Simple supervised dissimilarity measure : bolstering iForest-induced similarity with class information without learning
- Authors: Wells, Jonathan , Aryal, Sunil , Ting, Kai
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Knowledge and Information Systems Vol. 62, no. 8 (2020), p. 3203-3216
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- Description: Existing distance metric learning methods require optimisation to learn a feature space to transform data—this makes them computationally expensive in large datasets. In classification tasks, they make use of class information to learn an appropriate feature space. In this paper, we present a simple supervised dissimilarity measure which does not require learning or optimisation. It uses class information to measure dissimilarity of two data instances in the input space directly. It is a supervised version of an existing data-dependent dissimilarity measure called me. Our empirical results in k-NN and LVQ classification tasks show that the proposed simple supervised dissimilarity measure generally produces predictive accuracy better than or at least as good as existing state-of-the-art supervised and unsupervised dissimilarity measures. © 2020, Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.
Organizational pathways for social innovation and societal impacts in disability nonprofits
- Authors: Taylor, Rachel , Torugsa, Nuttaneeya , Arundel, Anthony
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Voluntas Vol. 31, no. 5 (2020), p. 995-1012
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- Description: Using data from a sample of 301 Australian disability nonprofit organizations (NPOs), this study applies configurational thinking to identify combinations of organizational capabilities that lead to Nonprofit Social Innovation (NSI)—a new service or process that promotes social inclusion of people with disabilities—and examines whether NSI is a sufficient condition for high societal impacts to be achieved. The conceptualization and components of the NSI framework were developed in our previous research through a two-month researcher-in-residency at disability NPOs. In this study, we employ fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to identify several “recipes” of capabilities (varying by organizational size and geographical location) for NSI development. The analyses find that high societal impacts from NSI occur when organizations adopt diverse perspectives, and embrace either person-focused approaches or operate in a risk-tolerant environment. These findings provide valuable linkages to managerial practice in nonprofits and advance emerging theoretical understandings of social innovation. © 2019, International Society for Third-Sector Research.
On augmented lagrangians for optimization problems with a single constraint
- Authors: Gasimov, Rafail , Rubinov, Alex
- Date: 2004
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Global Optimization Vol. 28, no. 2 (2004), p. 153-173
- Full Text: false
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- Description: We examine augmented Lagrangians for optimization problems with a single (either inequality or equality) constraint. We establish some links between augmented Lagrangians and Lagrange-type functions and propose a new kind of Lagrange-type functions for a problem with a single inequality constraint. Finally, we discuss a supergradient algorithm for calculating optimal values of dual problems corresponding to some class of augmented Lagrangians.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003000929
Sufficient conditions for global optimality of bivalent nonconvex quadratic programs with inequality constraints
- Authors: Wu, Zhiyou , Jeyakumar, Vaithilingam , Rubinov, Alex
- Date: 2007
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications Vol. 133, no. 1 (2007), p. 123-130
- Full Text: false
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- Description: We present sufficient conditions for the global optimality of bivalent nonconvex quadratic programs involving quadratic inequality constraints as well as equality constraints. By employing the Lagrangian function, we extend the global subdifferential approach, developed recently in Jeyakumar et al. (J. Glob. Optim., 2007, to appear; Math. Program. Ser. A, 2007, to appear) for studying bivalent quadratic programs without quadratic constraints, and derive global optimality conditions. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
- Description: C1
Distribution of metals and arsenic in soils of Central Victoria (Creswick-Ballarat), Australia
- Authors: Sultan, Khawar
- Date: 2007
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Vol. 52, no. 3 (2007), p. 339-346
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- Description: A soil-sampling campaign was conducted to identify and map heavy-metal contamination in the Ballarat-Creswick area of Central Victoria, Australia, with respect to mining activities and natural background levels in soils. The distribution and concentrations of both lithology- (Fe, Al, and Mn) and pollution-sensitive elements (Zn, As, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Co) were documented in surface soils (approximately 0 to 10 cm, fraction <2 mm, n = 85). The total heavy-metal and metalloid contents in soils decreased in the order Fe >> Al >> Zn > Mn >> As > Pb > Cu ≈ Ni ≈ Cr > Co. Mean levels of Zn (273 mg/kg) and As (39 mg/kg) in soils were well above normal global ranges and could be of local importance as a source of contamination. Extreme soil levels of Ni, Cr, Pb, and Fe were found in old mining waste material and pointed to the anthropogenic influence on the environment. Most of the measured elements showed marked spatial variations except Co. As contents were significantly higher than the tolerable level (ANZECC (1992) guidelines), with values up to 395.8 mg/kg around the mine tailings site. Mn soil contents were strongly associated with Co and Ni contents in most soils. High Fe contents (average approximately 41,465 mg/kg) in soils developed on basalt bedrock were correlated with Zn contents (average 400 mg/kg), and it is highly likely that Fe-oxides serve as sinks for Zn under near-neutral soil pH (6.3) conditions. Between the two major bedrock lithologic units, Ordovician sediments and Tertiary basalt, a clear enrichment of metals was found in the latter that was reflected in high background levels of elements. Among the various size fractions, silt (average approximately 45.1%) dominated most of the soils. In general and with a few exceptions, the concentrations of measured elements did not show significant correlations to other measured soil parameters, e.g., clay, silt and sand size fractions, organic matter, soil pH, and cation exchange capacity. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
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- Description: 2003004769
On Fréchet subdifferentials
- Authors: Kruger, Alexander
- Date: 2003
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Mathematical Sciences Vol. 116, no. 3 (2003), p. 3325-3358
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- Description: 2003002852
A filled function method for constrained global optimization
- Authors: Wu, Zhiyou , Bai, Fusheng , Lee, Heung , Yang, Yongjian
- Date: 2007
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Global Optimization Vol. 39, no. 4 (2007), p. 495-507
- Full Text: false
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- Description: In this paper, a filled function method for solving constrained global optimization problems is proposed. A filled function is proposed for escaping the current local minimizer of a constrained global optimization problem by combining the idea of filled function in unconstrained global optimization and the idea of penalty function in constrained optimization. Then a filled function method for obtaining a global minimizer or an approximate global minimizer of the constrained global optimization problem is presented. Some numerical results demonstrate the efficiency of this global optimization method for solving constrained global optimization problems. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003005513
Changes in the chemistry of sedimentary organic matter within the Coorong over space and time
- Authors: Krull, Evelyn , Haynes, Deborah , Lamontagne, Sebastien , Gell, Peter , McKirdy, David , Hancock, Gary , McGowan, Janine , Smernik, Ronald
- Date: 2009
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Biogeochemistry Vol. 92, no. 1-2 (2009), p. 9-25
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- Description: Like many other coastal systems across the world, the Coorong lagoonal ecosystem (South Australia) has degraded over the last 100 years; in this case as a result of extensive regulation and diversions of water across the Murray-Darling Basin following European settlement. To evaluate whether the sources of organic matter (OM) supporting its food-web have changed since the inception of water management and barrage construction, sedimentary OM was characterised in cores spanning the Coorong’s salinity gradient at depths representative of the last 100 years over which the management alterations to river and estuarine flow were most marked. Detailed 210Pb, 137Cs and Pu dating in conjunction with palaeolimnological data (Pinus pollen) allowed for the reconstruction of the timing of substantial changes observed in the composition of the OM, most of which occur during the early 1950s, concurrent with management-related variations in water flow and salinity. Negative shifts in
Does asking adolescents about suicidal ideation induce negative mood state?
- Authors: Deeley, Stephanie , Love, Anthony
- Date: 2010
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Violence and Victims Vol. 25, no. 5 (2010), p. 677-688
- Full Text: false
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- Description: Two studies examined the potential for negative mood induction through participating in suicidal ideation questionnaire research. Items immediately preceding mood state measures were hypothesized to influence mood state in a negative or positive direction, depending on their emotional content. Study 1 involved 129 adolescents. Mood state decreased nonsignificantly following items on suicidal-type ideation and significantly improved following a series of positive affect items. Study 2 followed up 71 of the original participants 3 years later using a briefer version of the original questionnaire. Here no significant differences in mood state were found at any measurement point. In both studies, the salience of items preceding the mood measure explained a significant proportion of variance in mood state. We concluded that negative mood induction effects were minimal. Ethical implications are discussed. © 2010 Springer Publishing Company.
Harry Potter and the terrors of the toilet
- Authors: Mills, Alice
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Childrens Literature in Education Vol. 37, no. 1 (2006), p. 1-13
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- Description: The Harry Potter series focuses upon the toilet as a site for heroic action and a threshold between worlds as well as a more traditional place for boys to be bullied and girls to weep. This article offers a Kristevan reading of the toilets as abject in Harry Potter, and shows how this concept helps us make sense of wider issues within the series, especially Harry's uneasy relation to the maternal. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003002843
Convergent and discriminant validity of trait and source effects in ADHD-inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity measures across a 3-month interval
- Authors: Burns, Leonard , Walsh, James , Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2003
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology Vol. 31, no. 5 (2003), p. 529-541
- Full Text: false
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- Description: Confirmatory factor analysis was used to model a multitrait (ADHD-inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity) by multi-source (teachers and parents) design across a 3-month interval in a sample of 360 Australian elementary school children. The purpose was to evaluate the convergent and discriminant validity of the ADHD-inattention (IN) and hyperactivity/ impulsivity (H/I) measures. Although similar traits and similar sources showed stronger correlations across time than dissimilar traits and dissimilar sources, the amount of source variance in the ADHD-IN and ADHD-H/I measures was substantial and consistent across the interval (M = 59%; range = 35-84%). This large amount of source variance raises the possibility that the correlations of the IN and H/I rating scales with other constructs (e.g., social competence, conduct problems) represent mostly source rather than trait effects. Multitrait by multisource analyses provide a means to answer this question and further advance understanding of ADHD.
- Description: C1
The effect of food-grade low-molecular-weight surfactants and sodium caseinate on spray drying of sugar-rich foods
- Authors: Jayasundera, Mithila , Adhikari, Benu , Adhikari, Raju , Aldred, Peter
- Date: 2010
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Food Biophysics Vol. 5, no. 2 (2010), p. 128-137
- Full Text: false
- Description: The effect of low-molecular-weight surfactants (LMS) and sodium caseinate (NaCas) on spray drying of sugar-rich foods has been studied. Sucrose and NaCas were selected as a model sugar-rich food and protein, respectively. Sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL) and Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) were chosen as model ionic and nonionic LMS. Sucrose-NaCas solutions with the solids ratio of 99.5:0.5 in the absence and presence (0.01% and 0.05%) of SSL and Tween 80 were prepared. The feed solutions had 25% solid concentration in all cases. The dynamic surface tension (DST) values of the solutions were measured for 100 s and the solutions were subsequently spray dried at inlet and outlet temperatures of 165 and 65 °C, respectively. The glass-rubber temperature (Tg-r), the surface elemental composition and amorphous-crystalline nature of the powders were also determined. At these concentrations and experimental time frame, it was found that the proteins preferentially migrated to the air-water interface reasonably swiftly. The addition of LMS resulted in partial or complete displacement of the proteins from the air-water interface. For spray-drying trials with the yield of 82.0%, it was found that 52.0% of the powder particle surface was covered with proteins. The powder recovery was greatly reduced by the LMS concentration and type. At 0.05% on dry solid basis, in the case of nonionic surfactant (Tween 80), the displacement of protein from the surface was such that no powder was recovered. The ionic surfactant (SSL) displaced 2.0% and 29.3% proteins from the droplet surface at concentrations of 0.01% and 0.05%, respectively, resulting in 75.5 ± 1.8% and 30.1 ± 1.4% powder yield. The Tg-r results revealed that the amount of protein required for successful spray drying of the sucrose-protein solution depends on the amount of proteins present in the droplet surface but not in the bulk. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy results confirmed that the powders of both sucrose-NaCas and sucrose-NaCas with 0.01% SSL were mostly amorphous, while those with sucrose-NaCas-Tween 80 (0.01%) and sucrose-NaCas-SSL (0.05%) were crystalline. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Boris Mordukhovich, the never tiring traveller, celebrates his sixtieth birthday
- Authors: Henrion, René , Kruger, Alexander , Outrata, Jiri
- Date: 2008
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Set-Valued Analysis Vol. 16, no. 2-3 (2008), p. 125-127
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Evidence for invasive carp mediated trophic cascade in shallow lakes of western Victoria, Australia
- Authors: Khan, Tariq , Wilson, Michael , Khan, Minal
- Date: 2003
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Hydrobiologia Vol. 506-509, no. (2003), p. 465-472
- Full Text: false
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- Description: Lakes of western Victoria are typically shallow (2-3 m), slightly saline (3-8 ppt) and eutrophic (total phosphorus 0.1-5 mg l-1 and total nitrogen 3-8 mg l-1). These lakes are prone to algal blooms in late spring and summer. We conducted experiments in ponds to determine whether lake zooplankton exert enough grazing pressure to control algal blooms and also if carp predation can regulate zooplankton communities and increase algal biomass. Zooplankton grazing (high zooplankton, low zooplankton and control) and carp predation (carp, nutrient and control) experiments had three treatments and each treatment had three replicates. Algal numbers and biomass (28
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003000543
Beyond hydrogeologic evidence : Challenging the current assumptions about salinity processes in the Corangamite region, Australia
- Authors: Dahlhaus, Peter , Cox, Jim , Simmons, Craig , Smitt, C. M.
- Date: 2008
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Hydrogeology Journal Vol. 16, no. 7 (2008), p. 1283-1298
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- Description: In keeping with the standard scientific methods, investigations of salinity processes focus on the collection and interpretation of contemporary scientific data. However, using multiple lines of evidence from non-hydrogeologic sources such as geomorphic, archaeological and historical records can substantially add value to the scientific investigations. By using such evidence, the validity of the assumptions about salinity processes in Australian landscapes is challenged, especially the assumption that the clearing of native vegetation has resulted in rising saline groundwater in all landscapes. In the Corangamite region of south-west Victoria, salinity has been an episodic feature of the landscapes throughout the Quaternary and was present at the time of the Aboriginal inhabitants and the first pastoral settlement by Europeans. Although surface-water salinity has increased in some waterways and the area of salinised land has expanded in some landscapes, there is no recorded evidence found which supports significant rises in groundwater following widespread land-use change. In many areas, salinity is an inherent component of the region's landscapes, and sustains world-class environmental assets that require appropriate salinity levels for their ecological health. Managing salinity requires understanding the specific salinity processes in each landscape. © Springer-Verlag 2008.
Acetaldehyde mediates growth stimulation of ethanol-stressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Evidence of a redox-driven mechanism
- Authors: Vriesekoop, Frank , Barber, Andrew , Pamment, Neville
- Date: 2007
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Biotechnology Letters Vol. 29, no. 7 (2007), p. 1099-1103
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- Description: The ability of acetaldehyde (90 mg l-1) to stimulate ethanol-stressed S. cerevisiae fermentations is examined and reasons for the effect explored. Alternative metabolic electron acceptors generated similar stimulatory effects to acetaldehyde, decreasing the ethanol-induced growth lag phase from 9 h to 3 h, suggesting a redox-driven effect. The exposure to ethanol caused an instant 60% decline in intracellular NAD+ which was largely prevented by the addition of acetaldehyde. Furthermore, the exposure to ethanol affected glycolysis by decreasing the rate of glucose utilisation from 0.33 g glucose g-1 biomass h-1 to 0.11 g glucose g -1 biomass h-1, while the addition of acetaldehyde to an ethanol stressed culture increased this rate to 0.14 g glucose g-1 biomass h-1. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
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- Description: 2003004791
Uniform approximation by the highest defect continuous polynomial splines : Necessary and sufficient optimality conditions and their generalisations
- Authors: Sukhorukova, Nadezda
- Date: 2010
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications Vol. 147, no. 2 (2010), p. 378-394
- Full Text: false
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- Description: In this paper necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for uniform approximation of continuous functions by polynomial splines with fixed knots are derived. The obtained results are generalisations of the existing results obtained for polynomial approximation and polynomial spline approximation. The main result is two-fold. First, the generalisation of the existing results to the case when the degree of the polynomials, which compose polynomial splines, can vary from one subinterval to another. Second, the construction of necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for polynomial spline approximation with fixed values of the splines at one or both borders of the corresponding approximation interval. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Statistical cluster points of sequences in finite dimensional spaces
- Authors: Pehlivan, Serpil , Guncan, A. , Mammadov, Musa
- Date: 2004
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal Vol. 54, no. 1 (2004), p. 95-102
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- Description: In this paper we study the set of statistical cluster points of sequences in m-dimensional spaces. We show that some properties of the set of statistical cluster points of the real number sequences remain in force for the sequences in m-dimensional spaces too. We also define a notion of T-statistical convergence. A sequence x is
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003000896
Functional data modelling approach for analysing and predicting trends in incidence rates-an application to falls injury
- Authors: Ullah, Shahid , Finch, Caroline
- Date: 2010
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Osteoporosis International Vol. 21, no. 12 (2010), p. 2125-2134
- Relation: http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/565900
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- Description: Summary: Policy decisions about the allocation of current and future resources should be based on the most accurate predictions possible. A functional data analysis (FDA) approach improves the understanding of current trends and future incidence of injuries. FDA provides more valid and reliable long-term predictions than commonly used methods. Introduction: Accurate information about predicted future injury rates is needed to inform public health investment decisions. It is critical that such predictions derived from the best available statistical models to minimise possible error in future injury incidence rates. Methods: FDA approach was developed to improve long-term predictions but is yet to be widely applied to injury epidemiology or other epidemiological research. Using the specific example of modelling age-specific annual incidence of fall-related severe head injuries of older people during 1970-2004 and predicting rates up to 2024 in Finland, this paper explains the principles behind FDA and demonstrates their superiority in terms of prediction accuracy over the more commonly reported ordinary least squares (OLS) approach. Results: Application of the FDA approach shows that the incidence of fall-related severe head injuries would increase by 2.3-2.6-fold by 2024 compared to 2004. The FDA predictions had 55% less prediction error than traditional OLS predictions when compared to actual data. Conclusions: In summary, FDA provides more accurate predictions of long-term incidence trends than commonly used methods. The production of FDA prediction intervals for future injury incidence rates gives likely guidance as to the likely accuracy of these predictions. © 2010 International Osteoporosis Foundation and National Osteoporosis Foundation.
Everyday victimization of adolescent girls by boys: Sexual harassment, bullying or aggression?
- Authors: Shute, Rosalyn , Owens, Larry , Slee, Phillip
- Date: 2008
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Sex Roles Vol. 58, no. 7-8 (2008), p. 477-489
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- Description: School-based sexual harassment of adolescent girls by boys appears commonplace, yet aggression and bullying studies rarely yield sexualized material. This qualitative Australian study with 72 14- to 15-year-olds and 7 teachers aimed to discover whether interviewer use of neutral language in gender-segregated focus groups and interviews would yield material indicating that the victimization of girls by boys is sexualized. Verbal and indirect victimization were reported to be everyday occurrences, and almost entirely sexual. Findings are discussed in the light of definitions of sexual harassment, bullying and aggression. It is concluded that the term "sexual bullying" appropriately captures the gendered power structure underlying these behaviors. As such, they need to be understood, and become visible, more broadly than in terms of individual pathology. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
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