Energy-balanced transmission policies for wireless sensor networks
- Azad, Arman, Kamruzzaman, Joarder
- Authors: Azad, Arman , Kamruzzaman, Joarder
- Date: 2011
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing Vol. 10, no. 7 (2011), p. 927-940
- Full Text:
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- Description: Transmission policy, in addition to topology control, routing, and MAC protocols, can play a vital role in extending network lifetime. Existing transmission policies, however, cause an extremely unbalanced energy usage that contributes to early demise of some sensors reducing overall network's lifetime drastically. Considering cocentric rings around the sink, we decompose the transmission distance of traditional multihop scheme into two parts: ring thickness and hop size, analyze the traffic and energy usage distribution among sensors and determine how energy usage varies and critical ring shifts with hop size. Based on above observations, we propose a transmission scheme and determine the optimal ring thickness and hop size by formulating network lifetime as an optimization problem. Numerical results show substantial improvements in terms of network lifetime and energy usage distribution over existing policies. Two other variations of this policy are also presented by redefining the optimization problem considering: 1) concomitant hop size variation by sensors over lifetime along with optimal duty cycles, and 2) a distinct set of hop sizes for sensors in each ring. Both variations bring increasingly uniform energy usage with lower critical energy and further improves lifetime. A heuristic for distributed implementation of each policy is also presented.
- Authors: Azad, Arman , Kamruzzaman, Joarder
- Date: 2011
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing Vol. 10, no. 7 (2011), p. 927-940
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Transmission policy, in addition to topology control, routing, and MAC protocols, can play a vital role in extending network lifetime. Existing transmission policies, however, cause an extremely unbalanced energy usage that contributes to early demise of some sensors reducing overall network's lifetime drastically. Considering cocentric rings around the sink, we decompose the transmission distance of traditional multihop scheme into two parts: ring thickness and hop size, analyze the traffic and energy usage distribution among sensors and determine how energy usage varies and critical ring shifts with hop size. Based on above observations, we propose a transmission scheme and determine the optimal ring thickness and hop size by formulating network lifetime as an optimization problem. Numerical results show substantial improvements in terms of network lifetime and energy usage distribution over existing policies. Two other variations of this policy are also presented by redefining the optimization problem considering: 1) concomitant hop size variation by sensors over lifetime along with optimal duty cycles, and 2) a distinct set of hop sizes for sensors in each ring. Both variations bring increasingly uniform energy usage with lower critical energy and further improves lifetime. A heuristic for distributed implementation of each policy is also presented.
Wake-up timer and binary exponential backoff for ZigBee-based wireless sensor network for flexible movement control system of a self-lifting scaffold
- Liang, Hua, Yang, Guangxiang, Xu, Ye, Gondal, Iqbal, Wu, Chao
- Authors: Liang, Hua , Yang, Guangxiang , Xu, Ye , Gondal, Iqbal , Wu, Chao
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks Vol. 12, no. 9 (2016), p. 1-12
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- Description: Synchronous movement of attached self-lifting scaffolds is traditionally monitored with wired sensors in high-rise building construction, which limits their flexibility of movements. A ZigBee-based wireless sensor system has been suggested in this article to prove the effectiveness of wireless sensor networks in actual implementation. Two optoelectronic sensors are integrated into a ZigBee node for measuring the displacement of attached self-lifting scaffolds. The proposed wireless sensor network combines an end device and a coordinator to allow easy replacement of sensors as compared to a wired network. A wake-up timer algorithm is proposed to reduce the transmitting power during continuous wireless data communication in the wireless sensor network. Furthermore, a variant binary exponential backoff transmission algorithm for data loss avoidance is proposed. The variant binary exponential backoff algorithm reduces packet collisions during simultaneous access by increasing the randomizing moments at nodes attempting to access the wireless channels. The performance of three of the proposed modules - a cable sensor, a 315-MHz sensor, and a ZigBee sensor - is evaluated in terms of packet delivery ratio and the end-to-end delay of a ZigBee-based wireless sensor network. The experimental results show that the proposed variant binary exponential backoff transmission algorithm achieves a higher packet delivery ratio at the cost of higher delays. The average cost of the developed ZigBee-based wireless sensor network decreased by 24% compared with the cable sensor. The power consumption of ZigBee is approximately 53.75% of the 315-MHz sensor. The average current consumption is reduced by approximately 1.5 mA with the wake-up timer algorithm at the same sampling rate. © The Author(s) 2016.
- Authors: Liang, Hua , Yang, Guangxiang , Xu, Ye , Gondal, Iqbal , Wu, Chao
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks Vol. 12, no. 9 (2016), p. 1-12
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Synchronous movement of attached self-lifting scaffolds is traditionally monitored with wired sensors in high-rise building construction, which limits their flexibility of movements. A ZigBee-based wireless sensor system has been suggested in this article to prove the effectiveness of wireless sensor networks in actual implementation. Two optoelectronic sensors are integrated into a ZigBee node for measuring the displacement of attached self-lifting scaffolds. The proposed wireless sensor network combines an end device and a coordinator to allow easy replacement of sensors as compared to a wired network. A wake-up timer algorithm is proposed to reduce the transmitting power during continuous wireless data communication in the wireless sensor network. Furthermore, a variant binary exponential backoff transmission algorithm for data loss avoidance is proposed. The variant binary exponential backoff algorithm reduces packet collisions during simultaneous access by increasing the randomizing moments at nodes attempting to access the wireless channels. The performance of three of the proposed modules - a cable sensor, a 315-MHz sensor, and a ZigBee sensor - is evaluated in terms of packet delivery ratio and the end-to-end delay of a ZigBee-based wireless sensor network. The experimental results show that the proposed variant binary exponential backoff transmission algorithm achieves a higher packet delivery ratio at the cost of higher delays. The average cost of the developed ZigBee-based wireless sensor network decreased by 24% compared with the cable sensor. The power consumption of ZigBee is approximately 53.75% of the 315-MHz sensor. The average current consumption is reduced by approximately 1.5 mA with the wake-up timer algorithm at the same sampling rate. © The Author(s) 2016.
PFARS : Enhancing throughput and lifetime of heterogeneous WSNs through power-aware fusion, aggregation, and routing scheme
- Khan, Rahim, Zakarya, Muhammad, Tan, Zhiyuan, Usman, Muhammad, Jan, Mian, Khan, Mukhtaj
- Authors: Khan, Rahim , Zakarya, Muhammad , Tan, Zhiyuan , Usman, Muhammad , Jan, Mian , Khan, Mukhtaj
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Communication Systems Vol. 32, no. 18 (Dec 2019), p. 21
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- Description: Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of resource-starving nodes that face a challenging task of handling various issues such as data redundancy, data fusion, congestion control, and energy efficiency. In these networks, data fusion algorithms process the raw data generated by a sensor node in an energy-efficient manner to reduce redundancy, improve accuracy, and enhance the network lifetime. In literature, these issues are addressed individually, and most of the proposed solutions are either application-specific or too complex that make their implementation unrealistic, specifically, in a resource-constrained environment. In this paper, we propose a novel node-level data fusion algorithm for heterogeneous WSNs to detect noisy data and replace them with highly refined data. To minimize the amount of transmitted data, a hybrid data aggregation algorithm is proposed that performs in-network processing while preserving the reliability of gathered data. This combination of data fusion and data aggregation algorithms effectively handle the aforementioned issues by ensuring an efficient utilization of the available resources. Apart from fusion and aggregation, a biased traffic distribution algorithm is introduced that considerably increases the overall lifetime of heterogeneous WSNs. The proposed algorithm performs the tedious task of traffic distribution according to the network's statistics, ie, the residual energy of neighboring nodes and their importance from a network's connectivity perspective. All our proposed algorithms were tested on a real-time dataset obtained through our deployed heterogeneous WSN in an orange orchard and also on publicly available benchmark datasets. Experimental results verify that our proposed algorithms outperform the existing approaches in terms of various performance metrics such as throughput, lifetime, data accuracy, computational time, and delay.
- Authors: Khan, Rahim , Zakarya, Muhammad , Tan, Zhiyuan , Usman, Muhammad , Jan, Mian , Khan, Mukhtaj
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Communication Systems Vol. 32, no. 18 (Dec 2019), p. 21
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of resource-starving nodes that face a challenging task of handling various issues such as data redundancy, data fusion, congestion control, and energy efficiency. In these networks, data fusion algorithms process the raw data generated by a sensor node in an energy-efficient manner to reduce redundancy, improve accuracy, and enhance the network lifetime. In literature, these issues are addressed individually, and most of the proposed solutions are either application-specific or too complex that make their implementation unrealistic, specifically, in a resource-constrained environment. In this paper, we propose a novel node-level data fusion algorithm for heterogeneous WSNs to detect noisy data and replace them with highly refined data. To minimize the amount of transmitted data, a hybrid data aggregation algorithm is proposed that performs in-network processing while preserving the reliability of gathered data. This combination of data fusion and data aggregation algorithms effectively handle the aforementioned issues by ensuring an efficient utilization of the available resources. Apart from fusion and aggregation, a biased traffic distribution algorithm is introduced that considerably increases the overall lifetime of heterogeneous WSNs. The proposed algorithm performs the tedious task of traffic distribution according to the network's statistics, ie, the residual energy of neighboring nodes and their importance from a network's connectivity perspective. All our proposed algorithms were tested on a real-time dataset obtained through our deployed heterogeneous WSN in an orange orchard and also on publicly available benchmark datasets. Experimental results verify that our proposed algorithms outperform the existing approaches in terms of various performance metrics such as throughput, lifetime, data accuracy, computational time, and delay.
A Survey on Behavioral Pattern Mining from Sensor Data in Internet of Things
- Rashid, Md Mamunur, Kamruzzaman, Joarder, Hassan, Mohammad, Shahriar Shafin, Sakib, Bhuiyan, Md Zakirul
- Authors: Rashid, Md Mamunur , Kamruzzaman, Joarder , Hassan, Mohammad , Shahriar Shafin, Sakib , Bhuiyan, Md Zakirul
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: IEEE Access Vol. 8, no. (2020), p. 33318-33341
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- Description: The deployment of large-scale wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications is increasing day-by-day, especially with the emergence of smart city services. The sensor data streams generated from these applications are largely dynamic, heterogeneous, and often geographically distributed over large areas. For high-value use in business, industry and services, these data streams must be mined to extract insightful knowledge, such as about monitoring (e.g., discovering certain behaviors over a deployed area) or network diagnostics (e.g., predicting faulty sensor nodes). However, due to the inherent constraints of sensor networks and application requirements, traditional data mining techniques cannot be directly used to mine IoT data streams efficiently and accurately in real-time. In the last decade, a number of works have been reported in the literature proposing behavioral pattern mining algorithms for sensor networks. This paper presents the technical challenges that need to be considered for mining sensor data. It then provides a thorough review of the mining techniques proposed in the recent literature to mine behavioral patterns from sensor data in IoT, and their characteristics and differences are highlighted and compared. We also propose a behavioral pattern mining framework for IoT and discuss possible future research directions in this area. © 2013 IEEE.
- Authors: Rashid, Md Mamunur , Kamruzzaman, Joarder , Hassan, Mohammad , Shahriar Shafin, Sakib , Bhuiyan, Md Zakirul
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: IEEE Access Vol. 8, no. (2020), p. 33318-33341
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The deployment of large-scale wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications is increasing day-by-day, especially with the emergence of smart city services. The sensor data streams generated from these applications are largely dynamic, heterogeneous, and often geographically distributed over large areas. For high-value use in business, industry and services, these data streams must be mined to extract insightful knowledge, such as about monitoring (e.g., discovering certain behaviors over a deployed area) or network diagnostics (e.g., predicting faulty sensor nodes). However, due to the inherent constraints of sensor networks and application requirements, traditional data mining techniques cannot be directly used to mine IoT data streams efficiently and accurately in real-time. In the last decade, a number of works have been reported in the literature proposing behavioral pattern mining algorithms for sensor networks. This paper presents the technical challenges that need to be considered for mining sensor data. It then provides a thorough review of the mining techniques proposed in the recent literature to mine behavioral patterns from sensor data in IoT, and their characteristics and differences are highlighted and compared. We also propose a behavioral pattern mining framework for IoT and discuss possible future research directions in this area. © 2013 IEEE.
Technology-assisted decision support system for efficient water utilization : a real-time testbed for irrigation using wireless sensor networks
- Khan, Rahim, Ali, Ihsan, Zakarya, Muhammad, Ahmad, Mushtaq, Imran, Muhammad, Shoaib, Muhammad
- Authors: Khan, Rahim , Ali, Ihsan , Zakarya, Muhammad , Ahmad, Mushtaq , Imran, Muhammad , Shoaib, Muhammad
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: IEEE Access Vol. 6, no. (2018), p. 25686-25697
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- Description: Scientific organizations and researchers are eager to apply recent technological advancements, such as sensors and actuators, in different application areas, including environmental monitoring, creation of intelligent buildings, and precision agriculture. Technology-assisted irrigation for agriculture is a major research innovation which eases the work of farmers and prevents water wastage. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are used as sensor nodes that directly interact with the physical environment and provide real-time data that are useful in identifying regions in need, particularly in agricultural fields. This paper presents an efficient methodology that employs WSN as a data collection tool and a decision support system (DSS). The proposed DSS can assist farmers in their manual irrigation procedures or automate irrigation activities. Water-deficient sites in both scenarios are identified by using soil moisture and environmental data sensors. However, the proposed system's accuracy is directly proportional to the accuracy of dynamic data generated by the deployed WSN. A simplified outlier-detection algorithm is thus presented and integrated with the proposed DSS to fine-tune the collected data prior to processing. The complexity of the algorithm is O(1) for dynamic datasets generated by sensor nodes and O(n) for static datasets. Different issues in technology-assisted irrigation management and their solutions are also addressed. © 2013 IEEE.
- Authors: Khan, Rahim , Ali, Ihsan , Zakarya, Muhammad , Ahmad, Mushtaq , Imran, Muhammad , Shoaib, Muhammad
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: IEEE Access Vol. 6, no. (2018), p. 25686-25697
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Scientific organizations and researchers are eager to apply recent technological advancements, such as sensors and actuators, in different application areas, including environmental monitoring, creation of intelligent buildings, and precision agriculture. Technology-assisted irrigation for agriculture is a major research innovation which eases the work of farmers and prevents water wastage. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are used as sensor nodes that directly interact with the physical environment and provide real-time data that are useful in identifying regions in need, particularly in agricultural fields. This paper presents an efficient methodology that employs WSN as a data collection tool and a decision support system (DSS). The proposed DSS can assist farmers in their manual irrigation procedures or automate irrigation activities. Water-deficient sites in both scenarios are identified by using soil moisture and environmental data sensors. However, the proposed system's accuracy is directly proportional to the accuracy of dynamic data generated by the deployed WSN. A simplified outlier-detection algorithm is thus presented and integrated with the proposed DSS to fine-tune the collected data prior to processing. The complexity of the algorithm is O(1) for dynamic datasets generated by sensor nodes and O(n) for static datasets. Different issues in technology-assisted irrigation management and their solutions are also addressed. © 2013 IEEE.
A critical analysis of mobility management related issues of wireless sensor networks in cyber physical systems
- Al-Muhtadi, Jalal, Qiang, Ma, Zeb, Khan, Chaudhry, Junaid, Imran, Muhammad
- Authors: Al-Muhtadi, Jalal , Qiang, Ma , Zeb, Khan , Chaudhry, Junaid , Imran, Muhammad
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: IEEE Access Vol. 6, no. (2018), p. 16363-16376
- Full Text:
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- Description: Mobility management has been a long-standing issue in mobile wireless sensor networks and especially in the context of cyber physical systems its implications are immense. This paper presents a critical analysis of the current approaches to mobility management by evaluating them against a set of criteria which are essentially inherent characteristics of such systems on which these approaches are expected to provide acceptable performance. We summarize these characteristics by using a quadruple set of metrics. Additionally, using this set we classify the various approaches to mobility management that are discussed in this paper. Finally, the paper concludes by reviewing the main findings and providing suggestions that will be helpful to guide future research efforts in the area. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 5 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Muhammad Imran” is provided in this record**
- Authors: Al-Muhtadi, Jalal , Qiang, Ma , Zeb, Khan , Chaudhry, Junaid , Imran, Muhammad
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: IEEE Access Vol. 6, no. (2018), p. 16363-16376
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Mobility management has been a long-standing issue in mobile wireless sensor networks and especially in the context of cyber physical systems its implications are immense. This paper presents a critical analysis of the current approaches to mobility management by evaluating them against a set of criteria which are essentially inherent characteristics of such systems on which these approaches are expected to provide acceptable performance. We summarize these characteristics by using a quadruple set of metrics. Additionally, using this set we classify the various approaches to mobility management that are discussed in this paper. Finally, the paper concludes by reviewing the main findings and providing suggestions that will be helpful to guide future research efforts in the area. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 5 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Muhammad Imran” is provided in this record**
On connectivity of wireless sensor networks with directional antennas
- Wang, Qiu, Dai, Hong-Ning, Zheng, Zibin, Imran, Muhammad, Vasilakos, Athanasios
- Authors: Wang, Qiu , Dai, Hong-Ning , Zheng, Zibin , Imran, Muhammad , Vasilakos, Athanasios
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Sensors (Switzerland) Vol. 17, no. 1 (2017), p.
- Full Text:
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- Description: In this paper, we investigate the network connectivity of wireless sensor networks with directional antennas. In particular, we establish a general framework to analyze the network connectivity while considering various antenna models and the channel randomness. Since existing directional antenna models have their pros and cons in the accuracy of reflecting realistic antennas and the computational complexity, we propose a new analytical directional antenna model called the iris model to balance the accuracy against the complexity. We conduct extensive simulations to evaluate the analytical framework. Our results show that our proposed analytical model on the network connectivity is accurate, and our iris antenna model can provide a better approximation to realistic directional antennas than other existing antenna models. © 2017 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
- Authors: Wang, Qiu , Dai, Hong-Ning , Zheng, Zibin , Imran, Muhammad , Vasilakos, Athanasios
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Sensors (Switzerland) Vol. 17, no. 1 (2017), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: In this paper, we investigate the network connectivity of wireless sensor networks with directional antennas. In particular, we establish a general framework to analyze the network connectivity while considering various antenna models and the channel randomness. Since existing directional antenna models have their pros and cons in the accuracy of reflecting realistic antennas and the computational complexity, we propose a new analytical directional antenna model called the iris model to balance the accuracy against the complexity. We conduct extensive simulations to evaluate the analytical framework. Our results show that our proposed analytical model on the network connectivity is accurate, and our iris antenna model can provide a better approximation to realistic directional antennas than other existing antenna models. © 2017 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
A multi-hop angular routing protocol for wireless sensor networks
- Akbar, Mariam, Javaid, Nadeem, Imran, Muhammad, Rao, Areeba, Younis, Muhammad, Niaz, Iftikhar
- Authors: Akbar, Mariam , Javaid, Nadeem , Imran, Muhammad , Rao, Areeba , Younis, Muhammad , Niaz, Iftikhar
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks Vol. 12, no. 9 (2016), p.
- Full Text:
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- Description: In this article, we propose two new routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. First one is AM-DisCNT (angular multi-hop distance-based clustering network transmission) protocol which uses circular deployment of sensors (nodes) for uniform energy consumption in the network. The protocol operates in such a way that nodes with maximum residual energy are selected as cluster heads for each round. Second one is iAM-DisCNT (improved AM-DisCNT) protocol which exploits both mobile and static base stations for throughput maximization. Besides the proposition of routing protocols, iAM-DisCNT is provided with three mathematical models: two linear-programming-based models for information flow maximization and packet drop rate minimization and one model for calculating energy consumption of nodes. Graphical analysis for linear-programming-based mathematical formulation is also part of this work. Simulation results show that AM-DisCNT has 32% and iAM-DisCNT has 48% improved stability period as compared to LEACH (low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy) and DEEC (distributed energy-efficient clustering) routing protocols. Similarly, throughput of AM-DisCNT and iAM-DisCNT is improved by 16% and 80%, respectively, in comparison with the counterpart schemes. © The Author(s) 2016.
- Authors: Akbar, Mariam , Javaid, Nadeem , Imran, Muhammad , Rao, Areeba , Younis, Muhammad , Niaz, Iftikhar
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks Vol. 12, no. 9 (2016), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: In this article, we propose two new routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. First one is AM-DisCNT (angular multi-hop distance-based clustering network transmission) protocol which uses circular deployment of sensors (nodes) for uniform energy consumption in the network. The protocol operates in such a way that nodes with maximum residual energy are selected as cluster heads for each round. Second one is iAM-DisCNT (improved AM-DisCNT) protocol which exploits both mobile and static base stations for throughput maximization. Besides the proposition of routing protocols, iAM-DisCNT is provided with three mathematical models: two linear-programming-based models for information flow maximization and packet drop rate minimization and one model for calculating energy consumption of nodes. Graphical analysis for linear-programming-based mathematical formulation is also part of this work. Simulation results show that AM-DisCNT has 32% and iAM-DisCNT has 48% improved stability period as compared to LEACH (low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy) and DEEC (distributed energy-efficient clustering) routing protocols. Similarly, throughput of AM-DisCNT and iAM-DisCNT is improved by 16% and 80%, respectively, in comparison with the counterpart schemes. © The Author(s) 2016.
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