Individual-specific relationship between external training and match load and creatine-kinase response in youth national team soccer players
- Schuth, Gabor, Szigeti, Gyorgy, Dobreff, Gergely, Pasic, Alija, Gabbett, Tim, Szilas, Adam, Pavlik, Gabor
- Authors: Schuth, Gabor , Szigeti, Gyorgy , Dobreff, Gergely , Pasic, Alija , Gabbett, Tim , Szilas, Adam , Pavlik, Gabor
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Sports Health Vol. 15, no. 5 (2023), p. 700-709
- Full Text:
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- Description: Background: Previous studies have examined the relationship between external load and creatine-kinase (CK) response at the team level. This study aimed to build individualized CK prediction models for elite youth national team soccer players. Hypothesis: The CK response of youth soccer players can be categorized as being sensitive to micromovements (MM), high-velocity (HV) parameters, or the combination of both, measured during training sessions and matches. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: A total of 25 U16-U17 youth national team soccer players were monitored during training sessions and matches using global positioning system (GPS) units. Individual CK values were measured every morning from whole blood. The data set consisted of 57 ± 17 individual datapoints per player. Individual prediction models were used to examine the relationship between external load and consecutive CK changes. Numerous models were built for each player using MM, HV parameters, or the combination of both. The performance of the models was described by the R2 and the root mean square error (RMSE, U/l for CK values). Results: The MM models were superior for 8 players (R2 = 0.68; RMSE = 113 U/l), followed by HV (8 players; R2 = 0.69; RMSE = 88 U/l) and the combined models (2 players; R2 = 0.64; RMSE = 141 U/l). For the remaining 7 players, the R2 of the models was <0.5. The recovery time between efforts was more important in the HV model. Conclusion: Players could be categorized on sensitivity to MM, HV movements, or the combination of both. Clinical Relevance: These findings can be used to individualize postmatch recovery strategies and to optimize weekly training periodization to maximize match performance. © 2022 The Author(s).
- Authors: Schuth, Gabor , Szigeti, Gyorgy , Dobreff, Gergely , Pasic, Alija , Gabbett, Tim , Szilas, Adam , Pavlik, Gabor
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Sports Health Vol. 15, no. 5 (2023), p. 700-709
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Previous studies have examined the relationship between external load and creatine-kinase (CK) response at the team level. This study aimed to build individualized CK prediction models for elite youth national team soccer players. Hypothesis: The CK response of youth soccer players can be categorized as being sensitive to micromovements (MM), high-velocity (HV) parameters, or the combination of both, measured during training sessions and matches. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: A total of 25 U16-U17 youth national team soccer players were monitored during training sessions and matches using global positioning system (GPS) units. Individual CK values were measured every morning from whole blood. The data set consisted of 57 ± 17 individual datapoints per player. Individual prediction models were used to examine the relationship between external load and consecutive CK changes. Numerous models were built for each player using MM, HV parameters, or the combination of both. The performance of the models was described by the R2 and the root mean square error (RMSE, U/l for CK values). Results: The MM models were superior for 8 players (R2 = 0.68; RMSE = 113 U/l), followed by HV (8 players; R2 = 0.69; RMSE = 88 U/l) and the combined models (2 players; R2 = 0.64; RMSE = 141 U/l). For the remaining 7 players, the R2 of the models was <0.5. The recovery time between efforts was more important in the HV model. Conclusion: Players could be categorized on sensitivity to MM, HV movements, or the combination of both. Clinical Relevance: These findings can be used to individualize postmatch recovery strategies and to optimize weekly training periodization to maximize match performance. © 2022 The Author(s).
A validated injury surveillance and monitoring tool for fast jet aircrew: Translating sports medicine paradigms to a military population
- Wallace, James, Osmotherly, Peter, Gabbett, Tim, Spratford, Wayne, Niyonsenga, Theo, Newman, Phil
- Authors: Wallace, James , Osmotherly, Peter , Gabbett, Tim , Spratford, Wayne , Niyonsenga, Theo , Newman, Phil
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Sports medicine - open Vol. 8, no. 1 (2022), p.
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- Description: Background Military populations, including fast jet aircrew (FJA - aka fighter aircrew/pilots), commonly suffer from musculoskeletal complaints, which reduce performance and operational capability. Valid surveillance tools and agreed recordable injury definitions are lacking. Our objective was to develop and then evaluate the validity of a musculoskeletal complaints surveillance and monitoring tool for FJA. Methods A Delphi study with international experts sought consensus on recordable injury definitions and important content for use in a surveillance and monitoring tool for FJA. Using these results and feedback from end-users (FJA), the University of Canberra Fast Jet Aircrew Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (UC-FJAMQ) was developed. Following its use with 306 Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) FJA over 4 × five-month reporting periods, validity of the UC-FJAMQ was evaluated via multi-level factor analysis (MFA) and compared with routine methods of injury surveillance. Results Consensus was achieved for: eight words/descriptors for defining a musculoskeletal complaint six definitions of recordable injury and 14 domains important for determining overall severity. The UC-FJAMQ was developed and refined. MFA identified three distinct dimensions within the 11 items used to determine severity: operational capability, symptoms, and care-seeking. MFA further highlighted that symptom severity and seeking medical attention were poor indicators of the impact musculoskeletal complaints have upon operational capability. One hundred and fifty-two episodes of time loss were identified, with the UC-FJAMQ identifying 79% of these, while routine methods identified 49%. Despite modest weekly reporting rates (61%), the UC-FJAMQ outperformed routine surveillance methods. Conclusions The UC-FJAMQ was developed to specifically address the complexities of injury surveillance with FJA, which are similar to those noted in other military and sporting populations. The results demonstrated the UC-FJAMQ to be sensitive and valid within a large group of FJA over 4 × five-month reporting periods. Adoption of consistent, sensitive, and valid surveillance methods will strengthen the FJA injury prevention literature, ultimately enhancing their health, performance, and operational capability.
- Authors: Wallace, James , Osmotherly, Peter , Gabbett, Tim , Spratford, Wayne , Niyonsenga, Theo , Newman, Phil
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Sports medicine - open Vol. 8, no. 1 (2022), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background Military populations, including fast jet aircrew (FJA - aka fighter aircrew/pilots), commonly suffer from musculoskeletal complaints, which reduce performance and operational capability. Valid surveillance tools and agreed recordable injury definitions are lacking. Our objective was to develop and then evaluate the validity of a musculoskeletal complaints surveillance and monitoring tool for FJA. Methods A Delphi study with international experts sought consensus on recordable injury definitions and important content for use in a surveillance and monitoring tool for FJA. Using these results and feedback from end-users (FJA), the University of Canberra Fast Jet Aircrew Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (UC-FJAMQ) was developed. Following its use with 306 Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) FJA over 4 × five-month reporting periods, validity of the UC-FJAMQ was evaluated via multi-level factor analysis (MFA) and compared with routine methods of injury surveillance. Results Consensus was achieved for: eight words/descriptors for defining a musculoskeletal complaint six definitions of recordable injury and 14 domains important for determining overall severity. The UC-FJAMQ was developed and refined. MFA identified three distinct dimensions within the 11 items used to determine severity: operational capability, symptoms, and care-seeking. MFA further highlighted that symptom severity and seeking medical attention were poor indicators of the impact musculoskeletal complaints have upon operational capability. One hundred and fifty-two episodes of time loss were identified, with the UC-FJAMQ identifying 79% of these, while routine methods identified 49%. Despite modest weekly reporting rates (61%), the UC-FJAMQ outperformed routine surveillance methods. Conclusions The UC-FJAMQ was developed to specifically address the complexities of injury surveillance with FJA, which are similar to those noted in other military and sporting populations. The results demonstrated the UC-FJAMQ to be sensitive and valid within a large group of FJA over 4 × five-month reporting periods. Adoption of consistent, sensitive, and valid surveillance methods will strengthen the FJA injury prevention literature, ultimately enhancing their health, performance, and operational capability.
Quantification of training load relative to match load of youth national team soccer players
- Szigeti, Gyorgy, Schuth, Gabor, Revisnyei, Peter, Pasic, Alija, Szilas, Adam, Gabbett, Tim, Pavlik, Gabor
- Authors: Szigeti, Gyorgy , Schuth, Gabor , Revisnyei, Peter , Pasic, Alija , Szilas, Adam , Gabbett, Tim , Pavlik, Gabor
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Sports Health Vol. 14, no. 1 (2022), p. 84-91
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- Description: Background: Previous studies have examined the training load relative to match load in club settings. The aims of this study were to (1) quantify the external training load relative to match load in days before a subsequent international game and (2) examine the cumulative training load in relation to match load of U-17 national team field soccer players. Hypothesis: Volume and intensity load parameters will vary between trainings; the farthermost trainings have the highest load gradually decreasing toward the match. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: External training load data were collected from 84 youth national team players using global positioning technology between 2016 and 2020. In the national team setting, training load data were obtained from 3 days before the actual match day (MD-3, MD-2, MD-1 days) and analyzed with regard to the number of days up to the game. Volume and intensity parameters were calculated as a percentage of the subsequent match load. Results: Significant differences were found between MD-1 and MD-2, as well as between MD-1 and MD-3 for most volume parameters (P < 0.01; effect sizes [ESs] 0.68-0.99) and high-intensity distance (P < 0.002; ES 0.67 and 0.73) and maximum velocity (P < 0.002; ES 0.82) as intensity parameters. Most cumulative values were significantly different from total duration (P < 0.001, common language ES 0.80-0.96). Conclusion: The training volume gradually decreased as match day approached, with the highest volume occurring on MD-3. Intensity variables, such as maximum velocity, high-intensity accelerations, and meterage per minute were larger in MD-1 training relative to match load. Training volume was lowest in MD-1 trainings and highest in MD-3 trainings; intensity however varies between training days. Clinical Relevance: The findings of this study may help to understand the special preparational demands of international matches, highlighting the role of decreased training volume and increased intensity. © 2021 The Author(s).
- Authors: Szigeti, Gyorgy , Schuth, Gabor , Revisnyei, Peter , Pasic, Alija , Szilas, Adam , Gabbett, Tim , Pavlik, Gabor
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Sports Health Vol. 14, no. 1 (2022), p. 84-91
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Previous studies have examined the training load relative to match load in club settings. The aims of this study were to (1) quantify the external training load relative to match load in days before a subsequent international game and (2) examine the cumulative training load in relation to match load of U-17 national team field soccer players. Hypothesis: Volume and intensity load parameters will vary between trainings; the farthermost trainings have the highest load gradually decreasing toward the match. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: External training load data were collected from 84 youth national team players using global positioning technology between 2016 and 2020. In the national team setting, training load data were obtained from 3 days before the actual match day (MD-3, MD-2, MD-1 days) and analyzed with regard to the number of days up to the game. Volume and intensity parameters were calculated as a percentage of the subsequent match load. Results: Significant differences were found between MD-1 and MD-2, as well as between MD-1 and MD-3 for most volume parameters (P < 0.01; effect sizes [ESs] 0.68-0.99) and high-intensity distance (P < 0.002; ES 0.67 and 0.73) and maximum velocity (P < 0.002; ES 0.82) as intensity parameters. Most cumulative values were significantly different from total duration (P < 0.001, common language ES 0.80-0.96). Conclusion: The training volume gradually decreased as match day approached, with the highest volume occurring on MD-3. Intensity variables, such as maximum velocity, high-intensity accelerations, and meterage per minute were larger in MD-1 training relative to match load. Training volume was lowest in MD-1 trainings and highest in MD-3 trainings; intensity however varies between training days. Clinical Relevance: The findings of this study may help to understand the special preparational demands of international matches, highlighting the role of decreased training volume and increased intensity. © 2021 The Author(s).
A 90 minute soccer match induces eccentric hamstring muscles fatigue
- Kakavas, Georgios, Malliaropoulos, Nikos, Gabbett, Tim, Mitrotasios, Michalis, Van Dyk, Nicol, Bikos, Georgios, Maffulli, Nicola
- Authors: Kakavas, Georgios , Malliaropoulos, Nikos , Gabbett, Tim , Mitrotasios, Michalis , Van Dyk, Nicol , Bikos, Georgios , Maffulli, Nicola
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal Vol. 11, no. 2 (2021), p. 318-323
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- Description: Background/Purpose of the study. Hamstring injuries are the most prevalent muscle injuries in both amateur and professional soccer (football) players. Eccentric strength deficits and muscle strength imbalances have been associated with an increased risk of muscle injuries. The current study is a non-randomised observational study investigating whether fatigue significantly reduces peak eccentric strength of the hamstring muscle group. Methods. Twenty-two right leg dominant professional football players participated in this study. None were injured or were rehabilitating from an injury at the time of testing. The eccentric strength of the hamstring muscles was determined using the Nordic exercise on a Norbord device prior to a 90 minute soccer match and after its end. Results. There was a significant decrease in eccentric strength at the end of the match (before the match: M = 306.91, SD = 59.26; after the match: Mean = 277.77 ± SD = 60.35 p =.000, Cohen’s d =.50). The imbalance in eccentric hamstring muscle strength between dominant and non-dominant limb before the match remained unchanged after its end. Conclusions. A professional football match significantly impacts on the ability of players to produce high speed eccentric strength in the hamstring muscle groups. Resistance to fatigue and eccentric strength, particularly at high speeds, are considerable factors in conditioning of professional soccer players. Eccentric muscle strength fatigue of the hamstring muscle group after a 90 min soccer match may provide a possible explanation for the greater risk of hamstring injuries under fatigue conditions. © 2021, CIC Edizioni Internazionali s.r.l.. All rights reserved.
- Authors: Kakavas, Georgios , Malliaropoulos, Nikos , Gabbett, Tim , Mitrotasios, Michalis , Van Dyk, Nicol , Bikos, Georgios , Maffulli, Nicola
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal Vol. 11, no. 2 (2021), p. 318-323
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background/Purpose of the study. Hamstring injuries are the most prevalent muscle injuries in both amateur and professional soccer (football) players. Eccentric strength deficits and muscle strength imbalances have been associated with an increased risk of muscle injuries. The current study is a non-randomised observational study investigating whether fatigue significantly reduces peak eccentric strength of the hamstring muscle group. Methods. Twenty-two right leg dominant professional football players participated in this study. None were injured or were rehabilitating from an injury at the time of testing. The eccentric strength of the hamstring muscles was determined using the Nordic exercise on a Norbord device prior to a 90 minute soccer match and after its end. Results. There was a significant decrease in eccentric strength at the end of the match (before the match: M = 306.91, SD = 59.26; after the match: Mean = 277.77 ± SD = 60.35 p =.000, Cohen’s d =.50). The imbalance in eccentric hamstring muscle strength between dominant and non-dominant limb before the match remained unchanged after its end. Conclusions. A professional football match significantly impacts on the ability of players to produce high speed eccentric strength in the hamstring muscle groups. Resistance to fatigue and eccentric strength, particularly at high speeds, are considerable factors in conditioning of professional soccer players. Eccentric muscle strength fatigue of the hamstring muscle group after a 90 min soccer match may provide a possible explanation for the greater risk of hamstring injuries under fatigue conditions. © 2021, CIC Edizioni Internazionali s.r.l.. All rights reserved.
Factors influencing creatine kinase response in youth national team soccer players
- Schuth, Gabor, Szigeti, Gyorgy, Dobreff, Gergely, Revisnyei, Peter, Pasic, Alija, Toka, Laszlo, Gabbett, Tim, Pavlik, Gabor
- Authors: Schuth, Gabor , Szigeti, Gyorgy , Dobreff, Gergely , Revisnyei, Peter , Pasic, Alija , Toka, Laszlo , Gabbett, Tim , Pavlik, Gabor
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Sports Health Vol. 13, no. 4 (2021), p. 332-340
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- Description: Background: Previous studies have examined the relationship between external training load and creatine kinase (CK) response after soccer matches in adults. This study aimed to build training- and match-specific CK prediction models for elite youth national team soccer players. Hypothesis: Training and match load will have different effects on the CK response of elite youth soccer players, and there will be position-specific differences in the most influential external and internal load parameters on the CK response. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: Forty-one U16-U17 youth national team soccer players were measured over an 18-month period. Training and match load were monitored with global positioning system devices. Individual CK values were measured from whole blood every morning in training camps. The dataset consisted of 1563 data points. Clustered prediction models were used to examine the relationship between external/internal load and consecutive CK changes. Clusters were built based on the playing position and activity type. The performance of the linear regression models was described by the R2 and the root-mean-square error (RMSE, U/L for CK values). Results: The prediction models fitted similarly during games and training sessions (R2 = 0.38-0.88 vs 0.6-0.77), but there were large differences based on playing positions. In contrast, the accuracy of the models was better during training sessions (RMSE = 81-135 vs 79-209 U/L). Position-specific differences were also found in the external and internal load parameters, which best explained the CK changes. Conclusion: The relationship between external/internal load parameters and CK changes are position specific and might depend on the type of session (training or match). Morning CK values also contributed to the next day’s CK values. Clinical Relevance: The relationship between position-specific external/internal load and CK changes can be used to individualize postmatch recovery strategies and weekly training periodization with a view to optimize match performance. © 2021 The Author(s).
- Authors: Schuth, Gabor , Szigeti, Gyorgy , Dobreff, Gergely , Revisnyei, Peter , Pasic, Alija , Toka, Laszlo , Gabbett, Tim , Pavlik, Gabor
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Sports Health Vol. 13, no. 4 (2021), p. 332-340
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Previous studies have examined the relationship between external training load and creatine kinase (CK) response after soccer matches in adults. This study aimed to build training- and match-specific CK prediction models for elite youth national team soccer players. Hypothesis: Training and match load will have different effects on the CK response of elite youth soccer players, and there will be position-specific differences in the most influential external and internal load parameters on the CK response. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: Forty-one U16-U17 youth national team soccer players were measured over an 18-month period. Training and match load were monitored with global positioning system devices. Individual CK values were measured from whole blood every morning in training camps. The dataset consisted of 1563 data points. Clustered prediction models were used to examine the relationship between external/internal load and consecutive CK changes. Clusters were built based on the playing position and activity type. The performance of the linear regression models was described by the R2 and the root-mean-square error (RMSE, U/L for CK values). Results: The prediction models fitted similarly during games and training sessions (R2 = 0.38-0.88 vs 0.6-0.77), but there were large differences based on playing positions. In contrast, the accuracy of the models was better during training sessions (RMSE = 81-135 vs 79-209 U/L). Position-specific differences were also found in the external and internal load parameters, which best explained the CK changes. Conclusion: The relationship between external/internal load parameters and CK changes are position specific and might depend on the type of session (training or match). Morning CK values also contributed to the next day’s CK values. Clinical Relevance: The relationship between position-specific external/internal load and CK changes can be used to individualize postmatch recovery strategies and weekly training periodization with a view to optimize match performance. © 2021 The Author(s).
Match high-speed running distances are often suppressed after return from hamstring strain injury in professional footballers
- Whiteley, Rodney, Massey, Andrew, Gabbett, Tim, Blanch, Peter, Cameron, Matthew, Conlan, Greta, Ford, Matthew, Williams, Morgan
- Authors: Whiteley, Rodney , Massey, Andrew , Gabbett, Tim , Blanch, Peter , Cameron, Matthew , Conlan, Greta , Ford, Matthew , Williams, Morgan
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Sports Health Vol. 13, no. 3 (2021), p. 290-295
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- Description: Background: High-speed running is commonly implicated in the genesis of hamstring injury. The success of hamstring injury management is typically quantified by the duration of time loss or reinjury rate. These metrics do not consider any loss in performance after returning to play from hamstring injury. It is not known to what extent high-speed running is altered on return to play after such injury. Hypothesis: Match high-speed running distance will change after returning from hamstring injury. Study Design: Non-randomized cohort. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Match high-speed running distance in highest level professional football (soccer, Rugby League, Rugby Union, and Australian Rules) were examined for a minimum of 5 games prior and subsequent to hamstring strain injury for individual differences using a linear regression models approach. A total of 22 injuries in 15 players were available for analysis. Results: Preinjury cumulative high-speed running distances were strongly correlated for each individual (r2 = 0.92-1.0 P < 0.0001). Pre- and postinjury high-speed running data were available for a median of 15 matches (range, 6-15). Variance from the preinjury high-speed running distance was significantly less (P = 0.0005) than the post injury values suggesting a suppression of high-speed running distance after returning from injury. On return to play, 7 of the 15 players showed a sustained absolute reduction in preinjury high-speed running distance, 7 showed no change, and 1 player (only) showed an increase. Analysis of subsequent (second and third injury) return to play showed no differences to return from the index injury. Conclusion: Return to play was not associated with return to high-speed running performance for nearly half of the players examined, although the same number showed no difference. Persisting deficits in match high-speed running may exist for many players after hamstring strain injury. Clinical Relevance: Returning to play does not mean returning to (high-speed running) performance for nearly half of the high-level professional football players examined in this study. This suggests that successful return to play metrics should be expanded from simple time taken and recurrence to include performance.
- Authors: Whiteley, Rodney , Massey, Andrew , Gabbett, Tim , Blanch, Peter , Cameron, Matthew , Conlan, Greta , Ford, Matthew , Williams, Morgan
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Sports Health Vol. 13, no. 3 (2021), p. 290-295
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: High-speed running is commonly implicated in the genesis of hamstring injury. The success of hamstring injury management is typically quantified by the duration of time loss or reinjury rate. These metrics do not consider any loss in performance after returning to play from hamstring injury. It is not known to what extent high-speed running is altered on return to play after such injury. Hypothesis: Match high-speed running distance will change after returning from hamstring injury. Study Design: Non-randomized cohort. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Match high-speed running distance in highest level professional football (soccer, Rugby League, Rugby Union, and Australian Rules) were examined for a minimum of 5 games prior and subsequent to hamstring strain injury for individual differences using a linear regression models approach. A total of 22 injuries in 15 players were available for analysis. Results: Preinjury cumulative high-speed running distances were strongly correlated for each individual (r2 = 0.92-1.0 P < 0.0001). Pre- and postinjury high-speed running data were available for a median of 15 matches (range, 6-15). Variance from the preinjury high-speed running distance was significantly less (P = 0.0005) than the post injury values suggesting a suppression of high-speed running distance after returning from injury. On return to play, 7 of the 15 players showed a sustained absolute reduction in preinjury high-speed running distance, 7 showed no change, and 1 player (only) showed an increase. Analysis of subsequent (second and third injury) return to play showed no differences to return from the index injury. Conclusion: Return to play was not associated with return to high-speed running performance for nearly half of the players examined, although the same number showed no difference. Persisting deficits in match high-speed running may exist for many players after hamstring strain injury. Clinical Relevance: Returning to play does not mean returning to (high-speed running) performance for nearly half of the high-level professional football players examined in this study. This suggests that successful return to play metrics should be expanded from simple time taken and recurrence to include performance.
Match-play running demands and technical performance among elite gaelic footballers : does divisional status count?
- McGahan, Jason, Mangan, Shane, Collins, Kieran, Burns, Con, Gabbett, Tim, O'Neill, Cian
- Authors: McGahan, Jason , Mangan, Shane , Collins, Kieran , Burns, Con , Gabbett, Tim , O'Neill, Cian
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 35, no. 1 (2021), p. 169-175
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- Description: The aim of the current study was to compare positional differences in running demands and technical performance variables among elite Gaelic football teams from separate divisions. Data were obtained from a division 1 (26.7 ± 2.9 years, 179.2 ± 21.3 cm, 89.9 ± 21.2 kg) and a division 3 (25.7 ± 3.5 years, 183.0 ± 4.7 cm, 84.4 ± 6.5 kg) team. Match-play running variables were collected using 4-Hz global positioning system (GPS) units (VX Sport; Visuallex Sport, Lower Hutt, New Zealand) (Match data sets; division 1: n = 107, division 3: n = 97). Selected variables assessed were high-speed running distance (HSR) (
- Authors: McGahan, Jason , Mangan, Shane , Collins, Kieran , Burns, Con , Gabbett, Tim , O'Neill, Cian
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 35, no. 1 (2021), p. 169-175
- Full Text:
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- Description: The aim of the current study was to compare positional differences in running demands and technical performance variables among elite Gaelic football teams from separate divisions. Data were obtained from a division 1 (26.7 ± 2.9 years, 179.2 ± 21.3 cm, 89.9 ± 21.2 kg) and a division 3 (25.7 ± 3.5 years, 183.0 ± 4.7 cm, 84.4 ± 6.5 kg) team. Match-play running variables were collected using 4-Hz global positioning system (GPS) units (VX Sport; Visuallex Sport, Lower Hutt, New Zealand) (Match data sets; division 1: n = 107, division 3: n = 97). Selected variables assessed were high-speed running distance (HSR) (
Investigation in to the positional running demands of elite gaelic football players : how competition data can inform training practice
- McGahan, Jason, Burns, Con, Lacey, Sean, Gabbett, Tim, O'Neil, Cian
- Authors: McGahan, Jason , Burns, Con , Lacey, Sean , Gabbett, Tim , O'Neil, Cian
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 34, no. 7 (2020), p. 2040-2047
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- Description: This study investigated the positional running demands of elite Gaelic football players during match play and compared these demands with typical training activities used to prepare players for competition. Global positioning system (GPS) data were obtained from 30 elite Gaelic football players (26.9 ± 3.5 years, 182.8 ± 6.1 cm, 84.6 ± 8.1 kg) across a full season (13 competitive games and 78 training sessions). Only players who completed the full match and respective training sessions were included (n = 107 match files and n = 1,603 training files). Data were collected using 4-Hz GPS units (VX Sport, Lower Hutt, New Zealand). Mean high speed (
- Authors: McGahan, Jason , Burns, Con , Lacey, Sean , Gabbett, Tim , O'Neil, Cian
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 34, no. 7 (2020), p. 2040-2047
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This study investigated the positional running demands of elite Gaelic football players during match play and compared these demands with typical training activities used to prepare players for competition. Global positioning system (GPS) data were obtained from 30 elite Gaelic football players (26.9 ± 3.5 years, 182.8 ± 6.1 cm, 84.6 ± 8.1 kg) across a full season (13 competitive games and 78 training sessions). Only players who completed the full match and respective training sessions were included (n = 107 match files and n = 1,603 training files). Data were collected using 4-Hz GPS units (VX Sport, Lower Hutt, New Zealand). Mean high speed (
The training-performance puzzle : how can the past inform future training directions?
- Authors: Gabbett, Tim
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Athletic Training Vol. 55, no. 9 (2020), p. 874-884
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- Description: Over the past 20 years, research on the training-load-injury relationship has grown exponentially. With the benefit of more data, our understanding of the training-performance puzzle has improved. What were we thinking 20 years ago, and how has our thinking changed over time? Although early investigators attributed overuse injuries to excessive training loads, it has become clear that rapid spikes in training load, above what an athlete is accustomed, explain (at least in part) a large proportion of injuries. In this respect, it appears that overuse injuries may arise from athletes being underprepared for the load they are about to perform. However, a question of interest to both athletic trainers (ATs) and researchers is why some athletes sustain injury at low training loads, while others can tolerate much greater training loads? A higher chronic training load and well-developed aerobic fitness and lower body strength appear to moderate the training-injury relationship and provide a protective effect against spikes in load. The training-performance puzzle is complex and dynamic-at any given time, multiple inputs to injury and performance exist. The challenge facing researchers is obtaining large enough longitudinal data sets to capture the time-varying nature of physiological and musculoskeletal capacities and training-load data to adequately inform injury-prevention efforts. The training-performance puzzle can be solved, but it will take collaboration between researchers and clinicians as well as an understanding that efficacy (ie, how training load affects performance and injury in an idealized or controlled setting) does not equate to effectiveness (ie, how training load affects performance and injury in the real-world setting, where many variables cannot be controlled). © by the National Athletic Trainers' Association, Inc www.natajournals.org
- Authors: Gabbett, Tim
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Athletic Training Vol. 55, no. 9 (2020), p. 874-884
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- Description: Over the past 20 years, research on the training-load-injury relationship has grown exponentially. With the benefit of more data, our understanding of the training-performance puzzle has improved. What were we thinking 20 years ago, and how has our thinking changed over time? Although early investigators attributed overuse injuries to excessive training loads, it has become clear that rapid spikes in training load, above what an athlete is accustomed, explain (at least in part) a large proportion of injuries. In this respect, it appears that overuse injuries may arise from athletes being underprepared for the load they are about to perform. However, a question of interest to both athletic trainers (ATs) and researchers is why some athletes sustain injury at low training loads, while others can tolerate much greater training loads? A higher chronic training load and well-developed aerobic fitness and lower body strength appear to moderate the training-injury relationship and provide a protective effect against spikes in load. The training-performance puzzle is complex and dynamic-at any given time, multiple inputs to injury and performance exist. The challenge facing researchers is obtaining large enough longitudinal data sets to capture the time-varying nature of physiological and musculoskeletal capacities and training-load data to adequately inform injury-prevention efforts. The training-performance puzzle can be solved, but it will take collaboration between researchers and clinicians as well as an understanding that efficacy (ie, how training load affects performance and injury in an idealized or controlled setting) does not equate to effectiveness (ie, how training load affects performance and injury in the real-world setting, where many variables cannot be controlled). © by the National Athletic Trainers' Association, Inc www.natajournals.org
Training load and recovery during a pre-olympic season in professional rhythmic gymnasts
- Debien, Paula, Miloski, Bernardo, Werneck, Francisco, Timoteo, Thiago, Ferezin, Camila, Filho, Mauricio, Gabbett, Tim
- Authors: Debien, Paula , Miloski, Bernardo , Werneck, Francisco , Timoteo, Thiago , Ferezin, Camila , Filho, Mauricio , Gabbett, Tim
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Athletic Training Vol. 55, no. 9 (2020), p. 977-983
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- Description: Context: Rhythmic gymnastics requires a high level of complexity and perfection of technical gestures, associated with well-developed physical and artistic capacities. The training-load and recovery profiles of rhythmic gymnasts across a season are unknown. Objective: To analyze the training load and recovery of professional rhythmic gymnasts during 1 season. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Brazilian National Training Center of Rhythmic Gymnastics and competition facilities. Patients or Other Participants: Eight gymnasts from the Brazilian national senior rhythmic gymnastics group. Main Outcome Measure(s): Session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) and total quality recovery (TQR) scores were collected daily for 43 weeks. We obtained the session-RPE after each session and TQR score before the first session of the day. Performances during 5 competitions were also recorded. The season was divided into 8 periods. Total weekly internal training load (wITL), training intensity, frequency, duration, recovery, and acute: chronic workload ratio were calculated for analysis. Results: The season mean wITL was 10 381 6 4894 arbitrary units, mean session-RPE score was 5.0 6 1.6, and mean TQR score was 12.8 6 1.3. The gymnasts trained an average of 8.7 6 2.9 sessions per week, with a mean duration of 219 6 36 minutes. Each competitive period showed increased wITL compared with the previous period. Training-load variables (wITL and session-RPE) and recovery were inversely correlated. Gymnasts were poorly recovered (TQR, 13) during 50.9% of the season (n ¼ 167 times), especially during competitive weeks. Spikes in load (acute: chronic workload ratio ≥ 1.5) occurred across 18.1% of the season (n ¼ 55 times). Conclusions: The training-load variables and recovery changed throughout a professional rhythmic gymnastics group season, mainly during competitive periods. The correct distribution of training load is critical to ensure that gymnasts are entering competitions in a recovered state. © by the National Athletic Trainers' Association, Inc www.natajournals.org
- Authors: Debien, Paula , Miloski, Bernardo , Werneck, Francisco , Timoteo, Thiago , Ferezin, Camila , Filho, Mauricio , Gabbett, Tim
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Athletic Training Vol. 55, no. 9 (2020), p. 977-983
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Context: Rhythmic gymnastics requires a high level of complexity and perfection of technical gestures, associated with well-developed physical and artistic capacities. The training-load and recovery profiles of rhythmic gymnasts across a season are unknown. Objective: To analyze the training load and recovery of professional rhythmic gymnasts during 1 season. Design: Cohort study. Setting: Brazilian National Training Center of Rhythmic Gymnastics and competition facilities. Patients or Other Participants: Eight gymnasts from the Brazilian national senior rhythmic gymnastics group. Main Outcome Measure(s): Session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) and total quality recovery (TQR) scores were collected daily for 43 weeks. We obtained the session-RPE after each session and TQR score before the first session of the day. Performances during 5 competitions were also recorded. The season was divided into 8 periods. Total weekly internal training load (wITL), training intensity, frequency, duration, recovery, and acute: chronic workload ratio were calculated for analysis. Results: The season mean wITL was 10 381 6 4894 arbitrary units, mean session-RPE score was 5.0 6 1.6, and mean TQR score was 12.8 6 1.3. The gymnasts trained an average of 8.7 6 2.9 sessions per week, with a mean duration of 219 6 36 minutes. Each competitive period showed increased wITL compared with the previous period. Training-load variables (wITL and session-RPE) and recovery were inversely correlated. Gymnasts were poorly recovered (TQR, 13) during 50.9% of the season (n ¼ 167 times), especially during competitive weeks. Spikes in load (acute: chronic workload ratio ≥ 1.5) occurred across 18.1% of the season (n ¼ 55 times). Conclusions: The training-load variables and recovery changed throughout a professional rhythmic gymnastics group season, mainly during competitive periods. The correct distribution of training load is critical to ensure that gymnasts are entering competitions in a recovered state. © by the National Athletic Trainers' Association, Inc www.natajournals.org
Can the workload–injury relationship be moderated by improved strength, speed and repeated-sprint qualities?
- Malone, Shane, Hughes, Brian, Doran, Dominic, Collins, Kieran, Gabbett, Tim
- Authors: Malone, Shane , Hughes, Brian , Doran, Dominic , Collins, Kieran , Gabbett, Tim
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport Vol. 22, no. 1 (2019), p. 29-34
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- Description: Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate potential moderators (i.e. lower body strength, repeated-sprint ability [RSA] and maximal velocity) of injury risk within a team-sport cohort. Design: Observational cohort study. Methods: Forty male amateur hurling players (age: 26.2 ± 4.4 year, height: 184.2 ± 7.1 cm, mass: 82.6 ± 4.7 kg) were recruited. During a two-year period, workload (session RPE × duration), injury and physical qualities were assessed. Specific physical qualities assessed were a three-repetition maximum Trapbar deadlift, 6 × 35-m repeated-sprint (RSA) and 5-, 10- and 20-m sprint time. All derived workload and physical quality measures were modelled against injury data using regression analysis. Odds ratios (OR) were reported against a reference group. Results: Moderate weekly loads between ≥1400 AU and ≤1900 AU were protective against injury during both the pre-season (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.18–0.66) and in-season periods (OR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.37–0.82) compared to a low load reference group (≤1200 AU). When strength was considered as a moderator of injury risk, stronger athletes were better able to tolerate the given workload at a reduced risk. Stronger athletes were also better able to tolerate larger week-to-week changes (>550–1000 AU) in workload than weaker athletes (OR = 2.54–4.52). Athletes who were slower over 5-m (OR: 3.11, 95% CI: 2.33–3.87), 10-m (OR: 3.45, 95% CI: 2.11–4.13) and 20-m (OR: 3.12, 95% CI: 2.11–4.13) were at increased risk of injury compared to faster athletes. When repeated-sprint total time (RSAt) was considered as a moderator of injury risk at a given workload (≥1750 AU), athletes with better RSAt were at reduced risk compared to those with poor RSAt (OR: 5.55, 95%: 3.98–7.94). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that well-developed lower-body strength, RSA and speed are associated with better tolerance to higher workloads and reduced risk of injury in team-sport athletes. © 2018 Sports Medicine Australia
- Authors: Malone, Shane , Hughes, Brian , Doran, Dominic , Collins, Kieran , Gabbett, Tim
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport Vol. 22, no. 1 (2019), p. 29-34
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate potential moderators (i.e. lower body strength, repeated-sprint ability [RSA] and maximal velocity) of injury risk within a team-sport cohort. Design: Observational cohort study. Methods: Forty male amateur hurling players (age: 26.2 ± 4.4 year, height: 184.2 ± 7.1 cm, mass: 82.6 ± 4.7 kg) were recruited. During a two-year period, workload (session RPE × duration), injury and physical qualities were assessed. Specific physical qualities assessed were a three-repetition maximum Trapbar deadlift, 6 × 35-m repeated-sprint (RSA) and 5-, 10- and 20-m sprint time. All derived workload and physical quality measures were modelled against injury data using regression analysis. Odds ratios (OR) were reported against a reference group. Results: Moderate weekly loads between ≥1400 AU and ≤1900 AU were protective against injury during both the pre-season (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.18–0.66) and in-season periods (OR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.37–0.82) compared to a low load reference group (≤1200 AU). When strength was considered as a moderator of injury risk, stronger athletes were better able to tolerate the given workload at a reduced risk. Stronger athletes were also better able to tolerate larger week-to-week changes (>550–1000 AU) in workload than weaker athletes (OR = 2.54–4.52). Athletes who were slower over 5-m (OR: 3.11, 95% CI: 2.33–3.87), 10-m (OR: 3.45, 95% CI: 2.11–4.13) and 20-m (OR: 3.12, 95% CI: 2.11–4.13) were at increased risk of injury compared to faster athletes. When repeated-sprint total time (RSAt) was considered as a moderator of injury risk at a given workload (≥1750 AU), athletes with better RSAt were at reduced risk compared to those with poor RSAt (OR: 5.55, 95%: 3.98–7.94). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that well-developed lower-body strength, RSA and speed are associated with better tolerance to higher workloads and reduced risk of injury in team-sport athletes. © 2018 Sports Medicine Australia
Self-reported wellness profiles of professional australian football players during the competition phase of the season
- Gallo, Tania, Cormack, Stuart, Gabbett, Tim, Lorenzen, Christian
- Authors: Gallo, Tania , Cormack, Stuart , Gabbett, Tim , Lorenzen, Christian
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 31, no. 2 (2017), p. 495-502
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- Description: With the prevalence of customized self-report measures in high-performance sport, and the incomplete understanding of athletes' perceived wellness in response to matches and training load, the objective of this study was to explore weekly wellness profiles within the context of the competitive season of professional Australian football. Internal match load, measured through the session-rating of perceived exertion method, match-to-match microcycle, stage of the season, and training load were included in multivariate linear models to determine their effect on weekly wellness profile (n = 1,835). There was a lower weekly training load on a 6-day microcycle compared with a 7-day and 8-day microcycle. Match load had no significant impact on weekly wellness profile, while there was an interaction between microcycle and days postmatch. There was a likely moderately lower wellness Z-score 1 day postmatch for an 8-day microcycle (mean; 95% confidence interval: -1.79; -2.02 to -1.56) compared with a 6-day (-1.19; -1.30 to -1.08) and 7-day (-1.22; -1.34 to -1.09) cycle (d; 95% confidence interval: -0.82; -1.3 to -0.36, -0.78; -1.3 to -0.28, respectively). The second half of the season saw a possibly small reduction in overall wellness Z-score than the first half of the season (0.22; 0.12-0.32). Finally, training load had no effect on wellness Z-score when controlled for days postmatch, microcycle, and stage of the season. These results provide information on the status of players in response to matches and fixed conditions. Knowing when wellness Z-score returns to baseline relative to the length of the microcycle may lead practitioners to prescribe the heaviest load of the week accordingly. Furthermore, wellness "red flags" should be made relative to the microcycles and stage of the season to determine an athlete's status relative to their typical weekly profile. © 2016 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
- Authors: Gallo, Tania , Cormack, Stuart , Gabbett, Tim , Lorenzen, Christian
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 31, no. 2 (2017), p. 495-502
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: With the prevalence of customized self-report measures in high-performance sport, and the incomplete understanding of athletes' perceived wellness in response to matches and training load, the objective of this study was to explore weekly wellness profiles within the context of the competitive season of professional Australian football. Internal match load, measured through the session-rating of perceived exertion method, match-to-match microcycle, stage of the season, and training load were included in multivariate linear models to determine their effect on weekly wellness profile (n = 1,835). There was a lower weekly training load on a 6-day microcycle compared with a 7-day and 8-day microcycle. Match load had no significant impact on weekly wellness profile, while there was an interaction between microcycle and days postmatch. There was a likely moderately lower wellness Z-score 1 day postmatch for an 8-day microcycle (mean; 95% confidence interval: -1.79; -2.02 to -1.56) compared with a 6-day (-1.19; -1.30 to -1.08) and 7-day (-1.22; -1.34 to -1.09) cycle (d; 95% confidence interval: -0.82; -1.3 to -0.36, -0.78; -1.3 to -0.28, respectively). The second half of the season saw a possibly small reduction in overall wellness Z-score than the first half of the season (0.22; 0.12-0.32). Finally, training load had no effect on wellness Z-score when controlled for days postmatch, microcycle, and stage of the season. These results provide information on the status of players in response to matches and fixed conditions. Knowing when wellness Z-score returns to baseline relative to the length of the microcycle may lead practitioners to prescribe the heaviest load of the week accordingly. Furthermore, wellness "red flags" should be made relative to the microcycles and stage of the season to determine an athlete's status relative to their typical weekly profile. © 2016 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
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