PastoralScape : an environment-driven model of vaccination decision making within pastoralist groups in East Africa
- Sottile, Matthew, Iles, Richard, McConnel, Craig, Amram, Ofer, Lofgren, Eric
- Authors: Sottile, Matthew , Iles, Richard , McConnel, Craig , Amram, Ofer , Lofgren, Eric
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: JASSS Vol. 24, no. 4 (2021), p.
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- Description: Economic and cultural resilience among pastoralists in East Africa is threatened by the interconnected forces of climate change and contagious diseases spread. A key factor in the resilience of livestock dependent communities is human decision making regarding vaccination against preventable diseases such as Rift Valley fever and Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia. The relationship between healthy and productive livestock and economic development of poor households and communities is mediated by human decision making. This paper describes a coupled human and natural systems agent-based model that focuses on One Health. Disease propagation and animal nutritional health are driven by historical GIS data that captures changes in foraging condition. The results of a series of experiments are presented that demonstrate the sensitivity of a transformed Random Field Ising Model of human decision making to changes in human memory and rationality parameters. Results presented communicate that convergence in the splitting of households between vaccinating or not is achieved for combinations of memory and rationality. The interaction of these cognition parameters with public information and social networks of opinions is detailed. This version of the PastoralScape model is intended to form the basis upon which richer economic and human factor models can be built. © 2021, University of Surrey. All rights reserved.
- Authors: Sottile, Matthew , Iles, Richard , McConnel, Craig , Amram, Ofer , Lofgren, Eric
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: JASSS Vol. 24, no. 4 (2021), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Economic and cultural resilience among pastoralists in East Africa is threatened by the interconnected forces of climate change and contagious diseases spread. A key factor in the resilience of livestock dependent communities is human decision making regarding vaccination against preventable diseases such as Rift Valley fever and Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia. The relationship between healthy and productive livestock and economic development of poor households and communities is mediated by human decision making. This paper describes a coupled human and natural systems agent-based model that focuses on One Health. Disease propagation and animal nutritional health are driven by historical GIS data that captures changes in foraging condition. The results of a series of experiments are presented that demonstrate the sensitivity of a transformed Random Field Ising Model of human decision making to changes in human memory and rationality parameters. Results presented communicate that convergence in the splitting of households between vaccinating or not is achieved for combinations of memory and rationality. The interaction of these cognition parameters with public information and social networks of opinions is detailed. This version of the PastoralScape model is intended to form the basis upon which richer economic and human factor models can be built. © 2021, University of Surrey. All rights reserved.
Sensing reality? New monitoring technologies for global sustainability standards
- Gale, Fred, Ascui, Francisco, Lovell, Heather
- Authors: Gale, Fred , Ascui, Francisco , Lovell, Heather
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Global Environmental Politics Vol. 17, no. 2 (2017), p. 65-83
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- Description: In the 1990s, civil society organizations partnered with business to “green” global supply chains by setting up formal sustainability standard-setting organizations (SSOs) in secwtors including organic food, fair trade, forestry, and fisheries. Although SSOs have withstood the long-standing allegations that they are unnecessary, costly, nondemocratic, and trade-distorting, they must now respond to a new challenge, arising from recent developments in technology. Conceived in the pre-Internet era, SSOs are discovering that verification systems that utilize annual, expert-led, low-tech field audits are under pressure from new information and communication technologies that collect, aggregate, interpret, and display open-source “Big Data” in almost real time. Drawing on the concept of governmentality and on interviews with experts in sustainability certification and natural capital accounting, we argue that while these technological developments offer many positive opportunities, they also enable competing alternatives to the prevailing “truth” or governing rationality about what is happening “on the ground,” which is of critical existential importance to SSOs as guarantors of trust in claims about sustainable production. While SSOs are not helpless in the face of this challenge, we conclude that they will need to do more than take incremental action: rather, they should respond actively to the disintermediation challenge from new virtual monitoring technologies if they are to remain relevant in the coming decade. © 2017 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- Authors: Gale, Fred , Ascui, Francisco , Lovell, Heather
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Global Environmental Politics Vol. 17, no. 2 (2017), p. 65-83
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: In the 1990s, civil society organizations partnered with business to “green” global supply chains by setting up formal sustainability standard-setting organizations (SSOs) in secwtors including organic food, fair trade, forestry, and fisheries. Although SSOs have withstood the long-standing allegations that they are unnecessary, costly, nondemocratic, and trade-distorting, they must now respond to a new challenge, arising from recent developments in technology. Conceived in the pre-Internet era, SSOs are discovering that verification systems that utilize annual, expert-led, low-tech field audits are under pressure from new information and communication technologies that collect, aggregate, interpret, and display open-source “Big Data” in almost real time. Drawing on the concept of governmentality and on interviews with experts in sustainability certification and natural capital accounting, we argue that while these technological developments offer many positive opportunities, they also enable competing alternatives to the prevailing “truth” or governing rationality about what is happening “on the ground,” which is of critical existential importance to SSOs as guarantors of trust in claims about sustainable production. While SSOs are not helpless in the face of this challenge, we conclude that they will need to do more than take incremental action: rather, they should respond actively to the disintermediation challenge from new virtual monitoring technologies if they are to remain relevant in the coming decade. © 2017 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Partisan bias in responses to sexual misconduct allegations against male politicians
- Clarke, Edward, Klas, Anna, Lizzio-Wilson, Morgana, Kothe, Emily
- Authors: Clarke, Edward , Klas, Anna , Lizzio-Wilson, Morgana , Kothe, Emily
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of social and political psychology Vol. 10, no. 2 (2022), p. 706-722
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- Description: Across two studies, we tested whether evaluations of sexual misconduct allegations against male politicians are made in a partisan biased manner. First, we investigated the likelihood a sexual misconduct allegation made by a female staffer was perceived as legitimate by Democratic and Republican participants when the accused politician’s party affiliation was aligned (versus unaligned) with the participant’s own affiliation (Study 1). We also tested whether partisan bias was conditional on the strength of the participant’s expressive partisanship (Study 2). In Study 1, 182 Democratic and 159 Republican affiliates (N = 341), recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk, were randomly allocated to one of three conditions (Democratic, Republican, or unaffiliated accused politician). Findings indicated that Republican participants were less likely than Democrats to perceive a sexual misconduct allegation as legitimate, irrespective of the politician’s party affiliation. Nonetheless, participants were not more likely to perceive a sexual misconduct allegation against an unaligned politician as more legitimate than against a politician of their own party. However, in a replication of Study 1 with a larger sample (301 Democratic and 301 Republican affiliates), Republicans (but not Democrats) demonstrated partisan bias in judgements of the legitimacy of misconduct allegations. Expressive partisanship did not moderate this partisan effect.
- Authors: Clarke, Edward , Klas, Anna , Lizzio-Wilson, Morgana , Kothe, Emily
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of social and political psychology Vol. 10, no. 2 (2022), p. 706-722
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Across two studies, we tested whether evaluations of sexual misconduct allegations against male politicians are made in a partisan biased manner. First, we investigated the likelihood a sexual misconduct allegation made by a female staffer was perceived as legitimate by Democratic and Republican participants when the accused politician’s party affiliation was aligned (versus unaligned) with the participant’s own affiliation (Study 1). We also tested whether partisan bias was conditional on the strength of the participant’s expressive partisanship (Study 2). In Study 1, 182 Democratic and 159 Republican affiliates (N = 341), recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk, were randomly allocated to one of three conditions (Democratic, Republican, or unaffiliated accused politician). Findings indicated that Republican participants were less likely than Democrats to perceive a sexual misconduct allegation as legitimate, irrespective of the politician’s party affiliation. Nonetheless, participants were not more likely to perceive a sexual misconduct allegation against an unaligned politician as more legitimate than against a politician of their own party. However, in a replication of Study 1 with a larger sample (301 Democratic and 301 Republican affiliates), Republicans (but not Democrats) demonstrated partisan bias in judgements of the legitimacy of misconduct allegations. Expressive partisanship did not moderate this partisan effect.
Salmon, sensors, and translation : the agency of Big Data in environmental governance
- Ascui, Francisco, Haward, Marcus, Lovell, Heather
- Authors: Ascui, Francisco , Haward, Marcus , Lovell, Heather
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article , Article
- Relation: Environment and Planning D: Society and Space Vol. 36, no. 5 (2018), p. 905-925
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- Description: This paper explores the emerging role of Big Data in environmental governance. We focus on the case of salmon aquaculture management from 2011 to 2017 in Macquarie Harbour, Australia, and compare this with the foundational case that inspired the development of the concept of ‘translation’ in actor-network theory, that of scallop domestication in St Brieuc Bay, France, in the 1970s. A key difference is the salience of environmental data in the contemporary case. Recent dramatic events in the environmental governance of Macquarie Harbour have been driven by increasing spatial and temporal resolution of environmental monitoring, including real-time data collection from sensors mounted on the fish themselves. The resulting environmental data now takes centre stage in increasingly heated debates over how the harbour should be managed: overturning long-held assumptions about environmental interactions, inducing changes in regulatory practices and institutions, fracturing historical alliances and shaping the on-going legitimacy of the industry. Environmental Big Data is now a key actor within the networks that constitute and enact environmental governance. Given its new and unpredictable agency, control over access to data is likely to become critical in future power struggles over environmental resources and their governance. © The Author(s) 2018.
- Authors: Ascui, Francisco , Haward, Marcus , Lovell, Heather
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article , Article
- Relation: Environment and Planning D: Society and Space Vol. 36, no. 5 (2018), p. 905-925
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This paper explores the emerging role of Big Data in environmental governance. We focus on the case of salmon aquaculture management from 2011 to 2017 in Macquarie Harbour, Australia, and compare this with the foundational case that inspired the development of the concept of ‘translation’ in actor-network theory, that of scallop domestication in St Brieuc Bay, France, in the 1970s. A key difference is the salience of environmental data in the contemporary case. Recent dramatic events in the environmental governance of Macquarie Harbour have been driven by increasing spatial and temporal resolution of environmental monitoring, including real-time data collection from sensors mounted on the fish themselves. The resulting environmental data now takes centre stage in increasingly heated debates over how the harbour should be managed: overturning long-held assumptions about environmental interactions, inducing changes in regulatory practices and institutions, fracturing historical alliances and shaping the on-going legitimacy of the industry. Environmental Big Data is now a key actor within the networks that constitute and enact environmental governance. Given its new and unpredictable agency, control over access to data is likely to become critical in future power struggles over environmental resources and their governance. © The Author(s) 2018.
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