Description:
WHOIS acts as a registry for organisations or individuals who 'own' or take responsibility for domains. For any registry to be functional, its integrity needs to be assured. Unfortunately, WHOIS data does not appear to meet basic integrity requirements in many cases, reducing the effectiveness of law enforcement and rightsholders in requesting takedowns for phishing kits, zombie hosts that are part of a botnet, or infringing content. In this paper, we illustrate the problem using a case study from trademark protection, where investigators attempt to trace fake goods being advertised on Facebook. The results indicate that ICANN needs to at least introduce minimum verification standards for WHOIS records vis-Ã -vis integrity, and optimally, develop a system for rapid takedowns in the event that a domain is being misused.
Description:
Fruit production typically involves a period of investment and developmental expenditure which continues until the orchard is fully productive. During this period cash flows are negative. Once the orchard bears fruit, positive cash flows can result. In time, as the orchard trees age and yields decline or new varieties replace the existing varieties, negative cash flows reappear. The duration of this cycle can vary and periods of time ranging from ten to fifty or sixty years would not be uncommon. This study focuses on the Moutere Hill apple and pear fruit in the Nelson Province in the South Island of New Zealand during a recent period when the region as a whole experienced a severe decline in orchard incomes as a result of the failure of orchardists to adjust to changing economic and technological conditions which in turn resulted in orchards consisting of a large number of old trees with a high percentage of less preferred varieties.