A review of agility : Practical applications for strength and conditioning
- Young, Warren, Farrow, Damian
- Authors: Young, Warren , Farrow, Damian
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Strength and Conditioning Journal Vol. 28, no. 5 (2006), p. 24-29
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- Description: Agility is an important component of many sports but has not been extensively researched. The various components that contribute to agility performance are discussed and training guidelines are provided. There appears to be limited transfer to agility performance from straight sprint training as well as from general strength training. The principle of training specificity is emphasized to achieve maximum transfer to on-field performance.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003002120
- Authors: Young, Warren , Farrow, Damian
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Strength and Conditioning Journal Vol. 28, no. 5 (2006), p. 24-29
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Agility is an important component of many sports but has not been extensively researched. The various components that contribute to agility performance are discussed and training guidelines are provided. There appears to be limited transfer to agility performance from straight sprint training as well as from general strength training. The principle of training specificity is emphasized to achieve maximum transfer to on-field performance.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003002120
- Laursen, Paul, Chiswell, Sheree, Callaghan, Jessica
- Authors: Laursen, Paul , Chiswell, Sheree , Callaghan, Jessica
- Date: 2005
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Strength and Conditioning Journal Vol. 27, no. 5 (2005), p. 50-55
- Full Text: false
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- Description: This review examines the influence of concurrent strength and endurance training on performance and physiological variables, including maximal oxygen uptake, the lactate threshold, economy of motion, changes in fiber type, and muscle stiffness. Practical recommendations for the strength and conditioning practitioner based on this information are also presented. © National Strength and Conditioning Association.
- Description: C1
Staying active, staying strong : Pilot evaluation of a once-weekly, community-based strength training program for older adults
- Bates, Amanda, Donaldson, Alex, Lloyd, Beverley, Castell, Sally, Krolik, Patricia, Coleman, Renee
- Authors: Bates, Amanda , Donaldson, Alex , Lloyd, Beverley , Castell, Sally , Krolik, Patricia , Coleman, Renee
- Date: 2009
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Health Promotion Journal of Australia Vol. 20, no. 1 (2009), p. 42-47
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- Description: Issue addressed: Little is known about the effectiveness of once-weekly strength training programs for older adults based in community settings. This pilot study evaluated such a program to assess changes in the functional fitness of participants. Methods: A pre-test/post-test within subjects study design was used with new participants in the 10-week Staying Active, Staying Strong (SASS) program (all aged 50+ years). The Seniors Fitness Test (SFT) and SF-36 were used to assess functional fitness and health-related quality of life respectively. Perception of physical ability was assessed using a study-specific questionnaire. Pre- and post-test SFT and SF-36 scores were compared using paired t-tests. Frequency of responses was used to describe participant perceptions. Results: 110 evaluation participants (mean age 68.2 years; 85% female), 49% of those who completed the pre-test, also completed the post-test. Evaluation participants significantly improved their strength (assessed using arm curls and sit-to-stand); endurance (two-minute step test); flexibility (sit and reach, back scratch); and agility/dynamic balance (eight-foot up and go). SF-36 physical-functioning domain scores also significantly improved. Most participants reported improved strength, fitness, mobility, general well-being and confidence in performing daily activities. Conclusion: Weekly, community-based strength training programs show promise in improving the functional capacity, including the strength, of older adults. More thorough evaluation is now required to confirm these findings.
- Description: 2003008182
- Authors: Bates, Amanda , Donaldson, Alex , Lloyd, Beverley , Castell, Sally , Krolik, Patricia , Coleman, Renee
- Date: 2009
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Health Promotion Journal of Australia Vol. 20, no. 1 (2009), p. 42-47
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Issue addressed: Little is known about the effectiveness of once-weekly strength training programs for older adults based in community settings. This pilot study evaluated such a program to assess changes in the functional fitness of participants. Methods: A pre-test/post-test within subjects study design was used with new participants in the 10-week Staying Active, Staying Strong (SASS) program (all aged 50+ years). The Seniors Fitness Test (SFT) and SF-36 were used to assess functional fitness and health-related quality of life respectively. Perception of physical ability was assessed using a study-specific questionnaire. Pre- and post-test SFT and SF-36 scores were compared using paired t-tests. Frequency of responses was used to describe participant perceptions. Results: 110 evaluation participants (mean age 68.2 years; 85% female), 49% of those who completed the pre-test, also completed the post-test. Evaluation participants significantly improved their strength (assessed using arm curls and sit-to-stand); endurance (two-minute step test); flexibility (sit and reach, back scratch); and agility/dynamic balance (eight-foot up and go). SF-36 physical-functioning domain scores also significantly improved. Most participants reported improved strength, fitness, mobility, general well-being and confidence in performing daily activities. Conclusion: Weekly, community-based strength training programs show promise in improving the functional capacity, including the strength, of older adults. More thorough evaluation is now required to confirm these findings.
- Description: 2003008182
Efficacy of various complex and contrast set protocols acute responses and chronic muscle power development.
- Authors: Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Thesis
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- Description: PhD
- Description: "The complex and contrast methods are two separate, but related approaches to resistance training that present intriguing options for coaches who are seeking to enhance an athletes explosive lower body movement. This intrigue is caused by the post-activation potentiation (PAP) phenomenon, which provides the physiological underpinning for these training methods. Exploitation of the PAP response is believed to elicit acute responses, and ultimately chronic adaptations in an individuals explosive force producing ability to an extent that is greater than can be obtained through conventional training methods. However, evidence to support the use of these training methods is derived from investigations that have reported acute increases in performance within a single session and not over an extended period of time. Additionally, the complex method of training, in which sets of a heavy resistance exercise (conditioning action) are performed prior to sets of a lighter explosive exercise has not been investigated as extensively as the contrast method, in which heavy and light exercises are alternated in a set-by-set fashion, leading to question which method is more effective. Furthermore, it is currently not understood if a static or dynamic conditioning action is more effective in complex or contrast methods, and how a change in body position from seated to standing acutely effects explosive lower body movement. Therefore, four studies were designed to address these current gaps in the literature." "The first study sought to determine the reliability of the explosive force variables of jump height (JH), peak bar velocity (BV), peak force (PF), and peak power (PP) obtained from a countermovement jump (CMJ) test." "The second study of the thesis examined the acute responses to five different unconventional resistance training methods which attempted to capitalise on a PAP response and one conventional session where CMJs were performed without any influence from a previous conditioning action." "The third investigation of this thesis was a nine-week training study in which participants were randomly assigned to two training interventions, conventional (n = 11) or complex (n = 9)." "Due to the dramatic improvements observed in CMJ height, that were not observed in other variables, it was questioned whether the specific instructions provided to participants during training and testing throughout the study to jump for maximal height had any influence on these results. This question led to the design of a fourth study. Though not directly related to complex or contrast training, this investigation into the effects of instructions on CMJ variables has scope to alter the way this test is conducted both in research and in a practical setting.
- Authors: Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Thesis
- Full Text:
- Description: PhD
- Description: "The complex and contrast methods are two separate, but related approaches to resistance training that present intriguing options for coaches who are seeking to enhance an athletes explosive lower body movement. This intrigue is caused by the post-activation potentiation (PAP) phenomenon, which provides the physiological underpinning for these training methods. Exploitation of the PAP response is believed to elicit acute responses, and ultimately chronic adaptations in an individuals explosive force producing ability to an extent that is greater than can be obtained through conventional training methods. However, evidence to support the use of these training methods is derived from investigations that have reported acute increases in performance within a single session and not over an extended period of time. Additionally, the complex method of training, in which sets of a heavy resistance exercise (conditioning action) are performed prior to sets of a lighter explosive exercise has not been investigated as extensively as the contrast method, in which heavy and light exercises are alternated in a set-by-set fashion, leading to question which method is more effective. Furthermore, it is currently not understood if a static or dynamic conditioning action is more effective in complex or contrast methods, and how a change in body position from seated to standing acutely effects explosive lower body movement. Therefore, four studies were designed to address these current gaps in the literature." "The first study sought to determine the reliability of the explosive force variables of jump height (JH), peak bar velocity (BV), peak force (PF), and peak power (PP) obtained from a countermovement jump (CMJ) test." "The second study of the thesis examined the acute responses to five different unconventional resistance training methods which attempted to capitalise on a PAP response and one conventional session where CMJs were performed without any influence from a previous conditioning action." "The third investigation of this thesis was a nine-week training study in which participants were randomly assigned to two training interventions, conventional (n = 11) or complex (n = 9)." "Due to the dramatic improvements observed in CMJ height, that were not observed in other variables, it was questioned whether the specific instructions provided to participants during training and testing throughout the study to jump for maximal height had any influence on these results. This question led to the design of a fourth study. Though not directly related to complex or contrast training, this investigation into the effects of instructions on CMJ variables has scope to alter the way this test is conducted both in research and in a practical setting.
Epigenetic changes in leukocytes after 8 weeks of resistance exercise training
- Denham, Joshua, Marques, Francine, Bruns, Emma, O'Brien, Brendan, Charchar, Fadi
- Authors: Denham, Joshua , Marques, Francine , Bruns, Emma , O'Brien, Brendan , Charchar, Fadi
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: European Journal of Applied Physiology Vol. 116, no. 6 (2016), p. 1245-1253
- Relation: http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1009490
- Full Text: false
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- Description: PURPOSE: Regular engagement in resistance exercise training elicits many health benefits including improvement to muscular strength, hypertrophy and insulin sensitivity, though the underpinning molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence 8 weeks of resistance exercise training has on leukocyte genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression in healthy young men. METHODS: Eight young (21.1 +/- 2.2 years) men completed one repetition maximum (1RM) testing before completing 8 weeks of supervised, thrice-weekly resistance exercise training comprising three sets of 8-12 repetitions with a load equivalent to 80 % of 1RM. Blood samples were collected at rest before and after the 8-week training intervention. Genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression were assessed on isolated leukocyte DNA and RNA using the 450K BeadChip and HumanHT-12 v4 Expression BeadChip (Illumina), respectively. RESULTS: Resistance exercise training significantly improved upper and lower body strength concurrently with diverse genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression changes (p = 0. 01). DNA methylation changes occurred at multiple regions throughout the genome in context with genes and CpG islands, and in genes relating to axon guidance, diabetes and immune pathways. There were multiple genes with increased expression that were enriched for RNA processing and developmental proteins. Growth factor genes-GHRH and FGF1-showed differential methylation and mRNA expression changes after resistance training. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that resistance exercise training improves muscular strength and is associated with reprogramming of the leukocyte DNA methylome and transcriptome.
Pumping iron in Australia : Prevalence, trends and sociodemographic correlates of muscle strengthening activity participation from a national sample of 195,926 adults
- Bennie, Jason, Pedisic, Zeljko, van Uffelen, Jannique, Charity, Melanie, Harvey, Jack, Banting, Lauren, Vergeer, Ineke, Biddle, Stuart, Eime, Rochelle
- Authors: Bennie, Jason , Pedisic, Zeljko , van Uffelen, Jannique , Charity, Melanie , Harvey, Jack , Banting, Lauren , Vergeer, Ineke , Biddle, Stuart , Eime, Rochelle
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 11, no. 4 (2016), p. 1-15
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- Description: Objective: The current Australian Physical Activity Guidelines recommend that adults engage in regular muscle-strengthening activity (e.g. strength or resistance training). However, public health surveillance studies describing the patterns and trends of population-level muscle-strengthening activity participation are sparse. The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence, trends and sociodemographic correlates of muscle-strengthening activity participation in a national-representative sample of Australians aged 15 years and over. Methods: Between 2001 and 2010, quarterly cross-sectional national telephone surveys were conducted as part of the Australian Sports Commission's 'Exercise, Recreation and Sport Survey'. Pooled population-weighted proportions were calculated for reporting: [i] no muscle-strengthening activity; [ii] insufficient muscle-strengthening activity, and [iii] sufficient muscle-strengthening activity. Associations with sociodemographic variables were assessed using multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: Out of 195,926 participants, aged 15-98 years, only 10.4% (95% CI: 10.1-10.7) and 9.3% (95% CI: 9.1-9.5) met the muscle-strengthening activity recommendations in the past two weeks and in the past year, respectively. Older adults (50+ years), and those living in socioeconomically disadvantaged, outer regional/remote areas and with lower education were less likely to report sufficient muscle-strengthening activity (p<0.001). Over the 10-year monitoring period, there was a significant increase in the prevalence of sufficient muscle-strengthening activity (6.4% to 12.0%, p-value for linear trend <0.001). Conclusions: A vast majority of Australian adults did not engage in sufficient muscle-strengthening activity. There is a need for public health strategies to support participation in muscle-strengthening activity in this population. Such strategies should target older and lower educated adults, and those living in socioeconomically disadvantaged, outer regional/remote and areas. © 2016 Bennie et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
- Authors: Bennie, Jason , Pedisic, Zeljko , van Uffelen, Jannique , Charity, Melanie , Harvey, Jack , Banting, Lauren , Vergeer, Ineke , Biddle, Stuart , Eime, Rochelle
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 11, no. 4 (2016), p. 1-15
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objective: The current Australian Physical Activity Guidelines recommend that adults engage in regular muscle-strengthening activity (e.g. strength or resistance training). However, public health surveillance studies describing the patterns and trends of population-level muscle-strengthening activity participation are sparse. The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence, trends and sociodemographic correlates of muscle-strengthening activity participation in a national-representative sample of Australians aged 15 years and over. Methods: Between 2001 and 2010, quarterly cross-sectional national telephone surveys were conducted as part of the Australian Sports Commission's 'Exercise, Recreation and Sport Survey'. Pooled population-weighted proportions were calculated for reporting: [i] no muscle-strengthening activity; [ii] insufficient muscle-strengthening activity, and [iii] sufficient muscle-strengthening activity. Associations with sociodemographic variables were assessed using multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: Out of 195,926 participants, aged 15-98 years, only 10.4% (95% CI: 10.1-10.7) and 9.3% (95% CI: 9.1-9.5) met the muscle-strengthening activity recommendations in the past two weeks and in the past year, respectively. Older adults (50+ years), and those living in socioeconomically disadvantaged, outer regional/remote areas and with lower education were less likely to report sufficient muscle-strengthening activity (p<0.001). Over the 10-year monitoring period, there was a significant increase in the prevalence of sufficient muscle-strengthening activity (6.4% to 12.0%, p-value for linear trend <0.001). Conclusions: A vast majority of Australian adults did not engage in sufficient muscle-strengthening activity. There is a need for public health strategies to support participation in muscle-strengthening activity in this population. Such strategies should target older and lower educated adults, and those living in socioeconomically disadvantaged, outer regional/remote and areas. © 2016 Bennie et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Tendon neuroplastic training : Changing the way we think about tendon rehabilitation : A narrative review
- Rio, Ebonie, Kidgell, Dawson, Lorimer Moseley, Graham, Gaida, Jamie, Docking, Sean, Purdam, Craig, Cook, Jill
- Authors: Rio, Ebonie , Kidgell, Dawson , Lorimer Moseley, Graham , Gaida, Jamie , Docking, Sean , Purdam, Craig , Cook, Jill
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: British Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 50, no. 4 (2016), p. 209-215
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- Description: Tendinopathy can be resistant to treatment and often recurs, implying that current treatment approaches are suboptimal. Rehabilitation programmes that have been successful in terms of pain reduction and return to sport outcomes usually include strength training. Muscle activation can induce analgesia, improving self-efficacy associated with reducing one's own pain. Furthermore, strength training is beneficial for tendon matrix structure, muscle properties and limb biomechanics. However, current tendon rehabilitation may not adequately address the corticospinal control of the muscle, which may result in altered control of muscle recruitment and the consequent tendon load, and this may contribute to recalcitrance or symptom recurrence. Outcomes of interest include the effect of strength training on tendon pain, corticospinal excitability and short interval cortical inhibition. The aims of this concept paper are to: (1) review what is known about changes to the primary motor cortex and motor control in tendinopathy, (2) identify the parameters shown to induce neuroplasticity in strength training and (3) align these principles with tendon rehabilitation loading protocols to introduce a combination approach termed as tendon neuroplastic training. Strength training is a powerful modulator of the central nervous system. In particular, corticospinal inputs are essential for motor unit recruitment and activation; however, specific strength training parameters are important for neuroplasticity. Strength training that is externally paced and akin to a skilled movement task has been shown to not only reduce tendon pain, but modulate excitatory and inhibitory control of the muscle and therefore, potentially tendon load. An improved understanding of the methods that maximise the opportunity for neuroplasticity may be an important progression in how we prescribe exercise-based rehabilitation in tendinopathy for pain modulation and potentially restoration of the corticospinal control of the muscle-tendon complex.
- Authors: Rio, Ebonie , Kidgell, Dawson , Lorimer Moseley, Graham , Gaida, Jamie , Docking, Sean , Purdam, Craig , Cook, Jill
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: British Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 50, no. 4 (2016), p. 209-215
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Tendinopathy can be resistant to treatment and often recurs, implying that current treatment approaches are suboptimal. Rehabilitation programmes that have been successful in terms of pain reduction and return to sport outcomes usually include strength training. Muscle activation can induce analgesia, improving self-efficacy associated with reducing one's own pain. Furthermore, strength training is beneficial for tendon matrix structure, muscle properties and limb biomechanics. However, current tendon rehabilitation may not adequately address the corticospinal control of the muscle, which may result in altered control of muscle recruitment and the consequent tendon load, and this may contribute to recalcitrance or symptom recurrence. Outcomes of interest include the effect of strength training on tendon pain, corticospinal excitability and short interval cortical inhibition. The aims of this concept paper are to: (1) review what is known about changes to the primary motor cortex and motor control in tendinopathy, (2) identify the parameters shown to induce neuroplasticity in strength training and (3) align these principles with tendon rehabilitation loading protocols to introduce a combination approach termed as tendon neuroplastic training. Strength training is a powerful modulator of the central nervous system. In particular, corticospinal inputs are essential for motor unit recruitment and activation; however, specific strength training parameters are important for neuroplasticity. Strength training that is externally paced and akin to a skilled movement task has been shown to not only reduce tendon pain, but modulate excitatory and inhibitory control of the muscle and therefore, potentially tendon load. An improved understanding of the methods that maximise the opportunity for neuroplasticity may be an important progression in how we prescribe exercise-based rehabilitation in tendinopathy for pain modulation and potentially restoration of the corticospinal control of the muscle-tendon complex.
Assessment and monitoring practices of Australian fitness professionals
- Bennie, Jason, Wiesner, Glen, van Uffelen, Jannique, Harvey, Jack, Craike, Melinda, Biddle, Stuart
- Authors: Bennie, Jason , Wiesner, Glen , van Uffelen, Jannique , Harvey, Jack , Craike, Melinda , Biddle, Stuart
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport Vol. 21, no. 4 (2018), p. 433-438
- Full Text: false
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- Description: Objectives: Assessment and monitoring of client health and fitness is a key part of fitness professionals’ practices. However, little is known about prevalence of this practice. This study describes the assessment/monitoring practices of a large sample of Australian fitness professionals. Design: Cross-sectional. Methods: In 2014, 1206 fitness professionals completed an online survey. Respondents reported their frequency (4 point-scale: [1] ‘never’ to [4] ‘always’) of assessment/monitoring of eight health and fitness constructs (e.g. body composition, aerobic fitness). This was classified as: (i) ‘high’ (‘always’ assessing/monitoring ≥5 constructs); (ii) ‘medium’ (1–4 constructs); (iii) ‘low’ (0 constructs). Classifications are reported by demographic and fitness industry characteristics. The odds of being classified as a ‘high assessor/monitor’ according to social ecological correlates were examined using a multiple-factor logistic regression model. Results: Mean age of respondents was 39.3 (±11.6) years and 71.6% were female. A total of 15.8% (95% CI: 13.7%–17.9%) were classified as a ‘high’ assessor/monitor. Constructs with the largest proportion of being ‘always’ assessed were body composition (47.7%; 95% CI: 45.0%–50.1%) and aerobic fitness (42.5%; 95% CI: 39.6%–45.3%). Those with the lowest proportion of being ‘always’ assessed were balance (24.0%; 95% CI: 24.7%–26.5%) and mental health (20.2%; 95% CI: 18.1%–29.6%). A perceived lack of client interest and fitness professionals not considering assessing their responsibility were associated with lower odds of being classified as a ‘high assessor/monitor’. Conclusions: Most fitness professionals do not routinely assess/monitor client fitness and health. Key factors limiting client health assessment and monitoring include a perceived lack of client interest and professionals not considering this their role. © 2017
Blood flow restriction exercise of the tibialis anterior in people with stroke : a preliminary study
- Kjeldsen, Simon, Næss-Schmidt, Erhard, Lee, Michael, de Oliveira, Camila, Nielsen, Jorgen, Stubbs, Peter
- Authors: Kjeldsen, Simon , Næss-Schmidt, Erhard , Lee, Michael , de Oliveira, Camila , Nielsen, Jorgen , Stubbs, Peter
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Integrative Neuroscience Vol. 21, no. 2 (2022), p.
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- Description: Background: Blood flow restriction exercise (BFR-E) could be a useful training adjunct for patients with weakness after stroke to augment the effects of exercise on muscle activity. We aimed to examine neurophysiological changes (primary aim) and assess patient perceptions (secondary aim) following BFR-E. Methods: Fourteen participants with stroke performed BFR-E (1 session) and exercise without blood flow restrictsion (Exercise only) (1 session), on two days,
Blood flow restriction exercise of the tibialis anterior in people with stroke : a preliminary study
- Authors: Kjeldsen, Simon , Næss-Schmidt, Erhard , Lee, Michael , de Oliveira, Camila , Nielsen, Jorgen , Stubbs, Peter
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Integrative Neuroscience Vol. 21, no. 2 (2022), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Blood flow restriction exercise (BFR-E) could be a useful training adjunct for patients with weakness after stroke to augment the effects of exercise on muscle activity. We aimed to examine neurophysiological changes (primary aim) and assess patient perceptions (secondary aim) following BFR-E. Methods: Fourteen participants with stroke performed BFR-E (1 session) and exercise without blood flow restrictsion (Exercise only) (1 session), on two days,
- Bartlett, Rogan, Talpey, Scott, Young, Warren
- Authors: Bartlett, Rogan , Talpey, Scott , Young, Warren
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning (JASC) Vol. 29, no. 4 (2021), p.
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The purpose of this research was to determine 1) the relationship between lower-body strength qualities and baserunning and 2) the relationship between lower-body strength qualities and the time discrepancy between baserunning and linear sprints of the same distance. Twenty-one male baseball players (age: 17 ± 1.11 years; height: 179.5 ± 6.73 cm; body mass: 82.48 ± 11.1 kg) from a State Baseball Academy were tested for peak force (PF) production in an isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), peak power (PP) and jump height (HCMJ) in a countermovement jump (CMJ), and reactive strength index (RSI) from a drop jump (DJ). Additionally, they performed sprints from Homeplate to Second Base (54.8mBR) and over a 54.8m linear distance (54.8mLIN), with splits taken at 10m (10mBR, 10mLIN) and 27.4m (27.4mBR, 27.4mLIN). Relationships between all the collected variables plus the difference between 54.8mBR and 54.8mLIN (BRD), relative PF (RelPF) and relative PP (RelPP) were assessed by Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. Only ten complete sets of data were collected (age: 16.9 ± 1.29 years; height: 180.2 ± 7.07 cm; body mass: 84.67 ± 12.1 kg). RelPF (r = -0.81, p
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