Introducing differential kinematics to mechanical engineering students
- Authors: Sultan, Ibrahim
- Date: 2009
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education Vol. 37, no. 3 (2009), p. 210-222
- Full Text:
- Description: Differential kinematics offers a simplified alternative to closed-form input-output equations needed to study the geometrical behaviour of linkages. For most linkages, these closed-form equations are either too messy or not possible to obtain, a fact that sometimes reflects negatively on how mechanical engineering students perceive the subject of mechanism analysis. On the other hand, differential models can easily be utilised in numerical methods designed to encourage these students to tackle even more difficult problems than currently being considered in academic programmes. In this paper, an approach is presented to facilitate this process. The mathematical procedure is based on the use of matrices referred to as kinematic Jacobians. The determinants of these matrices offer invaluable insights into the linkage mobility. These matrices are explained and used in a practice numerical example.
- Description: 2003008219
- Authors: Sultan, Ibrahim
- Date: 2009
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education Vol. 37, no. 3 (2009), p. 210-222
- Full Text:
- Description: Differential kinematics offers a simplified alternative to closed-form input-output equations needed to study the geometrical behaviour of linkages. For most linkages, these closed-form equations are either too messy or not possible to obtain, a fact that sometimes reflects negatively on how mechanical engineering students perceive the subject of mechanism analysis. On the other hand, differential models can easily be utilised in numerical methods designed to encourage these students to tackle even more difficult problems than currently being considered in academic programmes. In this paper, an approach is presented to facilitate this process. The mathematical procedure is based on the use of matrices referred to as kinematic Jacobians. The determinants of these matrices offer invaluable insights into the linkage mobility. These matrices are explained and used in a practice numerical example.
- Description: 2003008219
- Nassar, Mohammed, Luxford, Len, Cole, Peter, Oatley, Giles, Koutsakis, Polychronis, IEEE
- Authors: Nassar, Mohammed , Luxford, Len , Cole, Peter , Oatley, Giles , Koutsakis, Polychronis , IEEE
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Conference proceedings
- Relation: 2019 IEEE 20th International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Street furniture such as bins, seats and bus shelters can become "smart" with the inclusion of wireless sensor nodes, which consist of environmental sensors, wireless modules, processors and microcontrollers. One of the most crucial challenges for smart street furniture is how to manage power consumption efficiently without affecting data freshness. In this work, we propose a novel Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) architecture for smart street furniture. Unlike existing WSNs which are based on a one-way communication model between wireless sensor nodes and the server, the proposed architecture employs a two-way communication model and a dynamic adaptation of the time interval of measurements to balance between power consumption and data updates. Our approach also provides a real-time low-power design for wireless sensor nodes which efficiently communicate the updated data instead of sending the same data on a regular basis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work in the relevant literature which extends the functionality of the wireless module in wireless sensor nodes to act not only as a station sending environmental data but also as soft Access Point (AP), sensing MAC addresses and WiFi signal strengths from surrounding WiFi-enabled devices. We have conducted experiments on the Murdoch University campus and our results show that our proposal improves lifetime of wireless sensor nodes up to 293% compared to static architectures similar to the ones that have been proposed in the literature. Moreover, network bandwidth is improved up to 38% without affecting data freshness. Finally, storage space for the database at the server is reduced up to 99%.
- Description: E1
Change in health-related quality of life in the first 18 months after lower limb amputation: A prospective, longitudinal study
- Fortington, Lauren, Dijkstra, Pieter, Bosmans, Joline, Post, Wendy, Geertzen, Jan
- Authors: Fortington, Lauren , Dijkstra, Pieter , Bosmans, Joline , Post, Wendy , Geertzen, Jan
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine Vol. 45, no. 6 (2013), p. 587-594
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objective: To describe changes in health-related quality of life in people with lower limb amputation, from time of amputation to 18 months, taking into consideration the influence of age and walking distance. In addition, quality of life for people with amputation is compared with the Dutch population norm values. Design: Multicentre, longitudinal study. Subjects: All people undergoing first amputation: 106 were referred, of whom 82 were included, mean age 67.8 years (standard deviation; SD 13.0), 67% men. A total of 35 remained in the study at 18 months. Methods: Dutch language RAND-36 questionnaire (Research and Development Corporation measure of Quality of Life) was completed at time of amputation, 6 and 18 months after amputation. Results: Over time, a significant improvement was seen in physical function, social function, pain, vitality, and perceived change in health (all p < 0.001). Subjects over 65 years of age had a poorer outcome compared with people < 65 years for physical function only (p < 0.001). Walking distance was associated with improved scores in social function (p = 0.047). Conclusion: Quality of life improved significantly in 5 of 7 domains investigated; most change occurred in the first 6 months. Physical function remained well below population norm values. Different domains may be affected in different ways for older and younger age groups, but this requires further research. © 2013 Foundation of Rehabilitation Information.
- Description: C1
- Authors: Fortington, Lauren , Dijkstra, Pieter , Bosmans, Joline , Post, Wendy , Geertzen, Jan
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine Vol. 45, no. 6 (2013), p. 587-594
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objective: To describe changes in health-related quality of life in people with lower limb amputation, from time of amputation to 18 months, taking into consideration the influence of age and walking distance. In addition, quality of life for people with amputation is compared with the Dutch population norm values. Design: Multicentre, longitudinal study. Subjects: All people undergoing first amputation: 106 were referred, of whom 82 were included, mean age 67.8 years (standard deviation; SD 13.0), 67% men. A total of 35 remained in the study at 18 months. Methods: Dutch language RAND-36 questionnaire (Research and Development Corporation measure of Quality of Life) was completed at time of amputation, 6 and 18 months after amputation. Results: Over time, a significant improvement was seen in physical function, social function, pain, vitality, and perceived change in health (all p < 0.001). Subjects over 65 years of age had a poorer outcome compared with people < 65 years for physical function only (p < 0.001). Walking distance was associated with improved scores in social function (p = 0.047). Conclusion: Quality of life improved significantly in 5 of 7 domains investigated; most change occurred in the first 6 months. Physical function remained well below population norm values. Different domains may be affected in different ways for older and younger age groups, but this requires further research. © 2013 Foundation of Rehabilitation Information.
- Description: C1
Modeling induction and routing to monitor hospitalized patients in multi-hop mobility-aware body area sensor networks
- Javaid, Nadeem, Ahmad, Ashfaq, Tauqir, Anum, Imran, Muhammad, Guizani, Mohsen, Khan, Zahoor, Qasim, Umar
- Authors: Javaid, Nadeem , Ahmad, Ashfaq , Tauqir, Anum , Imran, Muhammad , Guizani, Mohsen , Khan, Zahoor , Qasim, Umar
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Eurasip Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking Vol. 2016, no. 1 (2016), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: In wireless body area sensor networks (WBASNs), energy efficiency is an area of extreme significance. At first, we present a mathematical model for a non-invasive inductive link which is used to recharge the battery of an implanted biomedical device (pacemaker). Afterwards, we propose a distance-aware relaying energy-efficient (DARE) and mutual information-based DARE (MI-DARE) routing protocols for multihop mobility-aware body area sensor networks (MM-BASNs). Both the routing protocols and the non-invasive inductive link model are tested with the consideration of eight patients in a hospital unit under different topologies, where the vital signs of each patient are monitored through seven on-body sensors and an implanted pacemaker. To reduce energy consumption of the network, the sensors communicate with a sink via an on-body relay which is fixed on the chest of each patient. The behavior (static/mobile) and position of the sink are changed in each topology, and the impact of mobility due to postural changes of the patient(s) arms, legs, and head is also investigated. The MI-DARE protocol further prolongs the network lifetime by minimizing the number of transmissions. Simulation results show that the proposed techniques outperform contemporary schemes in terms of the selected performance metrics. © 2016, Javaid et al.
- Authors: Javaid, Nadeem , Ahmad, Ashfaq , Tauqir, Anum , Imran, Muhammad , Guizani, Mohsen , Khan, Zahoor , Qasim, Umar
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Eurasip Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking Vol. 2016, no. 1 (2016), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: In wireless body area sensor networks (WBASNs), energy efficiency is an area of extreme significance. At first, we present a mathematical model for a non-invasive inductive link which is used to recharge the battery of an implanted biomedical device (pacemaker). Afterwards, we propose a distance-aware relaying energy-efficient (DARE) and mutual information-based DARE (MI-DARE) routing protocols for multihop mobility-aware body area sensor networks (MM-BASNs). Both the routing protocols and the non-invasive inductive link model are tested with the consideration of eight patients in a hospital unit under different topologies, where the vital signs of each patient are monitored through seven on-body sensors and an implanted pacemaker. To reduce energy consumption of the network, the sensors communicate with a sink via an on-body relay which is fixed on the chest of each patient. The behavior (static/mobile) and position of the sink are changed in each topology, and the impact of mobility due to postural changes of the patient(s) arms, legs, and head is also investigated. The MI-DARE protocol further prolongs the network lifetime by minimizing the number of transmissions. Simulation results show that the proposed techniques outperform contemporary schemes in terms of the selected performance metrics. © 2016, Javaid et al.
The tourism value of international freedom campers to New Zealand
- Fieger, Peter, Prayag, Girish, Hall, C. Michael, North, Chris
- Authors: Fieger, Peter , Prayag, Girish , Hall, C. Michael , North, Chris
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Tourism Recreation Research Vol. 45, no. 2 (2020), p. 265-270
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: This study evaluates the economic contribution of international freedom campers to New Zealand over the period 1997–2018. Using the International Visitor Survey (IVS) data, we categorise tourism activities undertaken by freedom campers as free, low value and high value and estimate whether over this period the proportion for each category increases or decreases. We also compare the economic value of the activities undertaken by freedom campers with those undertaken by tourists staying in commercial accommodation. The findings show that over the last 21 years, freedom campers have undertaken more free activities compared to those staying in hotels, motels and luxury accommodation. However, their uptake of high expense activities are similar to tourists staying in B&Bs or homestay, and camping/national park. Accordingly, this research note demystifies the perception that freedom campers are cheap tourists with nothing to contribute economically. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Student mobility and transition : setting your compass for success
- Authors: Murrell, Kerry
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: With increasing levels of student mobility within Victorian schools, many educational settings experience frequent changes to their student population. These changes are often met with an ad hoc array of practices implemented by schools in an attempt to adequately manage them. This thesis addresses the impact of student mobility on an educational community and its stakeholders in Victoria, Australia. The research was undertaken in five Victorian government schools that encompassed diverse geographical locations and socio-economic profiles. Key stakeholders include: school principals, teachers and education support staff, mobile students, parents/carers of mobile students, non-mobile students and their families. Each group offered a unique perspective regarding student mobility and transition processes. Participants in this study were involved in interviews and focus groups, and completed a questionnaire. Socio-economic status was identified as a predominant factor in student mobility for both families and schools. This was evidenced by high levels of often unpredictable mobility in socio-economically disadvantaged and significantly disadvantaged participating schools. The participating non-disadvantaged school experienced mobility related specifically to perceived academic gain or parental promotion. Regardless of socio-economic status, each group was reliant on other stakeholders to be successful. No stakeholder groups stood alone as being able to successfully navigate the process of mobility and transition independently. This study, through the thematic analysis of the data collected, has uncovered many actionable and achievable recommendations for families, schools and the education system itself both within Victoria and nationwide. The participants in this research clearly indicated a need for a more strategic and planned approach to mobility. Educational communities must respond proactively in order to provide optimal academic, social and emotional outcomes for students in these circumstances.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Murrell, Kerry
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: With increasing levels of student mobility within Victorian schools, many educational settings experience frequent changes to their student population. These changes are often met with an ad hoc array of practices implemented by schools in an attempt to adequately manage them. This thesis addresses the impact of student mobility on an educational community and its stakeholders in Victoria, Australia. The research was undertaken in five Victorian government schools that encompassed diverse geographical locations and socio-economic profiles. Key stakeholders include: school principals, teachers and education support staff, mobile students, parents/carers of mobile students, non-mobile students and their families. Each group offered a unique perspective regarding student mobility and transition processes. Participants in this study were involved in interviews and focus groups, and completed a questionnaire. Socio-economic status was identified as a predominant factor in student mobility for both families and schools. This was evidenced by high levels of often unpredictable mobility in socio-economically disadvantaged and significantly disadvantaged participating schools. The participating non-disadvantaged school experienced mobility related specifically to perceived academic gain or parental promotion. Regardless of socio-economic status, each group was reliant on other stakeholders to be successful. No stakeholder groups stood alone as being able to successfully navigate the process of mobility and transition independently. This study, through the thematic analysis of the data collected, has uncovered many actionable and achievable recommendations for families, schools and the education system itself both within Victoria and nationwide. The participants in this research clearly indicated a need for a more strategic and planned approach to mobility. Educational communities must respond proactively in order to provide optimal academic, social and emotional outcomes for students in these circumstances.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
A survey dataset to evaluate the changes in mobility and transportation due to COVID-19 travel restrictions in Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Iran, Italy, Norway, South Africa, United States
- Barbieri, Diego, Lou, Baowen, Passavanti, Marco, Hui, Cang, Lam, Louisa
- Authors: Barbieri, Diego , Lou, Baowen , Passavanti, Marco , Hui, Cang , Lam, Louisa
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Data in Brief Vol. 33, no. (2020), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: COVID-19 pandemic has heavily impacted the global community. To curb the viral transmission, travel restrictions have been enforced across the world. The dataset documents the mobility disruptions and the modal shifts that have occurred as a consequence of the restrictive measures implemented in ten countries: Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Iran, Italy, Norway, South Africa and the United States. An online questionnaire was distributed during the period from the 11st to the 31st of May 2020, with a total of 9 394 respondents. The first part of the survey has characterized the frequency of use of all transport modes before and during the enforcement of the restrictions, while the second part of the survey has dealt with perceived risks of contracting COVID-19 from different transport modes and perceived effectiveness of travel mitigation measures. Overall, the dataset (stored in a repository publicly available) can be conveniently used to quantify and understand the modal shifts and people's cognitive behavior towards travel due to COVID-19. The collected responses can be further analysed by considering other demographic and socioeconomic covariates. © 2020 The Author(s). *Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 5 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Louisa Lam” is provided in this record*
- Authors: Barbieri, Diego , Lou, Baowen , Passavanti, Marco , Hui, Cang , Lam, Louisa
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Data in Brief Vol. 33, no. (2020), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: COVID-19 pandemic has heavily impacted the global community. To curb the viral transmission, travel restrictions have been enforced across the world. The dataset documents the mobility disruptions and the modal shifts that have occurred as a consequence of the restrictive measures implemented in ten countries: Australia, Brazil, China, Ghana, India, Iran, Italy, Norway, South Africa and the United States. An online questionnaire was distributed during the period from the 11st to the 31st of May 2020, with a total of 9 394 respondents. The first part of the survey has characterized the frequency of use of all transport modes before and during the enforcement of the restrictions, while the second part of the survey has dealt with perceived risks of contracting COVID-19 from different transport modes and perceived effectiveness of travel mitigation measures. Overall, the dataset (stored in a repository publicly available) can be conveniently used to quantify and understand the modal shifts and people's cognitive behavior towards travel due to COVID-19. The collected responses can be further analysed by considering other demographic and socioeconomic covariates. © 2020 The Author(s). *Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 5 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Louisa Lam” is provided in this record*
PFARS : Enhancing throughput and lifetime of heterogeneous WSNs through power-aware fusion, aggregation, and routing scheme
- Khan, Rahim, Zakarya, Muhammad, Tan, Zhiyuan, Usman, Muhammad, Jan, Mian, Khan, Mukhtaj
- Authors: Khan, Rahim , Zakarya, Muhammad , Tan, Zhiyuan , Usman, Muhammad , Jan, Mian , Khan, Mukhtaj
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Communication Systems Vol. 32, no. 18 (Dec 2019), p. 21
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of resource-starving nodes that face a challenging task of handling various issues such as data redundancy, data fusion, congestion control, and energy efficiency. In these networks, data fusion algorithms process the raw data generated by a sensor node in an energy-efficient manner to reduce redundancy, improve accuracy, and enhance the network lifetime. In literature, these issues are addressed individually, and most of the proposed solutions are either application-specific or too complex that make their implementation unrealistic, specifically, in a resource-constrained environment. In this paper, we propose a novel node-level data fusion algorithm for heterogeneous WSNs to detect noisy data and replace them with highly refined data. To minimize the amount of transmitted data, a hybrid data aggregation algorithm is proposed that performs in-network processing while preserving the reliability of gathered data. This combination of data fusion and data aggregation algorithms effectively handle the aforementioned issues by ensuring an efficient utilization of the available resources. Apart from fusion and aggregation, a biased traffic distribution algorithm is introduced that considerably increases the overall lifetime of heterogeneous WSNs. The proposed algorithm performs the tedious task of traffic distribution according to the network's statistics, ie, the residual energy of neighboring nodes and their importance from a network's connectivity perspective. All our proposed algorithms were tested on a real-time dataset obtained through our deployed heterogeneous WSN in an orange orchard and also on publicly available benchmark datasets. Experimental results verify that our proposed algorithms outperform the existing approaches in terms of various performance metrics such as throughput, lifetime, data accuracy, computational time, and delay.
- Authors: Khan, Rahim , Zakarya, Muhammad , Tan, Zhiyuan , Usman, Muhammad , Jan, Mian , Khan, Mukhtaj
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Communication Systems Vol. 32, no. 18 (Dec 2019), p. 21
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of resource-starving nodes that face a challenging task of handling various issues such as data redundancy, data fusion, congestion control, and energy efficiency. In these networks, data fusion algorithms process the raw data generated by a sensor node in an energy-efficient manner to reduce redundancy, improve accuracy, and enhance the network lifetime. In literature, these issues are addressed individually, and most of the proposed solutions are either application-specific or too complex that make their implementation unrealistic, specifically, in a resource-constrained environment. In this paper, we propose a novel node-level data fusion algorithm for heterogeneous WSNs to detect noisy data and replace them with highly refined data. To minimize the amount of transmitted data, a hybrid data aggregation algorithm is proposed that performs in-network processing while preserving the reliability of gathered data. This combination of data fusion and data aggregation algorithms effectively handle the aforementioned issues by ensuring an efficient utilization of the available resources. Apart from fusion and aggregation, a biased traffic distribution algorithm is introduced that considerably increases the overall lifetime of heterogeneous WSNs. The proposed algorithm performs the tedious task of traffic distribution according to the network's statistics, ie, the residual energy of neighboring nodes and their importance from a network's connectivity perspective. All our proposed algorithms were tested on a real-time dataset obtained through our deployed heterogeneous WSN in an orange orchard and also on publicly available benchmark datasets. Experimental results verify that our proposed algorithms outperform the existing approaches in terms of various performance metrics such as throughput, lifetime, data accuracy, computational time, and delay.
Stay or go? Young people’s agency and mobility in and out of small towns
- Authors: Parkin, Ember
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: This doctoral thesis examines young people’s place attachments in two small Victorian towns. This qualitative ethnographic study uses auto-driven photo-elicitation to understand young people’s sense of place and futures in their home towns of Castlemaine and Maryborough. These case study towns are of a similar size, geography and heritage fabric. However, they are home to starkly different social indicators and economic policy contexts. The study seeks to understand how the cultural features of small towns affect young people’s place attachment and also how place relationships might subsequently affect young people’s sense of futures through their desired and intended locations and aspirations. To achieve this, the thesis explores young people’s social constructions of place. The photoelicitation method enables close attention to be paid to young people’s engagement with their home towns. This thesis argues that agency or lack of agency is a significant factor in strengthening or diminishing young people’s place attachments. Previous research suggests that one result of place attachment is that people will seek to remain being in a place. For young people in this study there appears to be an inverse relationship. Young people who had a broad and holistic sense of place engagement and attachment also had a broad sense of future possibilities and thus, intended to leave their home towns in pursuit of personal growth and education. Whereas young people who had a more limited sense of attachment or engagement had a narrower sense of future possibilities and were less likely to desire to leave their home town. The study contributes to knowledge about the ways in which place engagement can affect young people’s social and physical mobility.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Parkin, Ember
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: This doctoral thesis examines young people’s place attachments in two small Victorian towns. This qualitative ethnographic study uses auto-driven photo-elicitation to understand young people’s sense of place and futures in their home towns of Castlemaine and Maryborough. These case study towns are of a similar size, geography and heritage fabric. However, they are home to starkly different social indicators and economic policy contexts. The study seeks to understand how the cultural features of small towns affect young people’s place attachment and also how place relationships might subsequently affect young people’s sense of futures through their desired and intended locations and aspirations. To achieve this, the thesis explores young people’s social constructions of place. The photoelicitation method enables close attention to be paid to young people’s engagement with their home towns. This thesis argues that agency or lack of agency is a significant factor in strengthening or diminishing young people’s place attachments. Previous research suggests that one result of place attachment is that people will seek to remain being in a place. For young people in this study there appears to be an inverse relationship. Young people who had a broad and holistic sense of place engagement and attachment also had a broad sense of future possibilities and thus, intended to leave their home towns in pursuit of personal growth and education. Whereas young people who had a more limited sense of attachment or engagement had a narrower sense of future possibilities and were less likely to desire to leave their home town. The study contributes to knowledge about the ways in which place engagement can affect young people’s social and physical mobility.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
Growth and element uptake by salt-sensitive crops under combined nacl and cd stresses
- Ondrasek, Gabrijel, Rengel, Zed, Maurović, Nada, Kondres, Nada, Filipović, Vilim, Savić, Radovan, Blagojević, Boško, Tanaskovik, Vjekoslav, Gergichevich, Cristian, Romić, Davor
- Authors: Ondrasek, Gabrijel , Rengel, Zed , Maurović, Nada , Kondres, Nada , Filipović, Vilim , Savić, Radovan , Blagojević, Boško , Tanaskovik, Vjekoslav , Gergichevich, Cristian , Romić, Davor
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Plants (Basel) Vol. 10, no. 6 (2021), p. 1202
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: To test an assumption that organic soil can ameliorate nutritional disorders associated with metal and salinity stresses, we exposed salt-sensitive strawberry and lettuce to four salinity (0–60 mM NaCl) and three contamination (0.3–5 mg Cd/kg) rates in peat (pHH2O = 5.5). The results showed that, even at 20 mM NaCl, salinity stress exerted a dominant effect on rhizosphere biogeochemistry and physiological processes, inducing leaf-edge burns, chlorosis/necrosis, reducing vegetative growth in crops at ≥40 mM, NaCl mortality was induced in strawberry. Signifiacntly decreased K/Na, Ca/Na and Mg/Na concentration ratios with raising salinity were confirmed in all tissues. The combined CdxNaCl stresses (vs. control) increased leaf Cd accumulation (up to 42-fold in lettuce and 23-fold in strawberry), whereas NaCl salinity increased the accumulation of Zn (>1.5-fold) and Cu (up to 1.2-fold) in leaves. Lettuce accumulated the toxic Cd concentration (up to 12.6 mg/kg) in leaves, suggesting the strong root-to-shoot transport of Cd. In strawberry Cd, concentration was similar (and sub-toxic) in fruits and leaves, 2.28 and 1.86 mg/kg, respectively, suggesting lower Cd root-to-shoot translocation, and similar Cd mobility in the xylem and phloem. Additionally, the accumulation of Cd in strawberry fruits was exacerbated at high NaCl exposure (60 mM) compared with lower NaCl concentrations. Thus, in salinized, slightly acidic and organically rich rhizosphere, pronounced organo- and/or chloro-complexation likely shifted metal biogeochemistry toward increased mobility and phytoavailability (with metal adsorption restricted due to Na+ oversaturation of the caton exchange complex in the substrate), confirming the importance of quality water and soils in avoiding abiotic stresses and producing non-contaminated food.
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