on the hamstrings than interventions that are resistance or flexibility based. Therefore, the primary aim of this thesis was to establish the role of sprint training in HSI prevention in field sport athletes. The aim of Study 1 was to understand the beliefs and practices of professional Australian Football (AF) physical performance coaches towards the training and assessment prescribed to mitigate the risk of HSI. A Delphi-validated mixed methods survey was implemented to assess the beliefs and practices of High-Performance Managers of professional AF teams. All the participants in this study reported that they believed sprinting (acceleration and maximum speed) was the most common activity associated with HSI. Similarly, all participants also indicated they performed sprint training for injury prevention purposes. However, a range of relative speeds were reported to quantify HSR, whilst a sprint was reported as 85%Vmax. Whilst respondents reported they believed that sprint training was important, one participant indicated that they felt the need to be conservative with the prescription of sprint training for fear of injury, and the consequences associated with this. Due to the identified discrepancies in speed thresholds used in practical setting (Study 1) and academic settings (Literature Review), Study 2 was designed to determine the absolute, and relative speeds associated with jogging, running, striding, near maximum sprinting, and sprinting. The secondary aim was to visually describe the gait patterns associated with HSR and sprinting. Fifteen participants completed two data collection periods, where they performed a series of run throughs at different gait patterns. These gait patterns were adapted from a review of time-motion research in field sports. The running gaits of jogging, running, striding, near-maximum sprinting, and sprinting correspond with the relative speeds of 56%Vmax, 66%Vmax, 78%Vmax, 87%Vmax, and 100%Vmax, respectively. Significant (p = 0.01) differences were observed for all variables between striding, near-maximum sprinting, and sprinting. This highlights that previously reported thresholds in Study 1 are likely not quantifying the true sprinting demands. Publicly available injury information indicates a spike in HSI during the 2018 Australian Football League (AFL) season, a trend that occurred in the relatively uninterrupted 2020 AFL season. As Study 2 indicated that thresholds used to quantify the demands of sprinting in training and competition, Study 3 primarily aimed to determine the amount of running completed in relative speed bands during the pre-season and then the first eight weeks of the season. The secondary aim was to determine how individual athletes vary from the group average across the pre-season and the first eight rounds of the season. This study completed a retrospective analysis of 55 professional Australian footballers during the pre-season and first eight rounds of the 2019 season. Significantly less (p < 0.05) weekly volume was reported during the first 8 weeks of the season in the speed thresholds of 71-80%Vmax, 81-90%Vmax, and 91-100%Vmax. However, athletes in this study only completed an average of 18m above 90%Vmax in the pre-season, a stimulus too low to achieve an injury prevention and conditioning effect. Individual analysis highlighted that whilst a small number of athletes achieved a consistent sprinting load, several athletes did not achieve more than 2m above 90%Vmax during both the pre and in-season periods. This lack of preparation may provide a rationale for the injury rates during the first eight rounds. To improve the preparation of athletes using a sprinting stimulus, Study 4 focussed on addressing modifiable risk factors for HSI. The primary aim of this study examined the effects of acceleration and maximum speed sprint training of eccentric hamstring strength, BFLH fascicle length, and sprint performance. Initially, a training study with 60 participants was planned, but due to the Victorian Government’s COVID-19 restrictions, this was modified to a case study design with 11 participants. A 6-week training intervention consisting of acceleration sprinting (<15m) or maximum speed sprinting with a gradual build up (flying 10-20m) was implemented. Participants that performed acceleration or maximum speed sprinting improved Biceps Femoris fascicle length by 23% and 20%, respectively. This was an increase of more than the Minimum Detectable Change (MDC95 = 0.96cm, 95% CI =0.93 – 0.99cm). The participants who completed normal training experienced no change in the BFLH fascicle length. Neither sprint training intervention produced a change in eccentric hamstring strength that was greater than the typical error in the test. Both sprinting interventions improved sprint performance outcomes, however both acceleration and maximum speed training produced a larger improvement in maximum speed (-11% and -9%, respectively) than in acceleration qualities (-2% and -3%, respectively). Both acceleration and maximum speed training incurred positive improvement in relative force production (F(0) (N/kg)) and relative power production (Pmax (W/kg)). This was similar for DRF and RFpeak and indicates that sprint training without resistance will improve Force-Velocity-Power Variables. This project has provided new information regarding the role of sprint training for hamstring strain injury prevention. Firstly, both 6 weeks of low volume acceleration and maximum speed sprinting improve BFLH fascicle length. Secondly, currently employed velocity thresholds in professional AF are likely too slow to quantify the HSR and sprinting demands. Thirdly, analysis using thresholds that are faster than previously reported revealed that the overall volume of sprinting (>90%Vmax) is too low to elicit an injury prevention or training stimulus. This information will inform the future practices of key stakeholders surrounding sprint training in field sport athletes. The identification of the positive benefits of maximum speed sprinting, and a faster, more accurate definition of sprinting has large potential to improve hamstring strain injury prevention and increase physical performance.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Freeman, Brock
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Hamstring strain injuries (HSI) are regularly reported as the most common injury in many field-based sports with a high-speed running (HSR) component. Typically, these injuries occur during sprinting efforts, predominantly in the Biceps Femoris Long Head (BFLH). Furthermore, the burden of HSI is amongst the highest in field sports, and the risk of recurrent injury is elevated, and inflated by age. It is of interest to managers, technical coaches, physical preparation staff and athletes to reduce the risk of sustaining a HSI. Therefore, extensive research in HSI has identified several non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors, such as eccentric hamstring strength, BFLH fascicle length, and HSR exposure. Currently, almost all interventions designed to reduce the risk of HSI have utilised resistance training or stretching interventions. This is despite the scientific literature indicating that; 1) sprinting is the most common mechanism associated with hamstring strain injury, and 2) sprinting places a far greater demand on the hamstrings than interventions that are resistance or flexibility based. Therefore, the primary aim of this thesis was to establish the role of sprint training in HSI prevention in field sport athletes. The aim of Study 1 was to understand the beliefs and practices of professional Australian Football (AF) physical performance coaches towards the training and assessment prescribed to mitigate the risk of HSI. A Delphi-validated mixed methods survey was implemented to assess the beliefs and practices of High-Performance Managers of professional AF teams. All the participants in this study reported that they believed sprinting (acceleration and maximum speed) was the most common activity associated with HSI. Similarly, all participants also indicated they performed sprint training for injury prevention purposes. However, a range of relative speeds were reported to quantify HSR, whilst a sprint was reported as 85%Vmax. Whilst respondents reported they believed that sprint training was important, one participant indicated that they felt the need to be conservative with the prescription of sprint training for fear of injury, and the consequences associated with this. Due to the identified discrepancies in speed thresholds used in practical setting (Study 1) and academic settings (Literature Review), Study 2 was designed to determine the absolute, and relative speeds associated with jogging, running, striding, near maximum sprinting, and sprinting. The secondary aim was to visually describe the gait patterns associated with HSR and sprinting. Fifteen participants completed two data collection periods, where they performed a series of run throughs at different gait patterns. These gait patterns were adapted from a review of time-motion research in field sports. The running gaits of jogging, running, striding, near-maximum sprinting, and sprinting correspond with the relative speeds of 56%Vmax, 66%Vmax, 78%Vmax, 87%Vmax, and 100%Vmax, respectively. Significant (p = 0.01) differences were observed for all variables between striding, near-maximum sprinting, and sprinting. This highlights that previously reported thresholds in Study 1 are likely not quantifying the true sprinting demands. Publicly available injury information indicates a spike in HSI during the 2018 Australian Football League (AFL) season, a trend that occurred in the relatively uninterrupted 2020 AFL season. As Study 2 indicated that thresholds used to quantify the demands of sprinting in training and competition, Study 3 primarily aimed to determine the amount of running completed in relative speed bands during the pre-season and then the first eight weeks of the season. The secondary aim was to determine how individual athletes vary from the group average across the pre-season and the first eight rounds of the season. This study completed a retrospective analysis of 55 professional Australian footballers during the pre-season and first eight rounds of the 2019 season. Significantly less (p < 0.05) weekly volume was reported during the first 8 weeks of the season in the speed thresholds of 71-80%Vmax, 81-90%Vmax, and 91-100%Vmax. However, athletes in this study only completed an average of 18m above 90%Vmax in the pre-season, a stimulus too low to achieve an injury prevention and conditioning effect. Individual analysis highlighted that whilst a small number of athletes achieved a consistent sprinting load, several athletes did not achieve more than 2m above 90%Vmax during both the pre and in-season periods. This lack of preparation may provide a rationale for the injury rates during the first eight rounds. To improve the preparation of athletes using a sprinting stimulus, Study 4 focussed on addressing modifiable risk factors for HSI. The primary aim of this study examined the effects of acceleration and maximum speed sprint training of eccentric hamstring strength, BFLH fascicle length, and sprint performance. Initially, a training study with 60 participants was planned, but due to the Victorian Government’s COVID-19 restrictions, this was modified to a case study design with 11 participants. A 6-week training intervention consisting of acceleration sprinting (<15m) or maximum speed sprinting with a gradual build up (flying 10-20m) was implemented. Participants that performed acceleration or maximum speed sprinting improved Biceps Femoris fascicle length by 23% and 20%, respectively. This was an increase of more than the Minimum Detectable Change (MDC95 = 0.96cm, 95% CI =0.93 – 0.99cm). The participants who completed normal training experienced no change in the BFLH fascicle length. Neither sprint training intervention produced a change in eccentric hamstring strength that was greater than the typical error in the test. Both sprinting interventions improved sprint performance outcomes, however both acceleration and maximum speed training produced a larger improvement in maximum speed (-11% and -9%, respectively) than in acceleration qualities (-2% and -3%, respectively). Both acceleration and maximum speed training incurred positive improvement in relative force production (F(0) (N/kg)) and relative power production (Pmax (W/kg)). This was similar for DRF and RFpeak and indicates that sprint training without resistance will improve Force-Velocity-Power Variables. This project has provided new information regarding the role of sprint training for hamstring strain injury prevention. Firstly, both 6 weeks of low volume acceleration and maximum speed sprinting improve BFLH fascicle length. Secondly, currently employed velocity thresholds in professional AF are likely too slow to quantify the HSR and sprinting demands. Thirdly, analysis using thresholds that are faster than previously reported revealed that the overall volume of sprinting (>90%Vmax) is too low to elicit an injury prevention or training stimulus. This information will inform the future practices of key stakeholders surrounding sprint training in field sport athletes. The identification of the positive benefits of maximum speed sprinting, and a faster, more accurate definition of sprinting has large potential to improve hamstring strain injury prevention and increase physical performance.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
Toxicity of opal Australian paper weak black liquors towards actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z
- Authors: Halder, Dibyadeep
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , Masters
- Full Text:
- Description: The objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of Opal Australian Paper’s (AP’s) waste streams as a potential substrate for biomanufacturing. Three low-value process streams were included in this study: Continuous Kraft Mill (CKM) weak black liquor (WBL), Neutral Sulphite Semi-Chemical (NSSC) WBL and WBL extracted from NSSC clean-pulp (CP). The primary focus of the study was to determine the chemical composition and extent of toxicity of these WBLs towards Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z. This genetically engineered bacterium can produce a valuable platform chemical, succinic acid, using various carbohydrate sources. This project sought to increase knowledge of AP’s WBL and its suitability as a biomanufacturing substrate. Literature has been reviewed on various pre-treatment pathways for this waste stream, A. succinogenes 130Z and its effectiveness on producing succinic acid, and the analytical techniques that have been used to answer the project objectives. The effectiveness of pre-treating the NSSC and CP WBLs was measured using the following characteristics: (a) the colour content (specific absorbance) using UV-Vis spectroscopy, (b) indicative yields of several organic constituents through pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, (c) the atomic H/C and S/C ratios using an elemental analysis and (d) toxicity of the samples using a combination of semi-quantitative (plating trials) and quantitative (determination of minimum bactericidal concentration) techniques. The impact of an additional pre-treatment step of granular activated carbon for NSSC WBL was also researched here. InfraRed spectroscopy and toxicity analysis helped to conclude that CKM WBL is extremely toxic to Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z and contained negligible amounts of residual sugar units. Characterising the NSSC and CP WBLs at the molecular level revealed the untreated WBLs are rich in lignin-derived methoxyphenols (up to 160 mg/kg) and contained low concentrations of elemental sulphur (up to approx. 1 mg/kg). Infra-red spectroscopy and gas chromatography indicated that the fermentable sugars in the WBLs were very low (< 1.2 mg/kg) even after pre-treatment. Both methoxyphenols and sulphur are known to be toxic to many bacteria and A. succinogenes 130Z could not tolerate more than 0.45 mg/ml (db, dry basis) and 0.78 mg/ml (db) of NSSC and CP WBLs respectively. Employing Amberlite® XAD7HP resins to pre-treat the NSSC and CP WBLs reduced their toxicity 2- to 5-fold, enabling the bacterium to survive in about 2.5 mg/ml (db) and 1 mg/ml (db) of NSSC and CP WBLs respectively. One possible reason for this is the significant reduction in lignin content afforded by this pre-treatment technique. These results conclude that AP’s WBLs are toxic and need to undergo pre-treatment prior to utilisation as a substrate for succinic acid production via fermentation.
- Description: Masters by Research
- Authors: Halder, Dibyadeep
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , Masters
- Full Text:
- Description: The objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of Opal Australian Paper’s (AP’s) waste streams as a potential substrate for biomanufacturing. Three low-value process streams were included in this study: Continuous Kraft Mill (CKM) weak black liquor (WBL), Neutral Sulphite Semi-Chemical (NSSC) WBL and WBL extracted from NSSC clean-pulp (CP). The primary focus of the study was to determine the chemical composition and extent of toxicity of these WBLs towards Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z. This genetically engineered bacterium can produce a valuable platform chemical, succinic acid, using various carbohydrate sources. This project sought to increase knowledge of AP’s WBL and its suitability as a biomanufacturing substrate. Literature has been reviewed on various pre-treatment pathways for this waste stream, A. succinogenes 130Z and its effectiveness on producing succinic acid, and the analytical techniques that have been used to answer the project objectives. The effectiveness of pre-treating the NSSC and CP WBLs was measured using the following characteristics: (a) the colour content (specific absorbance) using UV-Vis spectroscopy, (b) indicative yields of several organic constituents through pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, (c) the atomic H/C and S/C ratios using an elemental analysis and (d) toxicity of the samples using a combination of semi-quantitative (plating trials) and quantitative (determination of minimum bactericidal concentration) techniques. The impact of an additional pre-treatment step of granular activated carbon for NSSC WBL was also researched here. InfraRed spectroscopy and toxicity analysis helped to conclude that CKM WBL is extremely toxic to Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z and contained negligible amounts of residual sugar units. Characterising the NSSC and CP WBLs at the molecular level revealed the untreated WBLs are rich in lignin-derived methoxyphenols (up to 160 mg/kg) and contained low concentrations of elemental sulphur (up to approx. 1 mg/kg). Infra-red spectroscopy and gas chromatography indicated that the fermentable sugars in the WBLs were very low (< 1.2 mg/kg) even after pre-treatment. Both methoxyphenols and sulphur are known to be toxic to many bacteria and A. succinogenes 130Z could not tolerate more than 0.45 mg/ml (db, dry basis) and 0.78 mg/ml (db) of NSSC and CP WBLs respectively. Employing Amberlite® XAD7HP resins to pre-treat the NSSC and CP WBLs reduced their toxicity 2- to 5-fold, enabling the bacterium to survive in about 2.5 mg/ml (db) and 1 mg/ml (db) of NSSC and CP WBLs respectively. One possible reason for this is the significant reduction in lignin content afforded by this pre-treatment technique. These results conclude that AP’s WBLs are toxic and need to undergo pre-treatment prior to utilisation as a substrate for succinic acid production via fermentation.
- Description: Masters by Research
Undergraduate nursing students’ team communication skills within a simulated emergency setting : a grounded theory study
- Authors: Bourke, Sharon
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Recognising and managing clinical deterioration is considered a high priority in health care with ineffective communication being a significant contributing factor to poor clinical outcomes for patients. Nurses are in a unique position to make a difference in influencing improvements in team communication. In Australia, nurse education has become more complicated and demanding with nursing students focus on behaviour skills, such as communication, becoming more difficult in a saturated curriculum. Simulation-based education has provided an experiential way to learn these complex skills. Although there has been much work in the healthcare literature on clinical teamwork, including communication and its intersection with patient safety, there is still a gap in explaining how individuals within the team contribute to communication. The purpose of this study was to explore and explain how nursing students communicate in simulated emergency settings and how factors, such as culture, language, gender, age and power, affect nursing students’ team communication. This study investigated how transitioning nursing students are prepared with the necessary skills to achieve effective team communication at the point of transition to clinical practice as registered nurses. In order to address the aims of the study, a constructivist grounded theory methodology, informed by Kathy Charmaz (2006), was employed. Using purposive sampling, third year nursing students were recruited from one Australian university, to undertake a structured team simulation experience. Participants worked in teams of three or four to experience the team communication whilst working together to care for a deteriorating patient in the form of a mannequin. Simulations were video recorded after which individual, in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 participants. In line with a grounded theory approach, data collection and analysis were conducted concurrently until theoretical saturation was achieved. In response to the central problem of how nursing students communicate in simulated emergency settings, a core process was established that explained the factors that affect team communication. This problem is conceptualised as Navigating uncertainty: Explaining communication of nursing students within an emergency setting. This theoretical construct helps to explain nursing students’ actions and insights into factors that influence their communication within emergency teams. The core process is represented in three transitional stages of the theory comprising: Finding a place in the team, Understanding and working out differences and Looking to the future: Developing strategies to improve communication. This process was mediated by contextual conditions of the student, the simulation and the team. The phases are reinforced by the three main categories of Having a place in the team, Knowing yourself, and Transitioning from student to registered nurse. These categories represent the key activities that nursing students were engaged with that led to the development of the core category and process. The generated findings and theory offer valuable insights into factors that influence team communication skills within emergency settings. The theory raises awareness of social processes undertaken by nursing students during team communication, and highlights obstacles that can assist educators and academics to structure team communication education to better meet the needs of nursing students transitioning to practice settings.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Bourke, Sharon
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Recognising and managing clinical deterioration is considered a high priority in health care with ineffective communication being a significant contributing factor to poor clinical outcomes for patients. Nurses are in a unique position to make a difference in influencing improvements in team communication. In Australia, nurse education has become more complicated and demanding with nursing students focus on behaviour skills, such as communication, becoming more difficult in a saturated curriculum. Simulation-based education has provided an experiential way to learn these complex skills. Although there has been much work in the healthcare literature on clinical teamwork, including communication and its intersection with patient safety, there is still a gap in explaining how individuals within the team contribute to communication. The purpose of this study was to explore and explain how nursing students communicate in simulated emergency settings and how factors, such as culture, language, gender, age and power, affect nursing students’ team communication. This study investigated how transitioning nursing students are prepared with the necessary skills to achieve effective team communication at the point of transition to clinical practice as registered nurses. In order to address the aims of the study, a constructivist grounded theory methodology, informed by Kathy Charmaz (2006), was employed. Using purposive sampling, third year nursing students were recruited from one Australian university, to undertake a structured team simulation experience. Participants worked in teams of three or four to experience the team communication whilst working together to care for a deteriorating patient in the form of a mannequin. Simulations were video recorded after which individual, in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 participants. In line with a grounded theory approach, data collection and analysis were conducted concurrently until theoretical saturation was achieved. In response to the central problem of how nursing students communicate in simulated emergency settings, a core process was established that explained the factors that affect team communication. This problem is conceptualised as Navigating uncertainty: Explaining communication of nursing students within an emergency setting. This theoretical construct helps to explain nursing students’ actions and insights into factors that influence their communication within emergency teams. The core process is represented in three transitional stages of the theory comprising: Finding a place in the team, Understanding and working out differences and Looking to the future: Developing strategies to improve communication. This process was mediated by contextual conditions of the student, the simulation and the team. The phases are reinforced by the three main categories of Having a place in the team, Knowing yourself, and Transitioning from student to registered nurse. These categories represent the key activities that nursing students were engaged with that led to the development of the core category and process. The generated findings and theory offer valuable insights into factors that influence team communication skills within emergency settings. The theory raises awareness of social processes undertaken by nursing students during team communication, and highlights obstacles that can assist educators and academics to structure team communication education to better meet the needs of nursing students transitioning to practice settings.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
Unfinished Business! The myth that the settler government has lawful transnational jurisprudence sovereign authority
- Authors: Crane, Samuel
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , Masters
- Full Text:
- Description: As a First Nations person belonging to the Bulluk-Willam people of the Woiwurrung nation from the Coranderrk Aboriginal Station, Wadawurrung in Geelong, and Monaro peoples in Cooma, I’m a duty-bound to educate not only the First Nations peoples, but the wider community of the 60,000 plus years history of the continent now known as Australia. The former British Empire and successive settler governments failed to recognise the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth of the colonisation of Australia, its unlawfulness and the injustices that had been created. For the benefit of the reader, I have chosen to use the term “First Nations peoples” rather than “Indigenous people and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people”. I argue that First Nations peoples had lawful transnational sovereign authority, which included being the holders of citizenship rights and having a system of jurisprudence self-governance where they had entered into legally binding treaties and land rights agreements prior to the arrival of Lieutenant James Cook on 29 April 1770 (de Costa, 2006; Diamond, 1997; Kenny, 2008; Presland, 1994; Trudgen, 2000). The Act of Settlement 1700 (UK) denounced the monarch’s lawful right to be a sovereign ruler over citizens, which means it was also applicable to their vice-regal representative. I argue that same lawful sovereign authority had been given to each person from each language belonging to the First Nations peoples residing on the continent of Australia and its surrounding islands. Even the first convicts and “free settlers” held lawful sovereign rights and not their monarch. The Law of Nations under European law (de Vattel, 1844) concluded that the First Nations peoples had lawful sovereignty, a civil society, and a political system of independent self-governance. However, the unlawful acquisition of Australia was to provide both an international trading base for the United Kingdom after the end of the American Civil War and a convict outpost (Blainey, 1966; Dallas, 1978; Frost, 2011, 2013; Hawkesworth, 1774). Thus, an extinguishing of the lawful determinations of transnational jurisprudence sovereign authority (B. McKenna & Wardle, 2019) validated a self-governing colony of Australia. The extinguishment of the First Nations peoples’ lawful transnational jurisprudence sovereign authority continued when Australia became a federated nation with its United Kingdom Constitution, An Act to Constitute the Commonwealth of Australia (UK). Yet, it was, and still remains, a quasi-system of governance (Quick & Garran, 1902). However, after the end of the First World War when Australia joined the League of Nations in 1920, all levels of the parliamentary systems, the Constitution and the judiciary became null and void (G. Butler, 1925). The Mabo v. Queensland (No. 2) HCA 23; 175 CLR 1 (3 June 1992) decision refuted the myth that the continent, now known as of Australia, was previously terra nullius, a land belonging to no one. Since the 1980s, federal governments, via a system of defensive nationalism and popular sovereignty (de Costa, 2006), had gifted themselves an unlawful sovereignty and nation-state independence (B. McKenna & Wardle, 2019). Finally, since 26 January 1788, Australia has had an ongoing independent sovereign nation-state identity crisis and has been suffering from internal and external haemorrhaging. Appendix A details the first action needed by going outside all domestic parliaments and courts to the Government Legal Department in London to rectify the unlawful system of governance, judiciary, and regal representatives. This was first suggested by John Newfong in 1972 at the Aboriginal Tent Embassy (Newfong, 1972). The second action lies in Appendix B, the Sovereign Australia Constitution Act (Aus).
- Description: Masters of Art
- Authors: Crane, Samuel
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , Masters
- Full Text:
- Description: As a First Nations person belonging to the Bulluk-Willam people of the Woiwurrung nation from the Coranderrk Aboriginal Station, Wadawurrung in Geelong, and Monaro peoples in Cooma, I’m a duty-bound to educate not only the First Nations peoples, but the wider community of the 60,000 plus years history of the continent now known as Australia. The former British Empire and successive settler governments failed to recognise the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth of the colonisation of Australia, its unlawfulness and the injustices that had been created. For the benefit of the reader, I have chosen to use the term “First Nations peoples” rather than “Indigenous people and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people”. I argue that First Nations peoples had lawful transnational sovereign authority, which included being the holders of citizenship rights and having a system of jurisprudence self-governance where they had entered into legally binding treaties and land rights agreements prior to the arrival of Lieutenant James Cook on 29 April 1770 (de Costa, 2006; Diamond, 1997; Kenny, 2008; Presland, 1994; Trudgen, 2000). The Act of Settlement 1700 (UK) denounced the monarch’s lawful right to be a sovereign ruler over citizens, which means it was also applicable to their vice-regal representative. I argue that same lawful sovereign authority had been given to each person from each language belonging to the First Nations peoples residing on the continent of Australia and its surrounding islands. Even the first convicts and “free settlers” held lawful sovereign rights and not their monarch. The Law of Nations under European law (de Vattel, 1844) concluded that the First Nations peoples had lawful sovereignty, a civil society, and a political system of independent self-governance. However, the unlawful acquisition of Australia was to provide both an international trading base for the United Kingdom after the end of the American Civil War and a convict outpost (Blainey, 1966; Dallas, 1978; Frost, 2011, 2013; Hawkesworth, 1774). Thus, an extinguishing of the lawful determinations of transnational jurisprudence sovereign authority (B. McKenna & Wardle, 2019) validated a self-governing colony of Australia. The extinguishment of the First Nations peoples’ lawful transnational jurisprudence sovereign authority continued when Australia became a federated nation with its United Kingdom Constitution, An Act to Constitute the Commonwealth of Australia (UK). Yet, it was, and still remains, a quasi-system of governance (Quick & Garran, 1902). However, after the end of the First World War when Australia joined the League of Nations in 1920, all levels of the parliamentary systems, the Constitution and the judiciary became null and void (G. Butler, 1925). The Mabo v. Queensland (No. 2) HCA 23; 175 CLR 1 (3 June 1992) decision refuted the myth that the continent, now known as of Australia, was previously terra nullius, a land belonging to no one. Since the 1980s, federal governments, via a system of defensive nationalism and popular sovereignty (de Costa, 2006), had gifted themselves an unlawful sovereignty and nation-state independence (B. McKenna & Wardle, 2019). Finally, since 26 January 1788, Australia has had an ongoing independent sovereign nation-state identity crisis and has been suffering from internal and external haemorrhaging. Appendix A details the first action needed by going outside all domestic parliaments and courts to the Government Legal Department in London to rectify the unlawful system of governance, judiciary, and regal representatives. This was first suggested by John Newfong in 1972 at the Aboriginal Tent Embassy (Newfong, 1972). The second action lies in Appendix B, the Sovereign Australia Constitution Act (Aus).
- Description: Masters of Art
Women in the Australian cartographic corps during World War Two : their work and ongoing legacy in australian history and culture
- Authors: Watts, Melissa
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: This thesis analyses and highlights the important work of the Australian Women’s Army Service (AWAS) in the Australian Cartographic Corps during World War Two.1 I examine the significance of the women’s roles and argue that their contribution has been largely omitted from historical accounts and popular culture. This inquiry consists of the historical novel Cartographies and an exegetical component. By appraising the crucial work undertaken by the women of the Survey Corps, this PhD aims to answer the question: What was the role of draftswomen in the Cartographic Corps during World War Two and what was their ongoing legacy in Australian history and culture? The exegesis answers these questions by establishing the role of the AWAS Cartographic Corps women during the war through a combination of qualitative interviews and critical analysis of archival sources. I argue that their contribution has received inadequate recognition when juxtaposed with their male counterparts within military histories. The exegesis then explores the representation of women’s war work in a broader social context, drawing from Australian popular culture to contend that this lack of acknowledgement has led to a deficiency of women’s narratives within the Australian collective war memory. Finally, the exegesis argues that historical fiction can advance an understanding of the past and provide recognition of marginalised members within a dominant culture. Cartographies, the accompanying novel, is an original creative interpretation that foregrounds the work of the women in the Cartographic Corps. Guided by the historical research undertaken for this project, the novel explores the pressures and demands that the work entailed. Moving between the 1940s and 1970s, Cartographies also engages in a post-war debate about the lack of historical or popular representation of the women of the Cartographic Corps. Furthermore, using the literary technique of historiographic metafiction, the novel considers the potential and limitations of both novels and historical research to accurately represent the past. Using a historiographical, creative and theoretical framework, the exegesis and the novel work together to provide a unique insight into the work and lives of the AWAS women who served in the Cartographic Corps during World War Two. Significantly, this thesis provides a previously unheard voice for the women of the Cartographic Corps to draw attention to the importance of their role during World War Two and begin to redress their absence from Australian history and culture.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Watts, Melissa
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: This thesis analyses and highlights the important work of the Australian Women’s Army Service (AWAS) in the Australian Cartographic Corps during World War Two.1 I examine the significance of the women’s roles and argue that their contribution has been largely omitted from historical accounts and popular culture. This inquiry consists of the historical novel Cartographies and an exegetical component. By appraising the crucial work undertaken by the women of the Survey Corps, this PhD aims to answer the question: What was the role of draftswomen in the Cartographic Corps during World War Two and what was their ongoing legacy in Australian history and culture? The exegesis answers these questions by establishing the role of the AWAS Cartographic Corps women during the war through a combination of qualitative interviews and critical analysis of archival sources. I argue that their contribution has received inadequate recognition when juxtaposed with their male counterparts within military histories. The exegesis then explores the representation of women’s war work in a broader social context, drawing from Australian popular culture to contend that this lack of acknowledgement has led to a deficiency of women’s narratives within the Australian collective war memory. Finally, the exegesis argues that historical fiction can advance an understanding of the past and provide recognition of marginalised members within a dominant culture. Cartographies, the accompanying novel, is an original creative interpretation that foregrounds the work of the women in the Cartographic Corps. Guided by the historical research undertaken for this project, the novel explores the pressures and demands that the work entailed. Moving between the 1940s and 1970s, Cartographies also engages in a post-war debate about the lack of historical or popular representation of the women of the Cartographic Corps. Furthermore, using the literary technique of historiographic metafiction, the novel considers the potential and limitations of both novels and historical research to accurately represent the past. Using a historiographical, creative and theoretical framework, the exegesis and the novel work together to provide a unique insight into the work and lives of the AWAS women who served in the Cartographic Corps during World War Two. Significantly, this thesis provides a previously unheard voice for the women of the Cartographic Corps to draw attention to the importance of their role during World War Two and begin to redress their absence from Australian history and culture.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
Women’s lived experiences of their partners’ referral to a men’s behaviour change program : a feminist interpretative phenomenological analysis
- Authors: Zeuschner, Lauren
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Family violence (FV) is a significant social issue across Australia, where one woman is murdered by her current or former partner every week (State Government of Victoria, 2020). In an effort to increase the safety of women and children living in the state of Victoria, perpetrators of FV are routinely referred to a group intervention known as a Men’s Behaviour Change Program (MBCP). This research study sought to lay a foundation for understanding how women experience their partners’ referral to an MBCP, while exploring the meaning they ascribe to such an experience. At a fundamental level, the study aimed to elevate the voices of women and to contextualise their experiences. It was anticipated that this study would illuminate the profound insights of women regarding their experiences of such referrals, which have not been previously considered or acknowledged as being important. Nine women living in the regional city of Ballarat, Victoria, took part in this community-based research project, which was designed in collaboration with industry partners. Each woman engaged in a qualitative interview that was underpinned by the emergent methodology of feminist interpretative phenomenological analysis. Consequently, these interviews focused on the women’s thoughts, feelings and interpretations of the referral experience. Through analysis and discussion of the women’s narratives, referral to an MBCP was shown to have involved experiences of significant meaning, depth and consequence for victim survivors – clearly demonstrating an effect beyond perpetrator engagement with an MBCP. The findings from this study have revealed the way in which MBCP referrals fashion a new environment for victim survivors. It is an environment characterised by heightened hopes of change, experiences of being blamed and judged by external parties and includes a rising sense of indignation. This form of referral has also been exposed to be a period of pivotal assessment for victim survivors, and at a fundamental level, as an event in and of itself. The new understandings achieved through this study provide a foundation on which FV services, researchers and policymakers can now build. This study has also reinforced the notion that in order to be effective, FV services must be informed by the knowledge and experiences of the people who are most affected by those services.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Zeuschner, Lauren
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Family violence (FV) is a significant social issue across Australia, where one woman is murdered by her current or former partner every week (State Government of Victoria, 2020). In an effort to increase the safety of women and children living in the state of Victoria, perpetrators of FV are routinely referred to a group intervention known as a Men’s Behaviour Change Program (MBCP). This research study sought to lay a foundation for understanding how women experience their partners’ referral to an MBCP, while exploring the meaning they ascribe to such an experience. At a fundamental level, the study aimed to elevate the voices of women and to contextualise their experiences. It was anticipated that this study would illuminate the profound insights of women regarding their experiences of such referrals, which have not been previously considered or acknowledged as being important. Nine women living in the regional city of Ballarat, Victoria, took part in this community-based research project, which was designed in collaboration with industry partners. Each woman engaged in a qualitative interview that was underpinned by the emergent methodology of feminist interpretative phenomenological analysis. Consequently, these interviews focused on the women’s thoughts, feelings and interpretations of the referral experience. Through analysis and discussion of the women’s narratives, referral to an MBCP was shown to have involved experiences of significant meaning, depth and consequence for victim survivors – clearly demonstrating an effect beyond perpetrator engagement with an MBCP. The findings from this study have revealed the way in which MBCP referrals fashion a new environment for victim survivors. It is an environment characterised by heightened hopes of change, experiences of being blamed and judged by external parties and includes a rising sense of indignation. This form of referral has also been exposed to be a period of pivotal assessment for victim survivors, and at a fundamental level, as an event in and of itself. The new understandings achieved through this study provide a foundation on which FV services, researchers and policymakers can now build. This study has also reinforced the notion that in order to be effective, FV services must be informed by the knowledge and experiences of the people who are most affected by those services.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
A comparative analysis of the motivational factors of Chinese and non-Chinese tourists visiting Melbourne
- Authors: Soldatenko, Daria
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: This study is devoted to a comparison of motivational factors of travellers from China and non-Chinese countries visiting the same destination (Melbourne). Given the importance of the Chinese market to Australia, it seems important to explore this market in terms of motivational factors and understand its specifics and peculiarities. In addition, the topicality of such research was revealed through a content analysis of cross-cultural push/pull motivational studies in tourism relating to nationalities. Leiper’s model of tourist’s pre-trip psychological process (2004) was adapted and modified in terms of push and pull factors that combine not only needs and destination attributes, but also include a number of additional factors, such as information about recreation possibilities of visiting places, expectation about potential experiences during the trip, as well as means, namely money, time and absence of other constraints. The model enables an understanding of the linkages and relationships between the various motivational variables and their influence on destination choice. This study employs quantitative methods to examine and compare the motivational factors of two studied samples. Data were collected through an online survey, which was provided in two languages (English and Chinese). The data analysis was undertaken in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) - 26.0 software by the means of various descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Independent T-tests, Multiple regression analysis, and Canonical correlation analysis. In addition, the relationships between motivational variables in a proposed model were examined by using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The present study revealed a number of differences in trip characteristics and tourist motivational factors between the Chinese and non-Chinese samples. The differences identified between the two target markets are closely related to traits of individualist and collectivist cultures. This conclusion verifies the findings of previous tourism research that culture influences travel behaviour. The knowledge of cultural differences in motivation is very important for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of international tourism marketing. In addition, customising the services, products, and marketing programs for specific markets results in a high level of tourist satisfaction, and that in turn, leads to an increase in financial benefits associated with customer satisfaction and loyalty. This research has both theoretical and practical scientific significance. One significant contribution of this research is the development of a model of interrelated motivational factors in the travel decision-making process that enables the identification of the most influential motivational factors in travel decisions. The relationships between the push and pull factors, such as motivations, destination attributes, information sources, expectations and constraints, and their influence on destination choice, were examined. In the present study, a close positive relationship between personal motivations and destination attributes, as well as a significant influence of information sources on expectations and destination choice were found. Such results highlight the importance of properly developed advertising and promotion strategies with special attention to their contents, emphasising particular push and pull factors for particular tourist markets or segments. In addition, the current study identified possible product bundles of tourists’ motivations and destination attributes and segmentation of visitors to Melbourne that might present valuable information for destination practitioners and marketers, as successful matching of push and pull factors is a prerequisite for effective and successful actions on attraction and retention of visitors. Identified similarities and differences between Chinese and non-Chinese samples in terms of their demographic profiles, trip characteristics, motivations for travelling, preferences of destination attributes, information source usage, trip expectations, constraints for travelling, and their evaluation of destination choice criteria provided useful information for developing specifically customised tourist products and services, as well as promotion programs, that are tailored to each market. Moreover, from theoretical perspective, the present study adds new depth to understanding the nature of motivational factors, affecting the travel decision-making process, and causal relationships among them. Thus, the study contributes to advancing both tourist behaviour research as well as tourism decision-making literature. In addition, this research identifies and addresses the gap in empirical research investigating tourists' behaviour patterns across economically and culturally different countries. As comparative motivational research of tourists from China and non-Chinese countries travelling to Australia had yet to be undertaken, this study might be considered important because it provides valuable information for targeting the main source countries for Australia. Such research may be especially valuable in post-COVID times when international borders open up and carefully planned marketing will be needed.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Soldatenko, Daria
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: This study is devoted to a comparison of motivational factors of travellers from China and non-Chinese countries visiting the same destination (Melbourne). Given the importance of the Chinese market to Australia, it seems important to explore this market in terms of motivational factors and understand its specifics and peculiarities. In addition, the topicality of such research was revealed through a content analysis of cross-cultural push/pull motivational studies in tourism relating to nationalities. Leiper’s model of tourist’s pre-trip psychological process (2004) was adapted and modified in terms of push and pull factors that combine not only needs and destination attributes, but also include a number of additional factors, such as information about recreation possibilities of visiting places, expectation about potential experiences during the trip, as well as means, namely money, time and absence of other constraints. The model enables an understanding of the linkages and relationships between the various motivational variables and their influence on destination choice. This study employs quantitative methods to examine and compare the motivational factors of two studied samples. Data were collected through an online survey, which was provided in two languages (English and Chinese). The data analysis was undertaken in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) - 26.0 software by the means of various descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Independent T-tests, Multiple regression analysis, and Canonical correlation analysis. In addition, the relationships between motivational variables in a proposed model were examined by using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The present study revealed a number of differences in trip characteristics and tourist motivational factors between the Chinese and non-Chinese samples. The differences identified between the two target markets are closely related to traits of individualist and collectivist cultures. This conclusion verifies the findings of previous tourism research that culture influences travel behaviour. The knowledge of cultural differences in motivation is very important for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of international tourism marketing. In addition, customising the services, products, and marketing programs for specific markets results in a high level of tourist satisfaction, and that in turn, leads to an increase in financial benefits associated with customer satisfaction and loyalty. This research has both theoretical and practical scientific significance. One significant contribution of this research is the development of a model of interrelated motivational factors in the travel decision-making process that enables the identification of the most influential motivational factors in travel decisions. The relationships between the push and pull factors, such as motivations, destination attributes, information sources, expectations and constraints, and their influence on destination choice, were examined. In the present study, a close positive relationship between personal motivations and destination attributes, as well as a significant influence of information sources on expectations and destination choice were found. Such results highlight the importance of properly developed advertising and promotion strategies with special attention to their contents, emphasising particular push and pull factors for particular tourist markets or segments. In addition, the current study identified possible product bundles of tourists’ motivations and destination attributes and segmentation of visitors to Melbourne that might present valuable information for destination practitioners and marketers, as successful matching of push and pull factors is a prerequisite for effective and successful actions on attraction and retention of visitors. Identified similarities and differences between Chinese and non-Chinese samples in terms of their demographic profiles, trip characteristics, motivations for travelling, preferences of destination attributes, information source usage, trip expectations, constraints for travelling, and their evaluation of destination choice criteria provided useful information for developing specifically customised tourist products and services, as well as promotion programs, that are tailored to each market. Moreover, from theoretical perspective, the present study adds new depth to understanding the nature of motivational factors, affecting the travel decision-making process, and causal relationships among them. Thus, the study contributes to advancing both tourist behaviour research as well as tourism decision-making literature. In addition, this research identifies and addresses the gap in empirical research investigating tourists' behaviour patterns across economically and culturally different countries. As comparative motivational research of tourists from China and non-Chinese countries travelling to Australia had yet to be undertaken, this study might be considered important because it provides valuable information for targeting the main source countries for Australia. Such research may be especially valuable in post-COVID times when international borders open up and carefully planned marketing will be needed.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
A multi-proxy approach to track ecological change in Gunbower Wetlands, Victoria, Australia
- Authors: Mall, Neeraj
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: The wetlands of the Murray-Darling Basin have come under the threat of a drying climate, the over-allocation of water for irrigation agriculture and widespread catchment disturbance. A synthesis of many paleolimnological assessments undertaken in the upper and lower sections of the Murray floodplain, and the Murrumbidgee, reveal considerable ecological change in wetlands from early in European settlement. The wetlands of the Gunbower Forest lie in the middle reaches of the Murray River. They are located on Gunbower Island that is deemed a wetland of international significance under the Ramsar Convention and an icon site under the Living Murray Initiative. Many Gunbower Island wetlands are located in protected forests, while others are within a zone developed for irrigation, mostly dairy, agriculture. This study analysed the sedimentary records of two wetlands within the forest estate and two within irrigation lands intending to compare long term change in the Gunbower wetlands to studies on floodplains both up and downstream, and to assess the relative impact of regional causes of change and that of local land use. Sediments constitute natural archives of past environmental changes. Sediment records were recovered from four wetlands and radiometric dating and multi-proxy paleoecological techniques were applied to assess how these wetlands have responded to changes in human occupation and other factors, such as climate. Then, extracted sediment cores were taken from Black (core length: 84 cm) and Green (86 cm) Swamps located in the forest, and Taylors (94 cm) and Cockatoo (74 cm) Lagoons were situated amongst dairy farms. In order to reconstruct ecological and water quality changes from the study sites, the cores were analysed using four different analysis techniques, i.e., Itrax-XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) scanning, Lead-210 (210Pb) dating, Stable isotope and diatom analysis. XRF scanning provided evidence of the elemental composition of the cores. Detrital enrichment in the lower parts of all cores was observed, indicating elevated erosion rates or low water levels. In addition to this, some recent metal pollution was evident with high Cu, Ni and Pb inputs. Stable isotopes provided limited information on the carbon and nitrogen sources. The
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Mall, Neeraj
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: The wetlands of the Murray-Darling Basin have come under the threat of a drying climate, the over-allocation of water for irrigation agriculture and widespread catchment disturbance. A synthesis of many paleolimnological assessments undertaken in the upper and lower sections of the Murray floodplain, and the Murrumbidgee, reveal considerable ecological change in wetlands from early in European settlement. The wetlands of the Gunbower Forest lie in the middle reaches of the Murray River. They are located on Gunbower Island that is deemed a wetland of international significance under the Ramsar Convention and an icon site under the Living Murray Initiative. Many Gunbower Island wetlands are located in protected forests, while others are within a zone developed for irrigation, mostly dairy, agriculture. This study analysed the sedimentary records of two wetlands within the forest estate and two within irrigation lands intending to compare long term change in the Gunbower wetlands to studies on floodplains both up and downstream, and to assess the relative impact of regional causes of change and that of local land use. Sediments constitute natural archives of past environmental changes. Sediment records were recovered from four wetlands and radiometric dating and multi-proxy paleoecological techniques were applied to assess how these wetlands have responded to changes in human occupation and other factors, such as climate. Then, extracted sediment cores were taken from Black (core length: 84 cm) and Green (86 cm) Swamps located in the forest, and Taylors (94 cm) and Cockatoo (74 cm) Lagoons were situated amongst dairy farms. In order to reconstruct ecological and water quality changes from the study sites, the cores were analysed using four different analysis techniques, i.e., Itrax-XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) scanning, Lead-210 (210Pb) dating, Stable isotope and diatom analysis. XRF scanning provided evidence of the elemental composition of the cores. Detrital enrichment in the lower parts of all cores was observed, indicating elevated erosion rates or low water levels. In addition to this, some recent metal pollution was evident with high Cu, Ni and Pb inputs. Stable isotopes provided limited information on the carbon and nitrogen sources. The
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
A patient agent controlled customized blockchain based framework for internet of things
- Authors: Uddin, Md Ashraf
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Although Blockchain implementations have emerged as revolutionary technologies for various industrial applications including cryptocurrencies, they have not been widely deployed to store data streaming from sensors to remote servers in architectures known as Internet of Things. New Blockchain for the Internet of Things models promise secure solutions for eHealth, smart cities, and other applications. These models pave the way for continuous monitoring of patient’s physiological signs with wearable sensors to augment traditional medical practice without recourse to storing data with a trusted authority. However, existing Blockchain algorithms cannot accommodate the huge volumes, security, and privacy requirements of health data. In this thesis, our first contribution is an End-to-End secure eHealth architecture that introduces an intelligent Patient Centric Agent. The Patient Centric Agent executing on dedicated hardware manages the storage and access of streams of sensors generated health data, into a customized Blockchain and other less secure repositories. As IoT devices cannot host Blockchain technology due to their limited memory, power, and computational resources, the Patient Centric Agent coordinates and communicates with a private customized Blockchain on behalf of the wearable devices. While the adoption of a Patient Centric Agent offers solutions for addressing continuous monitoring of patients’ health, dealing with storage, data privacy and network security issues, the architecture is vulnerable to Denial of Services(DoS) and single point of failure attacks. To address this issue, we advance a second contribution; a decentralised eHealth system in which the Patient Centric Agent is replicated at three levels: Sensing Layer, NEAR Processing Layer and FAR Processing Layer. The functionalities of the Patient Centric Agent are customized to manage the tasks of the three levels. Simulations confirm protection of the architecture against DoS attacks. Few patients require all their health data to be stored in Blockchain repositories but instead need to select an appropriate storage medium for each chunk of data by matching their personal needs and preferences with features of candidate storage mediums. Motivated by this context, we advance third contribution; a recommendation model for health data storage that can accommodate patient preferences and make storage decisions rapidly, in real-time, even with streamed data. The mapping between health data features and characteristics of each repository is learned using machine learning. The Blockchain’s capacity to make transactions and store records without central oversight enables its application for IoT networks outside health such as underwater IoT networks where the unattended nature of the nodes threatens their security and privacy. However, underwater IoT differs from ground IoT as acoustics signals are the communication media leading to high propagation delays, high error rates exacerbated by turbulent water currents. Our fourth contribution is a customized Blockchain leveraged framework with the model of Patient-Centric Agent renamed as Smart Agent for securely monitoring underwater IoT. Finally, the smart Agent has been investigated in developing an IoT smart home or cities monitoring framework. The key algorithms underpinning to each contribution have been implemented and analysed using simulators.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Uddin, Md Ashraf
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Although Blockchain implementations have emerged as revolutionary technologies for various industrial applications including cryptocurrencies, they have not been widely deployed to store data streaming from sensors to remote servers in architectures known as Internet of Things. New Blockchain for the Internet of Things models promise secure solutions for eHealth, smart cities, and other applications. These models pave the way for continuous monitoring of patient’s physiological signs with wearable sensors to augment traditional medical practice without recourse to storing data with a trusted authority. However, existing Blockchain algorithms cannot accommodate the huge volumes, security, and privacy requirements of health data. In this thesis, our first contribution is an End-to-End secure eHealth architecture that introduces an intelligent Patient Centric Agent. The Patient Centric Agent executing on dedicated hardware manages the storage and access of streams of sensors generated health data, into a customized Blockchain and other less secure repositories. As IoT devices cannot host Blockchain technology due to their limited memory, power, and computational resources, the Patient Centric Agent coordinates and communicates with a private customized Blockchain on behalf of the wearable devices. While the adoption of a Patient Centric Agent offers solutions for addressing continuous monitoring of patients’ health, dealing with storage, data privacy and network security issues, the architecture is vulnerable to Denial of Services(DoS) and single point of failure attacks. To address this issue, we advance a second contribution; a decentralised eHealth system in which the Patient Centric Agent is replicated at three levels: Sensing Layer, NEAR Processing Layer and FAR Processing Layer. The functionalities of the Patient Centric Agent are customized to manage the tasks of the three levels. Simulations confirm protection of the architecture against DoS attacks. Few patients require all their health data to be stored in Blockchain repositories but instead need to select an appropriate storage medium for each chunk of data by matching their personal needs and preferences with features of candidate storage mediums. Motivated by this context, we advance third contribution; a recommendation model for health data storage that can accommodate patient preferences and make storage decisions rapidly, in real-time, even with streamed data. The mapping between health data features and characteristics of each repository is learned using machine learning. The Blockchain’s capacity to make transactions and store records without central oversight enables its application for IoT networks outside health such as underwater IoT networks where the unattended nature of the nodes threatens their security and privacy. However, underwater IoT differs from ground IoT as acoustics signals are the communication media leading to high propagation delays, high error rates exacerbated by turbulent water currents. Our fourth contribution is a customized Blockchain leveraged framework with the model of Patient-Centric Agent renamed as Smart Agent for securely monitoring underwater IoT. Finally, the smart Agent has been investigated in developing an IoT smart home or cities monitoring framework. The key algorithms underpinning to each contribution have been implemented and analysed using simulators.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
Agoraphilic navigation algorithm in dynamic environment
- Authors: Hewawasam, Hasitha
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: This thesis presents a novel Agoraphilic (free space attraction [FSA])-based navigation algorithm. This new algorithm is capable of undertaking local path planning for robot navigation in static and dynamic environments with the presence of a moving goal. The proposed algorithm eliminates the common weaknesses of the existing navigation approaches when operating in unknown dynamic environments while using the modified Agoraphilic concept. The Agoraphilic Navigation Algorithm in Dynamic Environment (ANADE) presented in this thesis does not look for obstacles (problems) to avoid; rather, it looks for free space (solutions) to follow. Therefore, this algorithm is also a human-like optimistic navigation algorithm. The proposed algorithm creates a set of Free Space Forces (FSFs) based on the current and future growing free space around the robot. These Free Space Forces are focused towards the current and future locations of a moving goal and finally generate a single attractive force. This attractive force pulls the robot through current free space towards the future growing free space leading to the goal. The new free space concept allows the ANADE to overcome many common problems of navigation algorithms. Several versions of the ANADE have been developed throughout this research to overcome the main limitation of the original Agoraphilic algorithm and address the common weaknesses of the existing navigation approaches. The ANADE I uses an object tracking method to identify the states (locations) of moving objects accurately. The ANADE II uses a dynamic obstacle prediction methodology to identify the robot’s future environments. In the ANADE III, a novel controller based on fuzzy logic was developed and combined with the new FSA concept to provide optimal navigational solutions at a low computational cost. In the ANADE III, the effectiveness of the ANADE II was further improved by incorporating the velocity vectors of the moving objects into decision-making. In the ANADE IV, a self-tuning system was successfully applied to the ANADE III to take advantage of the performances of free space attraction-based navigation algorithms. The proposed final version of the algorithm (ANADE V) comprises nine main modules. These modules are repeatedly used to create the robot’s driving force, which pulls the robot towards the goal (moving or static). An obstacle tracking module is used to identify the time-varying free spaces by tracking the moving objects. Further, a tracking system is also used to track the moving goal. The capacity of the ANADE was strengthened further by obstacle and goal path prediction modules. Future location prediction allowed the algorithm to make decisions by considering future environments around the robot. This is further supported by a self-tuning, machine learning–based controller designed to efficiently account for the inherent high uncertainties in the robot’s operational environment at a reduced computational cost. Experimental and simulation-based tests were conducted under dynamic environments to validate the algorithm. Further, the ANADE was benchmarked against other recently developed navigation algorithms. Those tests were focused on the behaviour of the algorithm under challenging environments with moving and static obstacles and goals. Further, the test results demonstrate that the ANADE is successful in navigating robots under unknown, dynamically cluttered environments.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Hewawasam, Hasitha
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: This thesis presents a novel Agoraphilic (free space attraction [FSA])-based navigation algorithm. This new algorithm is capable of undertaking local path planning for robot navigation in static and dynamic environments with the presence of a moving goal. The proposed algorithm eliminates the common weaknesses of the existing navigation approaches when operating in unknown dynamic environments while using the modified Agoraphilic concept. The Agoraphilic Navigation Algorithm in Dynamic Environment (ANADE) presented in this thesis does not look for obstacles (problems) to avoid; rather, it looks for free space (solutions) to follow. Therefore, this algorithm is also a human-like optimistic navigation algorithm. The proposed algorithm creates a set of Free Space Forces (FSFs) based on the current and future growing free space around the robot. These Free Space Forces are focused towards the current and future locations of a moving goal and finally generate a single attractive force. This attractive force pulls the robot through current free space towards the future growing free space leading to the goal. The new free space concept allows the ANADE to overcome many common problems of navigation algorithms. Several versions of the ANADE have been developed throughout this research to overcome the main limitation of the original Agoraphilic algorithm and address the common weaknesses of the existing navigation approaches. The ANADE I uses an object tracking method to identify the states (locations) of moving objects accurately. The ANADE II uses a dynamic obstacle prediction methodology to identify the robot’s future environments. In the ANADE III, a novel controller based on fuzzy logic was developed and combined with the new FSA concept to provide optimal navigational solutions at a low computational cost. In the ANADE III, the effectiveness of the ANADE II was further improved by incorporating the velocity vectors of the moving objects into decision-making. In the ANADE IV, a self-tuning system was successfully applied to the ANADE III to take advantage of the performances of free space attraction-based navigation algorithms. The proposed final version of the algorithm (ANADE V) comprises nine main modules. These modules are repeatedly used to create the robot’s driving force, which pulls the robot towards the goal (moving or static). An obstacle tracking module is used to identify the time-varying free spaces by tracking the moving objects. Further, a tracking system is also used to track the moving goal. The capacity of the ANADE was strengthened further by obstacle and goal path prediction modules. Future location prediction allowed the algorithm to make decisions by considering future environments around the robot. This is further supported by a self-tuning, machine learning–based controller designed to efficiently account for the inherent high uncertainties in the robot’s operational environment at a reduced computational cost. Experimental and simulation-based tests were conducted under dynamic environments to validate the algorithm. Further, the ANADE was benchmarked against other recently developed navigation algorithms. Those tests were focused on the behaviour of the algorithm under challenging environments with moving and static obstacles and goals. Further, the test results demonstrate that the ANADE is successful in navigating robots under unknown, dynamically cluttered environments.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy