Description:
Characters of two species, described more than seventy years ago in the genus Arrhopalites Börner, A. coccineus Salmon, 1941 and A. adelaidica Womersley, 1933, are not consistent with the current diagnosis of the genus. Instead, the holotype of A. coccineus and two cotypes of A. adelaidica, but not the lectotype, are consistent with characters of Stenacidia violacea (Reuter, 1881) following the description of the genus and species published by Bretfeld (1999). Stenacidia violacea is the type species of its monotypic genus. As the characters of the genus Stenacidia, following Bretfeld (1999), are very different to those of Arrhopalites, but are consistent with the characters of A. coccineus and two cotypes of A. adelaidica, A. coccineus is synonymised with S. violacea here and identification of the cotypes of A. adelaidica corrected.
Description:
More than 500 New Zealand nurses served overseas in World War 1. At the end of the war, nearly a quarter of the country’s nursing workforce was still overseas. Most nurses served with the New Zealand Army Nursing Service (NZANS) but, in the early months of the war, before the NZANS had been sufficiently organised to send nurses, some joined the Australian service. Others went independently to Britain or were already there and joined services such as the Queen Alexandra’s Royal Army Nursing Corps (QAs), the French Flag Corps and Red Cross, or worked in British military hospitals or hospitals in France run by wealthy British women.
Description:
Along with useful and perhaps at times desirable introductions, the history of acclimatisation in New Zealand is riddled with examples of what have turned out to be catastrophic importations. Although some importations can be identified as driven by pragmatic reasons and justification, they can also in a philosophical sense be categorised as aspects of a 'Britain of the South'. The importation providing the focus of this paper is that of members of the family Mustelidae, specifically weasels, ferrets and stoats. These animals were introduced during the last twenty years of the nineteenth century to predate on rabbits, an introduced pest that in turn threatened the viability of the pastoral farming industry. The paper maps the historical context, the debate and the epilogue to the New Zealand decision to import an 'immigrant killer', not of rabbits but of iconic ground-nesting birds.
Description:
Along with useful and perhaps at times desirable introductions, the history of acclimatisation in New Zealand is riddled with examples of what have turned out to be catastrophic importations. Although some importations can be identified as driven by pragmatic reasons and justification, they can also in a philosophical sense be categorised as aspects of a 'Britain of the South'. The importation providing the focus of this paper is that of members of the family Mustelidae, specifically weasels, ferrets and stoats. These animals were introduced during the last twenty years of the nineteenth century to predate on rabbits, an introduced pest that in turn threatened the viability of the pastoral farming industry. The paper maps the historical context, the debate and the epilogue to the New Zealand decision to import an 'immigrant killer', not of rabbits but of iconic ground-nesting birds.
Description:
The establishment in 1903 of a professional district nursing service in Wellington, New Zealand's capital city, was a philanthropic response to the need for skilled care for the sickpoor in their own homes, as hospital and charitable aid boards believed chronic patients drained their resources. This paper argues that it was the timely combination of the individual philanthropy of Sarah Ann Rhodes, the organisational philanthropy of the St John Ambulance Association and the new professional standing and availability of registered nurses such as Annie Holgate that ensured its successful foundation. It also argues that district nursing services blurred spatial, social, and public-private boundaries in new ways. Finally, it considers the district nurse's role as the philanthropist 's proxy, the means for realising the philanthropist's desire to help the sick poor.
Description:
The taxonomic status of the subgenera of Lepidocyrtus Bourlet is confused. Currently ten subgenera are recognised but their separation, using the existing set of diagnostic characters, is not clear. Collections over the last forty years have shown that species of Setogaster Salmon, originally described as a genus (Trichogaster Handschin) and currently considered a subgenus of Lepidocyrtus, are common and widespread in Australia. The diagnostic characters of Setogaster, as given by Handschin, are: 1) the basal mucronal spine with spinelet; 2) lack of scales on antennae, legs, ventral tube and dorsal region of manubrium; and, for some species, 3) tufts of long filaments laterally on abdomen III. These three diagnostic characters for Setogaster are shared with some other subgenera, making their delimitation unclear. We provide here an array of new characters that are associated with Handschin's characters which separate Setogaster from all European species of the subgenera Lanocyrtus and Lepidocyrtus s. str. On this basis we define subgenus Setogaster more in detail, redescribe some species in the subgenus, corroborate the presence of the subgenus in many Australian localities, and confirm three records of exotic, introduced species in Australia. Lepidocyrtus nigrofasciatus Womersley, Lepidocyrtus praecisus Schott, and the Hawaiian Lepidocyrtus kuakea Christiansen & Bellinger, are placed in Setogaster subgenus; Lepidocyrtus (Trichogaster) pallida Salmon from Singapore is placed in the subgenus Acrocyrtus; Merapicyrtus Yoshii & Suhardjono is considered a synonym of Setogaster.
Description:
The debate around corporate governance has been particularly vigorous in this part of the 21st century. Theoretical frameworks have been tested by spectacular corporate failures that also raise questions as to the effectiveness of different approaches. Empirical, contextually-based research into how governance theory informs practice assists in understanding these questions. This paper explores findings from empirical research conducted into the make-up of boards of directors in New Zealand, an export focused economy dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises. These findings are revealing in demonstrating that despite the challenges faced by the New Zealand industry in a volatile global environment, the skill-sets and other characteristics present in, and sought from, directors appear to be both narrow and traditional. However, there is also evidence to suggest shifting expectations and requirements are to some extent and will continue to propel change in both boards and in contributions expected of individual directors.
Description:
Studies of the biogeography of Cladocera in New Zealand lakes are rare and only a few species of littoral chydorid Cladocera have been documented. Consequently, a number of issues relating to their taxonomy and systematics have yet to be resolved. The majority of chydorid Cladocera in the northern hemisphere have been given new names after a detailed investigation of their morphology and genetic variability. However, knowledge of their inter-hemispheric distribution is poor. It is likely that many species of chydorid Cladocera in the southern hemisphere, including in the New Zealand lakes, will show significant genetic variability from their northern hemisphere counterparts, although this has not yet been investigated. Here we review the taxonomy and biogeography of the New Zealand chydorid Cladocera. This is important when we consider the limited knowledge of New Zealand cladocerans and the consequent difficulties encountered by freshwater ecologists and paleolimnologists when using them to identify rapid environmental changes in the southern hemisphere.
Description:
The effect of the aging baby-boom-cohort on asset values is extensively studied. While that effect varies by country, there are likely to be commonalities. Thus, research on a relatively small advanced open economy like New Zealand can provide insight into the general effect. In this study monthly data from 1991 to 2017 is used to examine how aging population in New Zealand affects its stock market considering key demographic and non-demographic macroeconomic variables and a new focus on fast-and-slow-moving institutional change. The results suggest that the net effect of an aging population on stock markets is insignificant. However, real GDP and foreign portfolio investment (FPI) show a positive relationship with the stock market. The findings reveal that FPI can mitigate possible negative effects from aging in an open economy. Moreover, the policy implications of the study suggest that international-factor mobility, skilled-migration policies, and technology-based productivity growth can boost stock markets.
Description:
Chinese gold seekers were the largest non-British group on the goldfields of Australasia and constituted the largest nationality on some diggings. In considering the movement of Chinese miners to and throughout the goldfields colonies of the southwest Pacific, this articles argues there existed a more complex pattern of migration than that suggested by the sojourner model of arrival, brief stay and departure. It examines the links between migration patterns and economic activity, and argues that economic history perspectives complement the insights offered by recent social and cultural history in the field.
Description:
On 4 August 1888, Reefton became the first town in New Zealand to have its own public electricity supply powered by hydrogeneration. In Australia, the first supply of electricity to the public at large was in two small country towns in New South Wales. Tamworth, with a population of 3,000, switched on arc and incandescent street lighting on 9 November 1888. In April 1889, the smaller town of Young switched on its incandescent street lighting and shortly thereafter went on to connect shops, offices, and homes within reach of its lines. However, the history of electricity supply in Australia traces back earlier, with Brisbane as one of the first cities in Australia to use electricity commercially, in 1882. Thus, electricity utilization down under coincided with the history of its emergence among the countries of the Northern Hemisphere.
Description:
This special issue, produced by the members of the Australasian INTegration of Ice core, MArine and TErrestrial records (AUS-INTIMATE) group, represents the culmination of a project spanning just on ten years. INTIMATE was first established as a core programme of the INQUA Palaeoclimate Commission in 1995 at the XIVth INQUA Congress in Berlin and aimed to establish a more detailed knowledge of the nature, timing and regional-to-global extent of climatic and environmental changes associated with Termination I (the end of the last glaciation). Facilitated through a series of international workshops, the project aimed to improve precision in correlating climatic events and associated ages for Termination I (e.g. Bjorck et al., 1998; Lowe and Hoek, 2001). INTIMATE then gradually expanded its focus from the North Atlantic to other regions.