Description:
Studies in resliency often stand alongside those of health deficits, pointing to positive ways in which the well-being of young people can be addressed, (often) in and through education. The underlying theme of 'connectedness' or building relationships, which is gaining in importance in resliency discussions, also undergirda research in spiritual well-being. This paper reports how spiritual dissonance was identified among 1734 students aged 8-19 years, in non-government schools, in Victoria, Australia, using quantitatative spiritual well-being questionnaires called SHALOM and Feeling Good, Liing Life. The Quality Of Life Influences Survey was also used to gauge the strength of relationships (ie. connectedness) of each student to provide support for resiliency, especially among American youth. The students classified as spiritual 'dissonants' reported lower levels of support from parents, school teachers and principals, female friends and God, together with themselves, in building relationships with self, others, environment and/or God. Spiritual well-being is reflected in the quality of relationships in these four domains. The dissonants also showed higher levels of psychoticism and lower levels of happiness, the inverse of depression. How well students connect, especially with themselves and God, influences their spritual well-being and resilience.
Description:
Communities in shallow coastal lakes are inclined to change with environmental variations quite frequently due to their proximity to marine environments. The pelagic zooplankton community of shallow lowland coastal lake, Lake Waihola in South Island, New Zealand was examined by monthly day and night sampling by hand-operated bilge pump. Over 15 sampling trips, each consisted of diel (D/N) measurement at 50 m apart with five replicate samples at four positions, shallow-inshore (Sh/In), shallow-offshore (Sh/Of), deep-inshore (Dp/In) and deep-offshore(Dp/Of) corresponded a total of 600 samples being collected. Zooplankton individuals collected in D/N samples in four positions were pooled and averaged for each season. Distribution of zooplankton community over temporal and spatial scales were visualized in ordination using nonmetric multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) followed by permutational multivariate ANOVA in PRIMER. Four-factor interaction (Date*D/N*Sh/Dp*In*Of) reveals that the effect of sampling dates was significant on distribution of zooplankton, but the distribution across the diel timeframe over spatial scales (D/N*In/Of*Sh*Dp) was insignificant. Some degree of distribution was observed along vertical (Sh/Dp) gradient, but no significant patterns were evident across the horizontal (In/Of) gradient. Amongst zooplankton, cladocerans such as Daphnia, Ceridaphnia and Bosmina showed a poor and patchy distribution pattern where Bosmina being dominant in January 1998. Except the Sh/Of day sample of February 1998, when calanoid copepods were absent, the distribution of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods and amphipods was relatively common throughout the period of study. The overall distribution patterns of zooplankton in Lake Waihola indicate that there may be significant differences amongst zooplankton community (e.g., cladocerans vs non-cladocerans) to respond to local environmental and seasonal changes, consequently our understanding of shallow lentic coastal ecosystems in South Island, New Zealand is becoming increasingly complex