A reevaluation of the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the spiritual well-being questionnaire (SWBQ)
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Religion and Health Vol. 62, no. 3 (2023), p. 2112-2130
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- Description: The 20-item Gomez and Fisher (Personal Individ Differ 35:1975–1991, 2003) Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ) is a widely used measure of spiritual well-being. Its theoretical model is a higher-order model with primary factors for personal, communal, environmental, and transcendental well-being, and a secondary global spiritual well-being factor. The current study, conducted in Australia, reevaluated the factor structure of the SWBQ. Unlike previous studies, the current study also used exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) to examine the factor structure of the SWBQ and selected the preferred model using not only global model fit values, but also the clarity, reliabilities, and validities of the factors in the models. A total of 227 adults (males = 63; females = 164; M age = 26.1 years; SD = 5.2 years) completed the SWBQ. Based on the model selection criteria applied in the study, the ESEM model with four group factors was selected as the preferred model. However, there was also adequate support for the proposed theoretical higher-order model and the first-order oblique model with the four well-being factors. Concerning our preferred model, its factors showed reasonable clarity for factor loadings and (omega) reliabilities. However, only the communal domain scale was supported empirically for external validity. The implications of the findings for the theoretical model, the use of the SWBQ, and future studies are discussed. In this respect, there are three potential models (theorized higher-order model, 4-factor first-order oblique model, and the ESEM model proposed in this study) that warrant further detailed investigation with a larger, more representative population and additional validation measures. © 2022, The Author(s).
Association of fear of negative evaluation with performance anxiety : mediation by negative self-statements and moderation by positive self-statements during performance in adults
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun , Brown, Taylor
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment Vol. 45, no. 3 (2023), p. 650-658
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- Description: Using individual differences constructs, the current study used cross-sectional data to examine the mediating role of negative self-statements during public speaking on the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and public speaking anxiety (a type of performance anxiety), and how this relationship was moderated by positive self-statements during public performance. The sample comprised 319 adults (men = 105, women = 214) from the general Australian community, with ages ranging from 18 years to 65 years. All participants completed questionnaires covering the different study variables. The findings showed that there was partial mediation by negative self-statements on the relationship between fear of negative evaluation and performance anxiety. There were also moderation effects by positive self-statements for this relationship. Additionally, moderation by positive self-statements was evident at all levels of positive self-statements. The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings for public speaking anxiety are discussed. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Associations of reinforcement sensitivity theory personality constructs, cognitive biases for negative and threatening social information, and social anxiety
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Typuszak, Natasha
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Current Psychology Vol. 42, no. 17 (2023), p. 14159-14170
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- Description: Background: Using Kimbrel’s (2008) mediation model of social anxiety as a theoretical framework, the primary aim of the current study was to use path analysis to examine how biased cognitions for negative and threatening social information mediated the relationships for the personality constructs of the reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) with generalized and specific social anxiety (target mediation model). A secondary aim was to examine reverse mediation testing (RMT) models, in which the social anxiety constructs were viewed as mediating the relations between RST constructs and biased social cognition constructs. Methods: A total of 302 (males = 101, females = 201) adults (age ranging from 18 to 65 years) from the general community completed questionnaires measuring the behavioral inhibition system/fight-flight-freeze system (BIS/FFFS), the behavioral approach system (BAS), social comparison (SC), social ineptness (SI), and generalized and specific social anxiety. Results: The findings for the target mediation model showed that there was support for indirect effects for the BIS/FFFS and the BAS on generalized and specific social anxiety through SC and SI. For the RMT model, there was support for the indirect effect of the RST constructs with SI through generalized social anxiety. However, specific generalized anxiety did not mediate the relations of the BIS/FFFS and BAS to SC. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of cognitive therapy that targets SC and SI in the treatment of social anxiety, especially among those with high BIS/FFFS and low BAS. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Associations of UPPS-P negative urgency and positive urgency with ADHD dimensions : moderation by lack of premeditation and lack of perseverance in men and women
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 206, no. (2023), p.
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- Description: The study examined how dimensions of Whiteside and Lynam's (2003) UPPS-P model of impulsivity (lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, negative urgency, and positive urgency) were associated directly and interactively with the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) dimensions of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity in men and women separately. A total of 550 adults (men = 147, women = 403), ages ranging from 18 to 65 years, from the general community completed questionnaires covering the study variables. For women, there was support for the additive model for the prediction of inattention, and both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity were predicted by lack of premeditation × positive urgency. For men, inattention was predicted by lack of premeditation × negative urgency, and lack of premeditation × positive urgency. In all instances, low levels of premeditation reduced the relationships between the urgency dimensions and ADHD dimensions. The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed. © 2023 The Author(s)
Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling of the factor structure of the Social Thoughts and Beliefs Scale (STABS)
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Watson, Shaun , Brown, Taylor
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Advances in Psychology Research Chapter 3 p. 55-76
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- Description: The Social Thoughts and Beliefs Scale (STABS) is a valuable tool often used in clinical practice involving social anxiety. However, it is argued that the factor structure of the STABS has yet to be clearly established. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine the factor structure of the STABS using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). Firstly, comparing the first-order CFA, ESEM, bifactor CFA (BCFA), and bifactor ESEM (BESEM) models with group/specific factors for social comparison (SC) and social ineptness (SI). Participants were 329 individuals (males = 109, females = 220), aged between 18 and 71 years, from the general community. While the ESEM, BCFA, and BESEM models with group/specific factors for SC and SI showed adequate fit, the specific factors in the BCFA and BESEM models were poorly defined in these models, relative to the ESEM model. There was support for the internal consistency reliabilities (omega) and external validities of the factors in the ESEM model. Thus, the ESEM model with specific factors for SC and SI was selected as the preferred model. The practical implications and revisions of the STABS are discussed. © 2023 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Factor structure of the symptoms of alcohol use, gaming, and gambling addictions
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Brown, Taylor , Watson, Shaun
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction Vol. 21, no. 5 (2023), p. 3345-3361
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- Description: Alcohol use, gaming, and gambling addictions are recognized in some form by the major clinical classification symptoms. The current study applied confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models to compare four different models comprising the symptoms of these addictions. The four models were one-factor (all different types of addiction symptoms loading on a single factor), two-factor (alcohol use and internet/gambling latent factors), three-factor (alcohol use, internet gaming, and gambling symptoms loading only on their respective target latent factors), and bi-factor (alcohol use, internet gaming, and gambling symptoms loading on their respective target latent factor and also on the general addiction factor) models. A general community sample of 968 adults (males = 622, females = 315) completed rating scales with symptoms for the three addictions and also for drug use addiction and distress. Both the three-factor and bi-factor models showed a good fit. However, between these models, only the factors of the three-factor model showed good clarity, reliabilities, and external validities, thereby suggesting that this be the best model to represent ratings of alcohol use, internet gaming, and gambling together. The theoretical, taxonomic, and clinical implications of the findings are discussed. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality questionnaire : measurement and structural invariance across age and gender groups
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Watson, Shaun , Footitt, Trent , Corr, Philip
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction Vol. 21, no. 1 (2023), p. 131-144
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- Description: Revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (r-RST) of personality is a major neuropsychological theory of motivation, emotion, and personality. To measure the specific components of r-RST, the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ; Corr & Cooper(Psychological Assessment 28(11), 1427–1400, 2016) has been developed. The current study examined the measurement (configural, metric, scalar, and residual) and structural (factor variances, covariances) invariance across gender and age groups for an exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) version of the theorized six-factor oblique model. A total of 901 adults (M = 32.07, SD = 16.38) from the general community completed ratings of the RST-PQ. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported full measurement and structural invariance. There was also no difference for the six latent mean scores across gender and age. The psychometric and practical implications of the findings are discussed. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling of the factor structure of the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE)
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Brown, Taylor , Watson, Shaun , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 17, no. 2 February (2022), p.
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- Description: The Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE) is a multiple dimensional measure of cognitive empathy [comprising primary factors for perspective taking (PT), online simulation (OS)], and affective empathy [comprising primary factors for emotion contagion (EC), proximal responsivity (PRO), and peripheral responsivity (PER)]. This study used independent clusters confirmatory factor analysis (ICM-CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) to examine the scale’s factor structure. A general community sample of 203 (men = 43, women = 160) between 17 and 63 years completed the QCAE. Although both the five-factor oblique and second order factor models showed good model fit, and clarity in the pattern of factor loadings, in the second-order factor model, none of the primary factors loaded significantly on their respective secondary factors, thereby favoring the five-factor oblique model. The factors in this model were supported in terms of external validity. Despite this, the factor for PRO in this model showed low reliability for meaning interpretation. A revised four-factor oblique model without the PRO factor showed good fit, clarity in the pattern of factor loadings, and reliability and validity for the factors in this model, thereby suggesting this to be the best model to represent ratings on the QCAE. Copyright: © 2022 Gomez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Inter-relationships between ADHD, ODD and impulsivity dimensions in emerging adults revealed by network analysis: extending the ‘trait impulsivity hypothesis’
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Watson, Shaun , Brown, Taylor , Chen, Wai
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Heliyon Vol. 8, no. 10 (2022), p.
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- Description: Background: The trait-impulsivity hypothesis posits impulsivity as the underlying substrate of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptom expressions. The current study applied network analysis to evaluate the inter-relationships of dimensions within ADHD (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity) and ODD (anger/irritable, vindictiveness, and argumentative/defiant behavior) with components of impulsivity as captured by the UPPS-P model (negative urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking, and positive urgency). Method: A total of 324 emerging adults (women = 246) from the general community completed questionnaires covering these dimensions. Results: Our findings showed that the ADHD and ODD dimensions were associated differentially with different types of impulsivity, in their unique patterns of network connectivities, a possibility that has had little attention in the trait-impulsivity hypothesis literature. Conclusions: This study is the first to tease out the unique associations of the ADHD and ODD dimensions with different types of impulsivity, and in that way provide new contributions to our understanding of the existing trait impulsivity theory. Our findings would be especially relevant to those interested in understanding how different dimensions of trait impulsivity underly the ADHD and ODD dimensions. © 2022 The Authors
Network analyses of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) symptoms in children
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Gomez, Andre , Brown, Taylor , Watson, Shaun
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: BMC Psychiatry Vol. 22, no. 1 (2022), p. 263-263
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- Description: Based on parent and teacher ratings of their children, this study used regularized partial correlation network analysis (EBIC glasso) to examine the structure of DSM-5 Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) symptoms. Parent and teachers (N = 934) from the general community in Malaysia completed questionnaires covering DSM-5 ODD symptoms. The most central ODD symptom for parent ratings was anger, followed by argue. For teacher ratings, it was anger, followed by defy. For both parent and teacher ratings, the networks revealed at least medium effect size connections for temper and argue, defy, and argue, blames others, and annoy, and spiteful and angry. Overall, the findings were highly comparable across parent and teacher ratings, and they showed a novel understanding of the structure of the ODD symptoms. The clinical implications of the findings for assessment and treatment of ODD are discussed.
Personality inventory for DSM–5-brief form (PID-5-BF) : measurement invariance across men and women
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun , Brown, Taylor , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment Vol. 14, no. 3 (2022), p. 334-338
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- Description: The study examined the measurement invariance (configural, metric, scalar, and residual) of the Personality Inventory for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM–5) Brief Form (PID-5-BF; Krueger et al., 2013) across gender for the theorized Five-Factor oblique model. A large group of adults (N = 502), with ages ranging from 18 to 67 years, from the Australian general community completed the PID-5-BF. When the
Unique associations of revised-reinforcement sensitivity theory constructs with social anxiety
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Watson, Shaun , Brown, Taylor , Corr, Philip
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction Vol. 20, no. 5 (2022), p. 2838-2850
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- Description: Revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (r-RST) is a major neuropsychological theory of motivation, emotion, and personality. We report the results of a study that examined the unique relationships of the r-RST constructs with two forms of anxiety: social interaction and social performance. Five hundred and seventy-two adults completed the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ) alongside measures of social interaction anxiety and social performance anxiety. Regression results revealed that, as predicted, both social interaction anxiety and social performance anxiety were linked uniquely and positively with the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) scale score. In addition, social performance anxiety was associated uniquely and positively with the fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS) scale score. The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings for social anxiety are discussed. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality questionnaire : factor structure based on CFA and ESEM, and Associations with ADHD
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun , Wynen, Johan , Trawley, Steven , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Corr, Philip
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Personality Assessment Vol. 103, no. 4 (2021), p. 523-534
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- Description: Revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (r-RST) of personality is a major neuropsychological theory of motivation, emotion and personality. This paper presents the results of a study examining: (1) the factor structure of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM); and (2) the relationships of the r-RST constructs in the RST-PQ with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom groups of inattention (IA) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI). A total of 572 (Sample 1) and 309 (Sample 2) adults completed the RST-PQ. Participants in Sample 2 also completed a questionnaire measuring ADHD symptoms. Results revealed more support for the ESEM model with six factors than the CFA model. For both the ESEM and CFA models, both IA and HI symptom groups were associated positively with the RST-PQ constructs of behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral approach system (BAS) Impulsivity, with IA also associated negatively with the BAS-Goal-Drive Persistence. The theoretical implications of these findings for understanding the factor structure of the RST-PQ, and for ADHD (IA and HI) in terms of r-RST, are discussed. © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Associations of behavioral inhibition system with negatively biased social cognitions : moderation by the behavioral approach system
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 166, no. (2020), p.
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- Description: Using the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral approach system (BAS) subscales of the BIS/BAS Scales (Carver & White, 1994), this study examined how the association of the BIS and the negatively biased social cognitions of social comparison, social ineptness, negative self-statements, and fear of negative evaluation, were moderated by BAS-Drive and BAS-Reward Responsiveness. A total of 302 (males = 101, females = 201) adults (age ranging from 18 to 65 years) from the general community completed questionnaires covering the different study variables. The findings indicted moderation by BAS-D for the predictions of social comparison, social ineptness, and negative self-statements, and moderation by BAS-RR for the predictions of social ineptness, negative self-statements, and fear of negative evaluation. For moderation effects, moderation was present at lower levels of BAS-D, and at higher levels of BAS-RR. © 2020
Measurement invariance across adult self-ratings of current and retrospective childhood ADHD symptoms
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Watson, Shaun
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment Vol. 42, no. 3 (2020), p. 475-487
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- Description: This study examined measurement invariance across adult self-ratings of current and retrospective childhood ADHD symptoms. A group of 265 adults (135 females and 130 males) from the general community completed ratings of their current and retrospective childhood ADHD symptoms presented in the Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-IV (BAARS-IV; Barkley 2011). Initially, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the both sets of ratings provided more support for a bifactor ADHD model (a model with an orthogonal general factor and specific factors for inattention [IA] and hyperactivity/impulsivity [HI]) over a 2-factor oblique model (with factors for IA and HI). Using the bifactor model, chi-square difference test indicated non-invariance for 12 factor loadings on the general factor, and 13 thresholds. Differences in approximate fit indices indicated that only 4 factor loadings were not invariant. The clinical theoretical, and psychometric implications of the findings are discussed. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Personality Inventory for DSM-5, Brief Form : Factor structure, reliability, and coefficient of congruence
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality Disorders-Theory Research and Treatment Vol. 11, no. 1 (2020), p. 69-77
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- Description: The Personality Inventory for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Brief Form (PID-5-BF), is a 25-item self-report questionnaire that measures the severity of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition-proposed personality pathology constructs of negative affectivity, detachment. antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism. The current study used exploratory factor analysis, exploratory structural equation modeling, and confirmatory factor analysis to examine the support for the theoretically proposed 5-factor model. In total, 502 adults (male = 182, female = 320, age = 18-67 years [M = 28.93, SD = 10.95]) provided ratings for the PID-5-BF. For the theorized 5-factor model, there was support for its factor structure, internal consistency reliabilities (Cronbach's. ordinal alpha, and omega) of the factors, and coefficient of congruence of the factors considering a previous Danish study. The findings also supported a strong general factor for a bifactor model involving a general factor alongside the 5 group factors. Together, the findings support the use of the 5 personality pathology constructs and the total PID-5-BF scores in clinical and research settings.
ROC analyses of relevant conners 3–short forms, CBCL, and TRF scales for screening ADHD and ODD
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Vance, Alasdair , Watson, Shaun , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Assessment Vol. 28 , no.1 (2021), p. 73-85
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- Description: Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to examine and compare the diagnostic accuracy of the Conners 3–Parent Short Form (C 3-P(S)), and the Conners 3–Teacher Short Form (C 3-T(S)) inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity scales, and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher’s Report Form (TRF) attention problems scales, to distinguish those with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It also examined and compared the diagnostic accuracy of the C 3-P(S) and C 3-T(S) Aggression (AG) scales, and the CBCL and TRF Aggressive Behavior (AB) scales, to distinguish those with and without oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). The study used archival data (N = 150-261) involving a large group of clinic-referred children aged between 6 and 11 years who had been interviewed for clinical diagnosis of ADHD and ODD using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children (ADISC-IV) as the reference standard, and then administered one or more of the screening measures. The findings provided empirical support for the use of the C 3-P(S) and CBCL for identifying ADHD and ODD, with the CBCL aggressive behavior scale having better ability to detect ODD. The implications of the findings for using the screening scales for diagnoses of ADHD and ODD are discussed. © The Author(s) 2019.
Cloninger's personality dimensions and ADHD : A meta-analytic review
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Van Doorn, George , Watson, Shaun , Gomez, Andre , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 107, no. (2017), p. 219-227
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- Description: A meta-analysis of up to 20 datasets is reported that examined the relationships between Cloninger's personality dimensions and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Cloninger's model comprises four temperament (Novelty-Seeking, Harm-Avoidance, Reward Dependence, and Persistence) and three character (Self-Directedness, Cooperation, and Self-Transcendence) dimensions. Major findings were that all personality dimensions, except Self-Transcendence, were significantly associated with ADHD. These associations had different directions and magnitudes of relationship with ADHD. The associations were especially strong for Novelty-Seeking and Self-Directedness, being positive for Novelty-Seeking and negative for Self-Directedness. In addition, the association between ADHD and Persistence was moderated by age (stronger in children than adults) and source (stronger in clinical samples than community samples). Further, the association between harm avoidance and ADHD was moderated by age (strong and significant in adults, but not significant in children). Findings are discussed in relation to past work and the different strengths of the associations found between Cloninger's personality dimensions and ADHD, developmental differences in these relationships, implications for theoretical models of ADHD, the influence of biological and environmental factors in the expression of ADHD, implications for treatment and diagnosis, and the underlying processes for the relationships between personality and ADHD. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
Confirmatory factor analysis of the combined social phobia scale and social interaction anxiety scale : Support for a bifactor model
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Frontiers in Psychology Vol. 8, no. (2017), p. 1-13
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- Description: For the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) together, this study examined support for a bifactor model, and also the internal consistency reliability and external validity of the factors in this model. Participants (N = 526) were adults from the general community who completed the SPS and SIAS. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of their ratings indicated good support for the bifactor model. For this model, the loadings for all but six items were higher on the general factor than the specific factors. The three positively worded items had negligible loadings on the general factor. The general factor explained most of the common variance in the SPS and SIAS, and demonstrated good model-based internal consistency reliability (omega hierarchical) and a strong association with fear of negative evaluation and extraversion. The practical implications of the findings for the utilization of the SPS and SIAS, and the theoretical and clinical implications for social anxiety are discussed. © 2017 Gomez and Watson.
The shame and guilt scales of the test of self-conscious affect-adolescent (TOSCA-A) : Factor structure, concurrent and discriminant validity, and measurement and structural invariance across ratings of males and females
- Authors: Watson, Shaun , Gomez, Rapson , Gullone, Eleonora
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Assessment Vol. 24, no. 4 (2015), p. 517-527
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- Description: This study examined various psychometric properties of the items comprising the shame and guilt scales of the Test of Self-Conscious Affect-Adolescent. A total of 563 adolescents (321 females and 242 males) completed these scales, and also measures of depression and empathy. Confirmatory factor analysis provided support for an oblique two-factor model, with the originally proposed shame and guilt items comprising shame and guilt factors, respectively. Also, shame correlated with depression positively and had no relation with empathy. Guilt correlated with depression negatively and with empathy positively. Thus, there was support for the convergent and discriminant validity of the shame and guilt factors. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis comparing females and males, based on the chi-square difference test, supported full metric invariance, the intercept invariance of 26 of the 30 shame and guilt items, and higher latent mean scores among females for both shame and guilt. Comparisons based on the difference in root mean squared error of approximation values supported full measurement invariance and no gender difference for latent mean scores. The psychometric and practical implications of the findings are discussed.