Trade agreements and the risks for the nursing workforce, nursing practice and public health : A scoping review
- Authors: Kidgell, Dianna , Hills, Danny , Griffiths, Debra , Endacott, Ruth
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: International Journal of Nursing Studies Vol. 109, no. (2020), p. 1-10
- Full Text: false
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- Description: Background: Trade agreements in the 21st century have evolved to include provisions that affect domestic public policy and public health in signatory countries. There are growing calls for health professionals and public health advocates to pursue an active advisory role in trade negotiations in order to anticipate and prevent negative outcomes for health services and public health. Aim: This scoping review explored current literature to identify existing knowledge of the implications of trade agreements for the nursing workforce, nursing practice and public health using as an example the 2018 'Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership'. Design: Scoping review Data sources: Emerald Insight, Informit, Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, and a number of specialist Economics, International Trade and Business, and International Relations databases. Grey literature included national and international policy documents. Review method: Literature was selected according to extraction field criteria, supplemented by hand searching of relevant grey literature and snowballing references from the selected literature reference lists. Analysis was undertaken to identify key themes emerging from the literature. Review results: Six key themes relevant to nursing workforce, nursing practice or public health were 1. Lack of consultation with public health and health professionals in trade negotiations; 2. Implications of strengthened intellectual property provisions for equitable access to medicines (including biologics) and medical devices; 3. Threats to government capacity to regulate domestic policy for public health and health services through 'Investor State Dispute Settlement' provisions 4. Threats to government capacity to regulate domestic policy for public health and health services through 'Regulatory Coherence' 5. Potential limited benefits to communities and increased health inequities 6. Potential implications of increased temporary migration. Gaps were identified in the literature for implications for nursing practice and the nursing workforce from regulatory and labour provisions of trade agreements. Conclusions: The analysis of the literature reviewed is of international importance for the nursing workforce, nursing practice and public health. Policymakers must anticipate and respond to how the inclusion of labour or regulatory provisions in trade agreements will affect nursing practice and the nursing workforce, and how this may subsequently impact on the health of communities globally. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Assessment of learning in contemporary nurse education : Do we need standardised examination for nurse registration?
- Authors: Wellard, Sally , Bethune, Elizabeth , Heggen, Kristin
- Date: 2007
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Nurse Education Today Vol. 27, no. 1 (2007), p. 68-72
- Full Text:
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- Description: In Australia and Norway final examinations to determine eligibility for registration as a nurse were discontinued during the period when nurse education moved into the higher education sector. In response to recent calls for the reintroduction of final examinations we explore the range of knowledge needs for the practice of nursing. These various forms of knowledge demand different forms of mediation and acquisition as well as assessment. There are numerous problems identified in the literature about the shortcomings of examinations as the foundation of assessing clinically based professions. There is a need to develop systems of appropriate assessment to ensure that graduates of nursing demonstrate adequate knowledge and competence to enter their profession. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003002546
Issues in the provision of nursing care to people undergoing cardiac surgery who also have type 2 diabetes
- Authors: Wellard, Sally , Cox, Helen , Bhujoharry, Claire
- Date: 2007
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International journal of nursing practice Vol. 13, no. 4 (2007), p. 222-228
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- Description: There has been little investigation of the issues associated with caring for patients presenting for cardiac surgery with a comorbid diagnosis of diabetes although there is some evidence that the diabetes management is suboptimal. This study aimed to identify issues that patients and cardiac specialist nurses experience with the provision of inpatient services for people undergoing cardiac surgery who also have type 2 diabetes. A qualitative interpretive design, using individual interviews with patients and nurses, provided data about some of these issues. The study found that nurses had high levels of confidence in their cardiac care but little confidence in diabetes management. Patients described concerns about their diabetes care and treatment regimens. A 'typical journey' for a person with diabetes undergoing cardiac surgery was identified. The findings support the need to build increased capacity in specialist nurses to support diabetes care as a secondary diagnosis.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003005865
Developing culturally competent reflective practitioners. Part 1. Cultural reflections
- Authors: Stockhausen, Lynette
- Date: 2007
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Asian Journal of Nursing Vol. 10, no. 4 (2007), p. 212-217
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Reflective practice is principally a widely recognised Euro-western concept that has been used to promote inquiry; however, explanations of the natures and use of reflective practice in its present form may not be easily transferable to some Asian cultures. The cultural significance of introducing an educational practice as unfamiliar as reflective practice to experienced nurse practitioners and undergraduate nursing students in Japan and Vietnam are highlighted. Part 1 of this 2 part article on developing culturally competent reflective practitioners reflects on previous research studies, the literature, and the author's experiences as a teacher and consultant in Japan and Vietnam. © 2007 Scientific Communications International Limited.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003005860
Levels of fatigue in people with ESRD living in far North Queensland
- Authors: Bonner, Ann , Wellard, Sally , Caltabiano, Marie
- Date: 2008
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Clinical Nursing Vol. 17, no. 1 (Jan 2008), p. 90-98
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Aims. Levels of fatigue as experienced by people with end stage renal disease (ESRD), were assessed using the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Background. Fatigue, a common symptom reported by people with ESRD, is a multifaceted, subjective experience, which is readily understood by individuals but difficult to measure. There is limited understanding of the level of fatigue experienced by people with ESRD, with research currently limited to people treated with haemodialysis. Method. The FSS was completed by 92 people with ESRD who were patients of a renal service in far North Queensland, Australia. Demographic and renal health history data were also collected with the self-report survey. Results. Comparisons were preformed between overall fatigue levels and different renal disorders, genders, ethnicity and renal replacement therapy (RRT). Participants in this study were more fatigued than the general population; there was no difference in levels of fatigue between gender and ethnicity. Participants with diabetic nephropathy and those who were predialysis were the most fatigued. A significant difference between mean fatigue scores was found for type of RRT [F(3,88) = 2.4, p < 0.05], with participants using peritoneal dialysis reporting the most fatigue. Additionally, participants categorized according to type of RRT, erythropoietin replacement therapy and current haemoglobin levels revealed significant mean differences on fatigue levels [F(3,88) = 2.74, p < 0.05]. Relevance to clinical practice. People with ESRD experience considerable fatigue; it is particularly important for nurses to understand this level of fatigue impacts on the daily life of patients. These findings provide the preliminary evidence to support the development of renal nursing practice guidelines related to symptom recognition and management of fatigue.
- Description: C1
Nursing education in Iran : Past, present, and future
- Authors: Tabari Khomeiran, Rasoul , Deans, Cecil
- Date: 2007
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Nurse Education Today Vol. 27, no. 7 (2007), p. 708-714
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Nursing education in Iran has undergone significant change since its genesis with foreign missionaries over one hundred years ago. More recently, following the 1979 Islamic revolution, nurse education has followed the direction taken by most other countries in moving from an apprenticeship model of training to an academic model. A series of transformative changes to nursing education specifically-and across the higher education system generally-has resulted in nurses now being able to undertake study across all university-based programs up to and including doctoral level. Contemporary nursing students have access to full-text professional journals through the internet, and they may pursue their doctoral studies in other countries. Although these improvements in nursing education in Iran are to be applauded, much more needs to be accomplished to ensure that highly competent nurse practitioners continue to be produced in this country. This article presents an historical overview of the development of nursing education in Iran, within its economic and sociopolitical contexts. Recommendations based upon lessons learned from historical and contemporary realities are presented in order to advance nursing education in this part of world. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003005859
Clinical nursing professoriate : Reflections on Australian experiences
- Authors: Wellard, Sally , Heggen, Kristin
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Norwegian Journal of Nursing Research Vol. 2, no. 8 (2006), p. 13-21
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Nursing, as a new discipline in the academic world, has to combine scientific traditions with its identity as a clinical profession. Joint clinical professorial appointments have been established in order to combine these two worlds.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003001976
Being active supports client control over health care
- Authors: Fiveash, Barbara , Nay, R.
- Date: 2004
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Contemporary Nurse Vol. 17, no. 3 (2004), p. 192-203
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- Description: The purpose of this study was to identify how healthcare clients achieve and maintain a sense of control over their health. The literature review conducted refers to: (i) key definitions of control, (ii) locus of control, and (iii) control and wellbeing. Participants with a range of acute and chronic health conditions and who had been hospitalised at some point were selected for the study. Symbolic interactionism (Blumer, 1969) and modified grounded theory of Strauss & Corbin (1998) provided the frameworks for this study. During the six month study period, data were collected from sixty participants and included interviews, participant observation, reviewing participants' records (nursing care plans, nursing notes and case histories), the nursing units' philosophy, organisational charts, policies and procedures, annual reports, consumer brochures and any other relevant information sources. Findings from the study indicated that participants moved from feeling vulnerable to having a sense of control through to being purposefully active. Vulnerability was associated with: (i) having limited choices in respect to their health, (ii) lacking adequate health information to make choices, (iii) being ignored by health providers with respect to their needs, and (iv) lacking friend/family supports. Purposefully activating was associated with three major categories: (i) reflecting, (ii) being self-determiningly involved and (iii) normalising. Findings from this study could be used by health care clients who want a sense of control over their health care, and also by health care providers who wish to support clients in the healthcare process.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003000836
The impact of fatigue on daily activity in people with chronic kidney disease
- Authors: Bonner, Ann , Wellard, Sally , Caltabiano, Marie
- Date: 2010
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Clinical Nursing Vol. 19, no. 21-22 (2010), p. 3006-3015
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Aims and objectives: To examine the impact of fatigue on the daily activity levels of people with chronic kidney disease, compare whether being predialysis or receiving different renal replacement therapies had any effect on fatigue and activity and identify whether any items in the fatigue severity scale were more predictive of daily activity levels. Background: Chronic kidney disease is a complex and long-term disease where people commonly experience fatigue and reduced levels of fitness; both of which impact on an individual's ability to carry out routine activities of daily life. Design: A descriptive cross-sectional design. Methods: A convenience sample of 112 people completed the fatigue severity scale and Human Activity Profile. Participants differed in their renal history and were either predialysis or receiving renal replacement therapy. Results: Women or older participants were significantly more fatigued and less active than men or younger participants. A significant difference between mean fatigue and activity scores was found for type of renal replacement therapy, with participants receiving peritoneal dialysis being the most fatigued and the least active. Additionally, lower levels of albumin were significantly correlated with greater levels of fatigue and the ability to engage in fewer activities. Conclusion: People with chronic kidney disease regardless of whether they are predialysis or receiving either peritoneal or haemodialysis experience high levels of fatigue and are able to engage in fewer daily activities. The fatigue severity scale and the Human Activity Profile are useful indicators of fatigue and physical activities which can be used in routine assessment practices. Relevance to clinical practice: Renal nurses are ideally positioned to engage in early identification and regular monitoring of both fatigue and activity levels in people with chronic kidney disease. Individual care plans can be developed to incorporate supportive rehabilitative strategies which aim to reduce fatigue and maximise activity levels.
- Description: 2003008244
The phenomenon of presence within contemporary nursing practice : A literature review
- Authors: Welch, Di , Wellard, Sally
- Date: 2005
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Australian Journal of Holistic Nursing Vol. 12, no. 1 (2005), p. 4-10
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Nursing practice underpinned by humanistic values may promote presence experiences within nurse-patient interactions. These interactions are powerful and beneficial both to nurse and patient. However, the phenomenon of presence is surrounded by competing and confused definitions. Whilst presence is arguably a core aspect of nursing practice, current health care environments significantly influence nurses' opportunities to experience presence.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003001053
The nursing home as a home : A field study of residents' daily life in the common living rooms
- Authors: Hauge, Solveig , Heggen, Kristin
- Date: 2008
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Clinical Nursing Vol. 17, no. 4 (Feb 2008), p. 460-467
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Aim. This Norwegian-based study investigates how and to what extent the idea of the nursing home as a home has been realized. Background. For the last two decades, Norway, as other Western Country has had an explicit national policy that nursing homes should become more like homes. The research literature indicates that residents in nursing home seem to lack the opportunities to maintain a private sphere. Design. A field study design was conducted. Methods. Data were collected in 1999 in two long-term units in a traditional nursing home by using participant observation and interviewing the residents. A phenomenological hermeneutic analysis strategy was used to get an impression of the residents' everyday life. Results. The residents spend most of their time in the common living room. The common living room has an ambiguous boundary between the public and private spheres, unlike the clear boundaries characterizing a home. The relationship among the residents is fragile, and the residents who can, withdraw from the common living room. Conclusions. Despite having single rooms and more home-like interior decoration, the residents in nursing home still have reduced opportunity to develop a private everyday lifestyle. The long-term unit examined in this research had a forced relationship between the residents, and the residents with best health resources systematically withdraw from the common area to control both where and with whom they wish to spend their time. Relevance to clinical practice. This study lays the foundation for rethinking daily routines in long-term units in nursing homes. One way to realize the idea of the nursing home as a home could be to define the living room as a clear public area and to give the residents a chance to develop a more private lifestyle by alternating between their private rooms and a public common living room.
- Description: C1
Problematising autonomy and advocacy in nursing
- Authors: Cole, Clare , Wellard, Sally , Mummery, Jane
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Nursing Ethics Vol. 21, no. 5 (2014), p. 576-582
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Customarily patient advocacy is argued to be an essential part of nursing, and this is reinforced in contemporary nursing codes of conduct, as well as codes of ethics and competency standards governing practice. However, the role of the nurse as an advocate is not clearly understood. Autonomy is a key concept in understanding advocacy, but traditional views of individual autonomy can be argued as being outdated and misguided in nursing. Instead, the feminist perspective of relational autonomy is arguably more relevant within the context of advocacy and nurses' work in clinical healthcare settings. This article serves to highlight and problematise some of the assumptions and influences around the perceived role of the nurse as an advocate for patients in contemporary Western healthcare systems by focusing on key assumptions concerning autonomy inherent in the role of the advocate. © The Author(s) 2014.
Investigating factors that have an impact on nurses' performance of patients' conscious level assessment: a systematic review
- Authors: Chan, Moon Fai , Mattar, Ihsan , Taylor, Beverley
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Nursing Management Vol. 21, no. 1 (2013), p. 31-46
- Full Text: false
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- Description: Aim To identify factors that have an impact on nurses’ performance of patients’ conscious level assessment. Background There is a need for nurses to accurately assess a patient’s conscious level to detect neurological changes and initiate prompt action. Methods Nine databases were systematically searched (1990–February 2010) to review experimental, cohort, case control, cross-sectional and descriptive studies that addressed factors which affected nurses’ performance of patient conscious level assessment. Participants in the studies reviewed were nursing staff. The Joanna Briggs Institute Meta Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument was used for quality assessment. Results Eleven studies were analysed in this review. Knowledge and experience were found to be the most significant factors in determining nurses’ performance of patient conscious level assessment. Formal training was found to be effective in improving assessment skills and experience greatly affected the accuracy of assessment. Conclusion Knowledge and experience are the most significant factors on nurses’ performance of consciousness level assessment. Implications for nursing management Formal training is needed on a continual basis to maintain skills in consciousness level assessment, and nurses who are more experienced in the use of assessment should mentor those that are less experienced
Developing culturally competent reflective practitioners. Part 2. The culturally responsive reflective practice model
- Authors: Stockhausen, Lynette , Serizawa, A.
- Date: 2008
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Asian Journal of Nursing Vol. 11, no. 1 (2008), p. 8-12
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: This paper extends the issues and arguments raised in Part 1 of this article, and outlines the dimensions of a new framework designed specifically for the introduction of reflective practice into different cultures and becoming culturally attuned as competent reflective practitioners. The framework for the development of culturally competent reflective practice draws on theories, models, and explanations of both reflective practice and culture, and benefits from the cultural experiences of the authors, which adds further authenticity to the model's development and use. This educational model can be used by educators to sensitise themselves to cultural nuances, aid students in becoming culturally responsive (aware, safe, or competent), provide a structure for class planning, and remind themselves of the need for cultural competence when introducing reflective practice within a 'different' culture. © 2008 Scientific Communications International Limited.
- Description: C1
Nurse education in English universities in a period of change : Expectations of nurse academics for the year 2008
- Authors: Deans, Cecil , Congdon, Graham , Sellers, Eileen
- Date: 2003
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Nurse Education Today Vol. 23, no. 2 (2003), p. 146-154
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: In England, the education of nurses in the academic arena has a relatively short history arguably representing recent advancement of the nursing discipline. Until we undertook this study, however, expectations for the next decade were unknown. The current investigation replicates a similar study of Australian nurse academics (Sellers & Deans 1996) which found discrepancies between how nurse academics perceived the future development of the profession, compared to how they actually expected it to develop. In order to provide information concerning the future of nursing education in England and related professional and social factors, a random sample of nurse academics was surveyed. Findings indicate that although advances have been made, there are a number of concerns regarding the development of nursing as a discipline. These include parity of status with other academic areas, resource issues, the workload of nurse academics and the perception that there is lack of cohesiveness amongst nurses as a professional group. Findings in this study closely mirror results in the Australian study indicating similarities in how the nursing profession copes with the transition from a predominantly hospital based education program to a program grounded in academic institutions. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003000385
Managing deteriorating patients: Registered nurses' performance in a simulated setting
- Authors: Cooper, Simon J. , McConnell-Henry, Tracy , Cant, Robyn , Porter, Joanne , Missen, Karen , Kinsman, Leigh , Endacott, Ruth , Scholes, Julie
- Date: 2011
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Open Nursing Journal Vol. 5, no. (2011), p. 120-126
- Full Text:
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- Description: Aim: To examine, in a simulated environment, rural nurses’ ability to assess and manage patient deterioration using measures of knowledge, situation awareness and skill performance. Background: Nurses’ ability to manage deterioration and ‘failure to rescue’ are of significant concern with questions over knowledge and clinical skills. Simulated emergencies may help to identify and develop core skills. Methods: An exploratory quantitative performance review. Thirty five nurses from a single ward completed a knowledge questionnaire and two video recorded simulated scenarios in a rural hospital setting. Patient actors simulated deteriorating patients with an Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) as the primary diagnosis. How aware individuals were of the situation (levels of situation awareness) were measured at the end of each scenario. Results: Knowledge of deterioration management varied considerably (range: 27%-91%) with a mean score of 67%. Average situation awareness scores and skill scores across the two scenarios (AMI and COPD) were low (50%) with many important observations and actions missed. Participants did identify that ‘patients’ were deteriorating but as each patient deteriorated staff performance declined with a reduction in all observational records and actions. In many cases, performance decrements appeared to be related to high anxiety levels. Participants tended to focus on single signs and symptoms and failed to use a systematic approach to patient assessment. Conclusion: Knowledge and skills were generally low in this rural hospital sample with notable performance decrements as patients acutely declined. Educational models that incorporate high fidelity simulation and feedback techniques are likely to have a significant positive impact on performance.
Postoperative pain management experiences among school-aged children: a qualitative study
- Authors: Sng, Qian , Taylor, Beverley , Liam, Joanne , Klainin-Yobas, Piyanee , Wang, Wenru , He, Hong-Gu
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Clinical Nursing Vol. 22, no. 7-8 (2013), p. 958-968
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Aims and objectives To explore postoperative pain management experiences among school-aged children. Background Ineffective postoperative pain management among children has been commonly reported. School-aged children are able to evaluate how their pain is managed and what their preferred strategies are. Most studies in pain management have adopted quantitative methods and have overlooked children's pain management experiences. Design This is a qualitative study using face-to-face interviews. Methods Data were collected from 15 school-aged children admitted to a tertiary hospital in Singapore by in-depth interviews conducted between November 2010 and January 2011. Data were analysed by thematic analysis. Results Five themes were identified: children's self-directed actions to relieve their postoperative pain (e.g. using cognitive-behavioural methods of distraction and imagery, physical method of positioning, sleeping and drinking, seeking other people's help by informing parents and crying and using pain medications); children's perceptions of actions parents take for their postoperative pain relief (assessing pain, administering pain medications, using various cognitive-behavioural, physical methods and emotional support strategies, assisting in activities and alerting health professionals); children's perception of actions nurses take for their postoperative pain relief (administering medication, using cognitive-behavioural methods, emotional support strategies and helping with activities of daily living) and suggestions for parents (using distraction and presence) and nurses (administering medications, distraction and positioning) for their postoperative pain relief improvement. Conclusions This study contributed to the existing knowledge about children's postoperative pain management based on their own experiences. Children, their parents and nurses used various strategies, including pain medication and non-pharmacological methods, especially distraction, for children's postoperative pain relief.
Implied consent and nursing practice : Ethical or convenient?
- Authors: Cole, Clare
- Date: 2012
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Nursing Ethics Vol. 19, no. 4 (2012), p. 550-557
- Full Text:
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- Description: Nursing professionals in a variety of practice settings routinely use implied consent. This form of consent is used in place of or in conjunction with informed or explicit consent. This article looks at one aspect of a qualitative exploratory study conducted in a Day of Surgery Admission unit. This article focuses on the examination of nurses' understandings of implied consent and its use in patient care in nursing practice. Data were collected through one-on-one interviews and analysed using a thematic analysis. Nurses participating in this study revealed that they routinely used implied consent in their nursing practice. This article will look at whether implied consent supports or impedes a patient's autonomy. © The Author(s) 2012.
Researching with people you know
- Authors: McConnell-Henry, Tracy , James, Ainsley , Francis, Karen , Chapman, Ysanne
- Date: 2009
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Contemporary nurse : a journal for the Australian nursing profession Vol. 34, no. 1 (2009), p.
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Interviewing is a key strategy used to elicit data in qualitative research. Whilst many nurse researchers are cognizant of the skills required to conduct a successful research interview, researchers may be less comfortable with the notion of interviewing a participant with whom the researcher claims a pre-existing, or dual relationship; a phenomenon becoming more apparent as the volume of researchers escalates especially in rural settings or smaller, heavily specialized fields. Issues pertaining to this particular situation are analyzed, debated and discussed. Furthermore tactics designed to enhance the research process whilst upholding the well-being of the researcher will be illustrated and elucidated.
The journal Kai Tiaki's role in developing research capability in New Zealand nursing, 1908-1959
- Authors: Wood, Pamela , Nelson, Katherine
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Nursing Praxis in New Zealand Vol. 29, no. 1 (2013 2013), p. 12-22
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The development of research capability in New Zealand nursing can be seen particularly from the 1970s onwards. However, by analysing past issues of Kai Tiaki - the country's longstanding nursing journal - over the five decades following its establishment in 1908, the present authors identified two precursors to this later stage. The journal fostered nurses' awareness of research and consistently promoted nursing scholarship. Successive editors developed nurses' capability in writing about their practice by publishing case studies, the winning essays in competitions run jointly with the professional association and nursing schools, and nurses' articles on practice or professional issues. Although promotion of research awareness and nursing scholarship were not deliberate strategies to develop nursing research capability, they were necessary forerunners to it.