Development of a scale to measure social capital in recreation and sport clubs
- Forsell, Tom, Tower, John, Polman, Remco
- Authors: Forsell, Tom , Tower, John , Polman, Remco
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Leisure Sciences Vol. 42, no. 1 (2020), p. 106-122
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Social capital's measurement has been limited and an effective scale is needed. This research employed focus groups and interviews and a panel of experts to provide understanding and items for a social capital scale in sport and recreation setting. After a pilot study the Club Social Capital Scale (CSCS) was completed by 1,079 members of sport and recreation clubs. This 42-item scale included the factors trust, friendship, acceptance, reciprocity, norms, and governance. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 20-item four component (governance, norms, friendship-acceptance, and trust-reciprocity) CSCS. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the potential four or five factor model and the hierarchical structure. The CSCS is the first psychometrically developed instrument to measure the factors underlying social capital rather than its outcomes. It can inform policy makers or sport and recreation administrators to establish baseline social capital in their organization and the efficacy of interventions or changes in policy. © 2018, © 2018 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. © 2018, © Tom Forsell, John Tower, and Remco Polman.
- Authors: Forsell, Tom , Tower, John , Polman, Remco
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Leisure Sciences Vol. 42, no. 1 (2020), p. 106-122
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Social capital's measurement has been limited and an effective scale is needed. This research employed focus groups and interviews and a panel of experts to provide understanding and items for a social capital scale in sport and recreation setting. After a pilot study the Club Social Capital Scale (CSCS) was completed by 1,079 members of sport and recreation clubs. This 42-item scale included the factors trust, friendship, acceptance, reciprocity, norms, and governance. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 20-item four component (governance, norms, friendship-acceptance, and trust-reciprocity) CSCS. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the potential four or five factor model and the hierarchical structure. The CSCS is the first psychometrically developed instrument to measure the factors underlying social capital rather than its outcomes. It can inform policy makers or sport and recreation administrators to establish baseline social capital in their organization and the efficacy of interventions or changes in policy. © 2018, © 2018 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. © 2018, © Tom Forsell, John Tower, and Remco Polman.
Changes in cognition over a 16.1 km cycling time trial using think aloud protocol : preliminary evidence
- Whitehead, Amy, Jones, Hollie, Williams, Emily, Dowling, Christopher, Morley, David, Taylor, Jamie, Polman, Remco
- Authors: Whitehead, Amy , Jones, Hollie , Williams, Emily , Dowling, Christopher , Morley, David , Taylor, Jamie , Polman, Remco
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology Vol. 17, no. 3 (2019), p. 266-274
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objectives: This study investigated cognitions of cyclists during a competitive time trial (TT) event using Think Aloud (TA) protocol analysis. Design: Single group, observational design. Method: Fifteen male and three female cyclists from the North West of England verbalised their thoughts throughout an outdoor competitive 16.1 km cycling TT (Level 2 TA). Verbalisations were recorded using iVue Horizon 1080P camera glasses. Data were transcribed verbatim, analysed using deductive content analysis and grouped into themes: (i) Pain And Discomfort (Fatigue, Pain), (ii) External Feedback (Time, Speed, Heart Rate), (iii) Environment (Surroundings, Traffic and Other Cyclists), and (iv) Pace and Distance (Pace, Distance). The number of verbalisations within each theme was analysed by distance quartile using Friedman tests to examine changes in cognitions over time. Results: Associative themes, including Fatigue and Pain, were verbalised more frequently in the earlier stages of the TT and less in the final quartile, whereas verbalisations about Distance significantly increased in the last quartile. Conclusions: This study demonstrates how a novel data collection method can capture in-event cognitions of endurance athletes. It provides an important extension to previous literature, showing how individuals may process and attend to information over time during an exercise bout. Future research should establish the relationship between performance and cognitive processes. © 2017, © 2017 International Society of Sport Psychology.
- Authors: Whitehead, Amy , Jones, Hollie , Williams, Emily , Dowling, Christopher , Morley, David , Taylor, Jamie , Polman, Remco
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology Vol. 17, no. 3 (2019), p. 266-274
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objectives: This study investigated cognitions of cyclists during a competitive time trial (TT) event using Think Aloud (TA) protocol analysis. Design: Single group, observational design. Method: Fifteen male and three female cyclists from the North West of England verbalised their thoughts throughout an outdoor competitive 16.1 km cycling TT (Level 2 TA). Verbalisations were recorded using iVue Horizon 1080P camera glasses. Data were transcribed verbatim, analysed using deductive content analysis and grouped into themes: (i) Pain And Discomfort (Fatigue, Pain), (ii) External Feedback (Time, Speed, Heart Rate), (iii) Environment (Surroundings, Traffic and Other Cyclists), and (iv) Pace and Distance (Pace, Distance). The number of verbalisations within each theme was analysed by distance quartile using Friedman tests to examine changes in cognitions over time. Results: Associative themes, including Fatigue and Pain, were verbalised more frequently in the earlier stages of the TT and less in the final quartile, whereas verbalisations about Distance significantly increased in the last quartile. Conclusions: This study demonstrates how a novel data collection method can capture in-event cognitions of endurance athletes. It provides an important extension to previous literature, showing how individuals may process and attend to information over time during an exercise bout. Future research should establish the relationship between performance and cognitive processes. © 2017, © 2017 International Society of Sport Psychology.
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