Parasitic infections of the central nervous system
- Authors: Mathison, Blaine , Bradbury, Richard
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Molecular Medical Microbiology, Third Edition Chapter 159 p. 3135-3177
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Parasites are an uncommon cause of infections of the human central nervous system (CNS). When they do cause CNS infections; however, the results can be detrimental and as such, an accurate diagnosis needs to be made as soon as possible so treatment can be initiated. This chapter covers the taxonomy, biology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathology, treatment, and diagnosis of parasites of the CNS, with an emphasis on molecular detection and identification. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The diagnosis of human and companion animal Strongyloides stercoralis infection : challenges and solutions. A scoping review
- Authors: Buonfrate, Dora , Tamarozzi, Francesca , Paradies, Paola , Watts, Matthew , Bradbury, Richard , Bisoffi, Zweno
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Advances in Parasitology: Advances in Automated Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasites of Animals and Humans Chapter 1 p. 1-84
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Strongyloidiasis is the infection caused by soil-transmitted nematodes of Strongyloides species, infecting humans and some animals. Strongyloides stercoralis is the species with most clinical and epidemiological relevance in humans and dogs, due to its high prevalence and its capacity of inducing a life-threatening hyperinfection. Diagnosis of strongyloidiasis is challenging, due to the absence of a single reference standard test with high sensitivity and specificity, which also hampers the estimation of the accuracy of other diagnostic tests. In this chapter, we review the deployment and performance of the parasitological, immunological, molecular tests for the diagnosis of strongyloidiasis in humans and in dogs. Further, we comment the available evidence from genotyping studies that have addressed the zoonotic potential of S. stercoralis. Finally, we discuss the use of different diagnostic methods in relation to the purpose (i.e., screening, individual diagnosis, inclusion in a clinical trial) and the setting (endemic/non-endemic areas) and report the accuracy figures reported by systematic reviews on either parasitological, serological or molecular techniques published in literature. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
Foodborne Trematode Infections
- Authors: Sapp, Sarah , Guagliardo, Sarah , Bradbury, Richard
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Maxcy-Rosenau-last public health & preventive medicine Chapter 129 p. 1398-1406
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
Hookworm Infection : Necatoriasis and Ancylostomiasis
- Authors: Bradbury, Richard
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Maxcy-Rosenau-last public health & preventive medicine Chapter 125 p. 1363-1369
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
HTLV-I and strongyloides in Australia : the worm lurking beneath
- Authors: Gordon, Catherine , Shield, Jennifer , Bradbury, Richard , Muhi, Stephen , Page, Wendy
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Advances in Parasitology p. 119-201
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Strongyloidiasis and HTLV-I (human T-lymphotropic virus-1) are important infections that are endemic in many countries around the world with an estimated 370 million infected with Strongyloides stercoralis alone, and 5–10 million with HTVL-I. Co-infections with these pathogens are associated with significant morbidity and can be fatal. HTLV-I infects T-cells thus causing dysregulation of the immune system which has been linked to dissemination and hyperinfection of S. stercoralis leading to bacterial sepsis which can result in death. Both of these pathogens are endemic in Australia primarily in remote communities in Queensland, the Northern Territory, and Western Australia. Other cases in Australia have occurred in immigrants and refugees, returned travellers, and Australian Defence Force personnel. HTLV-I infection is lifelong with no known cure. Strongyloidiasis is a long-term chronic disease that can remain latent for decades, as shown by infections diagnosed in prisoners of war from World War II and the Vietnam War testing positive decades after they returned from these conflicts. This review aims to shed light on concomitant infections of HTLV-I with S. stercoralis primarily in Australia but in the global context as well. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. *Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 5 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Richard Bradbury" is provided in this record**
Intestinal Nematode Infections
- Authors: Bradbury, Richard , Sapp, Sarah , Kamb, Mary , Hotez, Peter
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Maxcy-Rosenau-last public health & preventive medicine Chapter 126 p. 1370-1379
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
Schistosomiasis
- Authors: Bradbury, Richard , Secor, William
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Maxcy-Rosenau-last public health & preventive medicine Chapter 128 p. 1391-1397
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
Taeniasis and Cysticercosis
- Authors: Sapp, Sarah , Guagliardo, Sarah , Bradbury, Richard
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Maxcy-Rosenau-last public health & preventive medicine Chapter 130 p. 1407-1411
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
Tissue Nematodes
- Authors: Sapp, Sarah , Bradbury, Richard
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Maxcy-Rosenau-last public health & preventive medicine Chapter 127 p. 1380-1390
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
Vector-Borne Filariases
- Authors: Bradbury, Richard , Cantey, Paul , Won, Kimberly , DuBray, Christine
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Maxcy-Rosenau-last public health & preventive medicine Chapter 124 p. 1353-1362
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
Zoonotic Cestodes
- Authors: Sapp, Sarah , Bradbury, Richard
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Maxcy-Rosenau-last public health & preventive medicine Chapter 131 p. 1412-1420
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
Ascariasis
- Authors: Bradbury, Richard , Kamb, M.
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Control of Communicable Diseases, Clinical Practice p. 56-59
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
Control of Communicable Diseases: Clinical Practice
- Authors: Bradbury, Richard
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Control of Communicable Diseases Clinical Practice p. 331-334
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
Hookworm
- Authors: Bradbury, Richard , Kamb, M.
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Control of Communicable Diseases, Clinical Practice p. 331-334
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
Larva Migrans
- Authors: Sapp, S. , Bradbury, Richard
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Control of Communicable Diseases, Clinical Practice p. 366-378
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
Toxocara seroprevalence in the USA and its impact for individuals and society
- Authors: Bradbury, Richard , Hobbs, Charlotte
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Advances in Parasitology p. 317-339
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Toxocara species are intestinal helminths of dogs and cats, the larval stages of which may infect humans and cause severe neural, ocular and visceral larva migrans disease. Such cases of severe overt disease represent only a small fraction of the of the US population who have been exposed and infected with Toxocara, subsequently developing IgG antibodies to the larvae. The true impact of exposure to Toxocara in this large group of Americans remains uncertain. Toxocara antibody positivity is associated with poverty, but other specific risk factors have been identified, including sex, age, rural residence, region of residence, race and exposure to pets. This seropositive status has also been associated with several childhood diseases, including asthma and epilepsy, increased serum lead levels, and poor neurocognitive function. Three large-scale NHANES studies have provided comprehensive datasets, while several smaller studies have explored specific disease associations. Each seroprevalence study must be interpreted in consideration of the sensitivity and specificity of the individual serological methods employed. This chapter summarizes all historical Toxocara prevalence data from dogs, cats and soil in the United States. It then carefully examines all previous human Toxocara seroprevalence surveys performed in the United States. Data from these surveys is assimilated, compared and discussed to determine the validity of findings and to accurately identify risk factors for Toxocara seropositivity. The validity of associations of exposure to Toxocara larvae and childhood diseases such as asthma and epilepsy and effects neurocognitive function within the American context are also explored. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
Trichuriasis
- Authors: Bradbury, Richard , Kamb, M.
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Control of Communicable Diseases, Clinical Practice p. 692-694
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
Hookworm Infection in Oceania
- Authors: Bradbury, Richard , Traub, Rebecca
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Neglected Tropical Diseases - Oceania Chapter 2 p. 33-68
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Hookworm disease and its associated morbidities continue to be a major public health problem in many tropical and subtropical nations and remain endemic throughout the Oceania region. Three species of hookworm cause patent infection in humans in this region: Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale and Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Historical hookworm infection rates of up to 90 % throughout many parts of Oceania have significantly declined; however, the disease remains a major problem requiring ongoing public health intervention. The effectiveness of such interventions is evident in northern Australia, where once widespread hookworm disease is now limited to a few remaining endemic foci of isolated communities in the far north of the country. Outside of Australia, there is limited data available in the literature on hookworm prevalence, but a few recent (since 2000) studies have found hookworm prevalence rates of between 3 and 23 %. Infections with A. caninum, leading to eosinophilic enteritis, and sporadic cases cutaneous larva migrans caused by dermal migration of animal hookworm larva are also reported from several regions. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of both the historical and current literature on species of hookworms infecting humans and the geographical prevalence and distribution of hookworm disease in the Oceania region.