China's domestic migration and crime: A case study of Shanghai
- Authors: Huang, Meiju , Jiang, Xiaoli
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Global Studies Vol. 8, no. 4 (2015), p. 15-24
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- Description: After more than 35 years of economic reforms, China's urbanization has been increased from 17.92% in 1978 to 51.27% in 2011. A large number of migrants have moved from rural areas to large metropolitan cities, especially cities on the East coast and Southeast coast of China such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou, seeking employment and better lives. However, the massive increase in city size has brought many issues such as overpopulation, traffic congestion, and crime. It is commonly believed that the influx of rural migrants is associated with increased crime. However, very few comprehensive studies based on reliable crime records have been conducted in China. This paper investigates the available crime records in five districts of Shanghai between 2008 and 2012. It focuses on China's internal migration and associated crime rate using Shanghai as a case study. Analysis of China's historical, economic, social, and cultural factors is presented to interpret the outcomes of this investigation.
- Authors: Huang, Meiju , Jiang, Xiaoli
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Global Studies Vol. 8, no. 4 (2015), p. 15-24
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: After more than 35 years of economic reforms, China's urbanization has been increased from 17.92% in 1978 to 51.27% in 2011. A large number of migrants have moved from rural areas to large metropolitan cities, especially cities on the East coast and Southeast coast of China such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou, seeking employment and better lives. However, the massive increase in city size has brought many issues such as overpopulation, traffic congestion, and crime. It is commonly believed that the influx of rural migrants is associated with increased crime. However, very few comprehensive studies based on reliable crime records have been conducted in China. This paper investigates the available crime records in five districts of Shanghai between 2008 and 2012. It focuses on China's internal migration and associated crime rate using Shanghai as a case study. Analysis of China's historical, economic, social, and cultural factors is presented to interpret the outcomes of this investigation.
An improved 3-(4,5-dmethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl )-2H-tetrazolium proliferation assay to overcome the interference of hydralazine
- Wang, Yutang, Nguyen, Dinh, Yang, Guang, Anesi, Jack, Chai, Zhonglin, Charchar, Fadi, Golledge, Jonathan
- Authors: Wang, Yutang , Nguyen, Dinh , Yang, Guang , Anesi, Jack , Chai, Zhonglin , Charchar, Fadi , Golledge, Jonathan
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Assay and Drug Development Technologies Vol. 18, no. 8 (Dec 2020), p. 379-384
- Relation: https://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1062671
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- Description: The MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] assay is one of the most commonly used assays to assess cell proliferation and cytotoxicity, but is subject to interference by testing compounds. Hydralazine, an antihypertensive drug, is commonly investigated in multiple fields such as heart failure, cancer, and blood pressure research. This study reported interference of the MTS assay by hydralazine and a simple modification overcoming this interference. Vascular smooth muscle cells were cultured in the presence or absence of hydralazine (0, 10, 50,100, and 500 mu M) for 2 or 24 h. Cell numbers were analyzed using MTS, trypan blue exclusion, or microscopic assays. A modified version of the standard MTS assay was established, in which an additional step was added replacing the test medium, containing hydralazine, with fresh culture medium immediately before the addition of the MTS reagent. Culture with hydralazine at concentrations of 50, 100, and 500 mu M for 2 h increased absorbance (p< 0.05) in the standard MTS assay, whereas microscopy suggested no change in cell numbers. Culture with 500 mu m hydralazine for 24 h increased absorbance (p< 0.05) in the standard MTS assay, however, trypan blue exclusion and microscopy suggested a decrease in cell numbers. In a cell-free system, hydralazine (>= 10 mu M) increased absorbance in a concentration-dependent manner. The modified MTS assay produced results consistent with trypan blue exclusion and microscopy. In conclusion, a simple modification of the standard MTS assay overcame the interference of hydralazine and may be useful to avoid interference from other tested compounds.
- Authors: Wang, Yutang , Nguyen, Dinh , Yang, Guang , Anesi, Jack , Chai, Zhonglin , Charchar, Fadi , Golledge, Jonathan
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Assay and Drug Development Technologies Vol. 18, no. 8 (Dec 2020), p. 379-384
- Relation: https://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1062671
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] assay is one of the most commonly used assays to assess cell proliferation and cytotoxicity, but is subject to interference by testing compounds. Hydralazine, an antihypertensive drug, is commonly investigated in multiple fields such as heart failure, cancer, and blood pressure research. This study reported interference of the MTS assay by hydralazine and a simple modification overcoming this interference. Vascular smooth muscle cells were cultured in the presence or absence of hydralazine (0, 10, 50,100, and 500 mu M) for 2 or 24 h. Cell numbers were analyzed using MTS, trypan blue exclusion, or microscopic assays. A modified version of the standard MTS assay was established, in which an additional step was added replacing the test medium, containing hydralazine, with fresh culture medium immediately before the addition of the MTS reagent. Culture with hydralazine at concentrations of 50, 100, and 500 mu M for 2 h increased absorbance (p< 0.05) in the standard MTS assay, whereas microscopy suggested no change in cell numbers. Culture with 500 mu m hydralazine for 24 h increased absorbance (p< 0.05) in the standard MTS assay, however, trypan blue exclusion and microscopy suggested a decrease in cell numbers. In a cell-free system, hydralazine (>= 10 mu M) increased absorbance in a concentration-dependent manner. The modified MTS assay produced results consistent with trypan blue exclusion and microscopy. In conclusion, a simple modification of the standard MTS assay overcame the interference of hydralazine and may be useful to avoid interference from other tested compounds.
Animal movements in fire-prone landscapes
- Nimmo, Dale, Avitabile, Sarah, Banks, Sam, Bird, Rebecca, Callister, Kate, Clarke, Michael, Dickman, Chris, Doherty, Tim, Driscoll, Don, Greenville, Aaron, Haslem, Angie, Kelly, Luke, Kenny, Sally, Lahoz-Monfort, Jose, Lee, Connie, Leonard, Steven, Moore, Harry, Newsome, Thomas, Parr, Catherine, Ritchie, Euan, Schneider, Kathryn, Turner, James, Watson, Simon, Westbrooke, Martin, Wouters, Mike, White, Matthew, Bennett, Andrew
- Authors: Nimmo, Dale , Avitabile, Sarah , Banks, Sam , Bird, Rebecca , Callister, Kate , Clarke, Michael , Dickman, Chris , Doherty, Tim , Driscoll, Don , Greenville, Aaron , Haslem, Angie , Kelly, Luke , Kenny, Sally , Lahoz-Monfort, Jose , Lee, Connie , Leonard, Steven , Moore, Harry , Newsome, Thomas , Parr, Catherine , Ritchie, Euan , Schneider, Kathryn , Turner, James , Watson, Simon , Westbrooke, Martin , Wouters, Mike , White, Matthew , Bennett, Andrew
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: Biological Reviews Vol. 94, no. 3 (2019), p. 981-998
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- Description: Movement is a trait of fundamental importance in ecosystems subject to frequent disturbances, such as fire-prone ecosystems. Despite this, the role of movement in facilitating responses to fire has received little attention. Herein, we consider how animal movement interacts with fire history to shape species distributions. We consider how fire affects movement between habitat patches of differing fire histories that occur across a range of spatial and temporal scales, from daily foraging bouts to infrequent dispersal events, and annual migrations. We review animal movements in response to the immediate and abrupt impacts of fire, and the longer-term successional changes that fires set in train. We discuss how the novel threats of altered fire regimes, landscape fragmentation, and invasive species result in suboptimal movements that drive populations downwards. We then outline the types of data needed to study animal movements in relation to fire and novel threats, to hasten the integration of movement ecology and fire ecology. We conclude by outlining a research agenda for the integration of movement ecology and fire ecology by identifying key research questions that emerge from our synthesis of animal movements in fire-prone ecosystems.
- Authors: Nimmo, Dale , Avitabile, Sarah , Banks, Sam , Bird, Rebecca , Callister, Kate , Clarke, Michael , Dickman, Chris , Doherty, Tim , Driscoll, Don , Greenville, Aaron , Haslem, Angie , Kelly, Luke , Kenny, Sally , Lahoz-Monfort, Jose , Lee, Connie , Leonard, Steven , Moore, Harry , Newsome, Thomas , Parr, Catherine , Ritchie, Euan , Schneider, Kathryn , Turner, James , Watson, Simon , Westbrooke, Martin , Wouters, Mike , White, Matthew , Bennett, Andrew
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: Biological Reviews Vol. 94, no. 3 (2019), p. 981-998
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Movement is a trait of fundamental importance in ecosystems subject to frequent disturbances, such as fire-prone ecosystems. Despite this, the role of movement in facilitating responses to fire has received little attention. Herein, we consider how animal movement interacts with fire history to shape species distributions. We consider how fire affects movement between habitat patches of differing fire histories that occur across a range of spatial and temporal scales, from daily foraging bouts to infrequent dispersal events, and annual migrations. We review animal movements in response to the immediate and abrupt impacts of fire, and the longer-term successional changes that fires set in train. We discuss how the novel threats of altered fire regimes, landscape fragmentation, and invasive species result in suboptimal movements that drive populations downwards. We then outline the types of data needed to study animal movements in relation to fire and novel threats, to hasten the integration of movement ecology and fire ecology. We conclude by outlining a research agenda for the integration of movement ecology and fire ecology by identifying key research questions that emerge from our synthesis of animal movements in fire-prone ecosystems.
Encounters and engagement in the civilizational analysis of Japan
- Authors: Smith, Jeremy
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Historicka Sociologie Vol. 13, no. 2 (2021), p. 31-46
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- Description: As a field of significant activity for historical sociologists in recent decades, civilizational analysis has produced extensive and incisive works examining Japan as a historical formation of Eurasia. However, the same cannot be said of Japan's Pacific relationship with the United States, which is neglected in the major historical sociologies of Japanese modernity. This essay seeks to address that unnecessary oversight by putting that relationship into focus as an international dimension of the institution of both states. It would be tempting to elucidate the entanglement of the two as an encounter of civilizations, but the author instead casts it as intercivilizational engagement, that is a deeper set of connections generated by routine contacts and migratory movements, trade in commerce and culture, and selective appropriation of models of statehood. Delineating the lines of exchange in all four domains of connectivity between Japan and the US, the essay profiles the international and imperial extensions of both states. In altering the perspective on Japan's relations with the world, the author outlines a larger potential historical sociology of intercivilizational engagement between two Pacific-edge civilizational constellations.
- Authors: Smith, Jeremy
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Historicka Sociologie Vol. 13, no. 2 (2021), p. 31-46
- Full Text:
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- Description: As a field of significant activity for historical sociologists in recent decades, civilizational analysis has produced extensive and incisive works examining Japan as a historical formation of Eurasia. However, the same cannot be said of Japan's Pacific relationship with the United States, which is neglected in the major historical sociologies of Japanese modernity. This essay seeks to address that unnecessary oversight by putting that relationship into focus as an international dimension of the institution of both states. It would be tempting to elucidate the entanglement of the two as an encounter of civilizations, but the author instead casts it as intercivilizational engagement, that is a deeper set of connections generated by routine contacts and migratory movements, trade in commerce and culture, and selective appropriation of models of statehood. Delineating the lines of exchange in all four domains of connectivity between Japan and the US, the essay profiles the international and imperial extensions of both states. In altering the perspective on Japan's relations with the world, the author outlines a larger potential historical sociology of intercivilizational engagement between two Pacific-edge civilizational constellations.
Southern lights : metropolitan imaginaries in Latin America
- Authors: Smith, Jeremy
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Thesis Eleven Vol. 166, no. 1 (2021), p. 118-135
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- Description: This essay aims to examine metropolitan cities of Latin America with two aspects of the literature in anthropology, history, and sociology in mind. First, the essay addresses an imbalanced focus on cities in the USA and Canada by sketching the significance of migration, creation, and urban development in four major metropolises of Latin America. Second, in place of a framework of urban imaginaries, which has dominated the sociology of Latin American cities in recent years, I argue for a more precise notion of metropolitan imaginaries that better frames the creativity of particular cities and their level of integration into international and regional networks. With this more precise notion, I distinguish southern cities as highly connected places, which attract migrants and bring economic and cultural traffic to their shores, ports, plazas, and streets. They are lively centers of Atlantic modernity with connections that generate greater magnitude for creativity and, as such, bear international significance as places of architecture and urban design. In their informal settlements, impulses of organic creation further distinguish southern metropolises from their North American counterparts. The quality of international and regional connections distinguishes these cities from other urban centers in Latin America, a point underestimated in the literature on urban imaginaries. In this essay, I examine 19th and 20th-century Buenos Aires, Mexico City, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro. Each is distinguished from most cities by the magnitude of migration, the diversity of their populations, and the connections they have to global and regional developments. Crucially, each one stands out for the quality and impact of their metropolis-making, particularly in creative architecture and urban design. © The Author(s) 2021.
- Authors: Smith, Jeremy
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Thesis Eleven Vol. 166, no. 1 (2021), p. 118-135
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This essay aims to examine metropolitan cities of Latin America with two aspects of the literature in anthropology, history, and sociology in mind. First, the essay addresses an imbalanced focus on cities in the USA and Canada by sketching the significance of migration, creation, and urban development in four major metropolises of Latin America. Second, in place of a framework of urban imaginaries, which has dominated the sociology of Latin American cities in recent years, I argue for a more precise notion of metropolitan imaginaries that better frames the creativity of particular cities and their level of integration into international and regional networks. With this more precise notion, I distinguish southern cities as highly connected places, which attract migrants and bring economic and cultural traffic to their shores, ports, plazas, and streets. They are lively centers of Atlantic modernity with connections that generate greater magnitude for creativity and, as such, bear international significance as places of architecture and urban design. In their informal settlements, impulses of organic creation further distinguish southern metropolises from their North American counterparts. The quality of international and regional connections distinguishes these cities from other urban centers in Latin America, a point underestimated in the literature on urban imaginaries. In this essay, I examine 19th and 20th-century Buenos Aires, Mexico City, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro. Each is distinguished from most cities by the magnitude of migration, the diversity of their populations, and the connections they have to global and regional developments. Crucially, each one stands out for the quality and impact of their metropolis-making, particularly in creative architecture and urban design. © The Author(s) 2021.
An exploratory study of factors influencing pakistani physicians' retention and resettlement career decisions
- Arif, Muhammad, Fraser, John, Cruickshank, Mary
- Authors: Arif, Muhammad , Fraser, John , Cruickshank, Mary
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC Vol. 34 , no. 3 (2022), p. S649-S659
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- Description: Background: The recruitment, retention and migration of health workers is a global phenomenon. The literature shows push factors associated with leaving rural areas and developing countries in general are explored in depth. However importantly, some health workers behave differently and decide to stay in or return to a developing country. Less is known about the reasons/ pull factors of this groups' decision making. Methods: This paper aims to explore the perceptions of Pakistani physicians regarding their career decisions to remain in their country, or resettle back after working abroad for some time. Thirteen Pakistani physicians were interviewed via telephones who were working in Pakistan and Australia. Results: The motivation for Pakistani physicians to remain or resettle back into their country stems from the perceived better quality of life in Pakistan compared to the better standard of life overseas. Other reasons include a perceived differentiation between locals and non-locals abroad and the availability of a permanent job in Pakistan. Conclusion: The main factors that contributed to Pakistani physicians' retention and resettlement decisions were mostly personal and family or societal factors and there was a minimal role for professional or health system related factors in their career decisions, except for the availability of permanent jobs in Pakistan.
- Authors: Arif, Muhammad , Fraser, John , Cruickshank, Mary
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad : JAMC Vol. 34 , no. 3 (2022), p. S649-S659
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: The recruitment, retention and migration of health workers is a global phenomenon. The literature shows push factors associated with leaving rural areas and developing countries in general are explored in depth. However importantly, some health workers behave differently and decide to stay in or return to a developing country. Less is known about the reasons/ pull factors of this groups' decision making. Methods: This paper aims to explore the perceptions of Pakistani physicians regarding their career decisions to remain in their country, or resettle back after working abroad for some time. Thirteen Pakistani physicians were interviewed via telephones who were working in Pakistan and Australia. Results: The motivation for Pakistani physicians to remain or resettle back into their country stems from the perceived better quality of life in Pakistan compared to the better standard of life overseas. Other reasons include a perceived differentiation between locals and non-locals abroad and the availability of a permanent job in Pakistan. Conclusion: The main factors that contributed to Pakistani physicians' retention and resettlement decisions were mostly personal and family or societal factors and there was a minimal role for professional or health system related factors in their career decisions, except for the availability of permanent jobs in Pakistan.
Knock down of TIMP-2 by siRNA and CRISPR/Cas9 mediates diverse cellular reprogramming of metastasis and chemosensitivity in ovarian cancer
- Escalona, Ruth, Chu, Simon, Kadife, Elif, Kelly, Jason, Kannourakis, George, Findlay, Jock, Ahmed, Nuzhat
- Authors: Escalona, Ruth , Chu, Simon , Kadife, Elif , Kelly, Jason , Kannourakis, George , Findlay, Jock , Ahmed, Nuzhat
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Cancer Cell International Vol. 22, no. 1 (2022), p.
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- Description: Background: The endogenous tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), through its homeostatic action on certain metalloproteinases, plays a vital role in remodelling extracellular matrix (ECM) to facilitate cancer progression. This study investigated the role of TIMP-2 in an ovarian cancer cell line in which the expression of TIMP-2 was reduced by either siRNA or CRISPR/Cas9. Methods: OVCAR5 cells were transiently and stably transfected with either single or pooled TIMP-2 siRNAs (T2-KD cells) or by CRISPR/Cas9 under the influence of two distinct guide RNAs (gRNA1 and gRNA2 cell lines). The expression of different genes was analysed at the mRNA level by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) and at the protein level by immunofluorescence (IF) and western blot. Proliferation of cells was investigated by 5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay or staining with Ki67. Cell migration/invasion was determined by xCELLigence. Cell growth in vitro was determined by 3D spheroid cultures and in vivo by a mouse xenograft model. Results: Approximately 70–90% knock down of TIMP-2 expression were confirmed in T2-KD, gRNA1 and gRNA2 OVCAR5 ovarian cancer cells at the protein level. T2-KD, gRNA1 and gRNA2 cells exhibited a significant downregulation of MMP-2 expression, but concurrently a significant upregulation in the expression of membrane bound MMP-14 compared to control and parental cells. Enhanced proliferation and invasion were exhibited in all TIMP-2 knocked down cells but differences in sensitivity to paclitaxel (PTX) treatment were observed, with T2-KD cells and gRNA2 cell line being sensitive, while the gRNA1 cell line was resistant to PTX treatment. In addition, significant differences in the growth of gRNA1 and gRNA2 cell lines were observed in in vitro 3D cultures as well as in an in vivo mouse xenograft model. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the inhibition of TIMP-2 by siRNA and CRISPR/Cas-9 modulate the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-14 and reprogram ovarian cancer cells to facilitate proliferation and invasion. Distinct disparities in in vitro chemosensitivity and growth in 3D culture, and differences in tumour burden and invasion to proximal organs in a mouse model imply that selective suppression of TIMP-2 expression by siRNA or CRISPR/Cas-9 alters important aspects of metastasis and chemosensitivity in ovarian cancer. © 2022, The Author(s).
- Authors: Escalona, Ruth , Chu, Simon , Kadife, Elif , Kelly, Jason , Kannourakis, George , Findlay, Jock , Ahmed, Nuzhat
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Cancer Cell International Vol. 22, no. 1 (2022), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: The endogenous tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), through its homeostatic action on certain metalloproteinases, plays a vital role in remodelling extracellular matrix (ECM) to facilitate cancer progression. This study investigated the role of TIMP-2 in an ovarian cancer cell line in which the expression of TIMP-2 was reduced by either siRNA or CRISPR/Cas9. Methods: OVCAR5 cells were transiently and stably transfected with either single or pooled TIMP-2 siRNAs (T2-KD cells) or by CRISPR/Cas9 under the influence of two distinct guide RNAs (gRNA1 and gRNA2 cell lines). The expression of different genes was analysed at the mRNA level by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) and at the protein level by immunofluorescence (IF) and western blot. Proliferation of cells was investigated by 5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay or staining with Ki67. Cell migration/invasion was determined by xCELLigence. Cell growth in vitro was determined by 3D spheroid cultures and in vivo by a mouse xenograft model. Results: Approximately 70–90% knock down of TIMP-2 expression were confirmed in T2-KD, gRNA1 and gRNA2 OVCAR5 ovarian cancer cells at the protein level. T2-KD, gRNA1 and gRNA2 cells exhibited a significant downregulation of MMP-2 expression, but concurrently a significant upregulation in the expression of membrane bound MMP-14 compared to control and parental cells. Enhanced proliferation and invasion were exhibited in all TIMP-2 knocked down cells but differences in sensitivity to paclitaxel (PTX) treatment were observed, with T2-KD cells and gRNA2 cell line being sensitive, while the gRNA1 cell line was resistant to PTX treatment. In addition, significant differences in the growth of gRNA1 and gRNA2 cell lines were observed in in vitro 3D cultures as well as in an in vivo mouse xenograft model. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the inhibition of TIMP-2 by siRNA and CRISPR/Cas-9 modulate the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-14 and reprogram ovarian cancer cells to facilitate proliferation and invasion. Distinct disparities in in vitro chemosensitivity and growth in 3D culture, and differences in tumour burden and invasion to proximal organs in a mouse model imply that selective suppression of TIMP-2 expression by siRNA or CRISPR/Cas-9 alters important aspects of metastasis and chemosensitivity in ovarian cancer. © 2022, The Author(s).
Does destination, relationship type, or migration status of the host impact vfr travel?
- Zentveld, Elisa, Yousuf, Mohammad
- Authors: Zentveld, Elisa , Yousuf, Mohammad
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Tourism and hospitality (Basel) Vol. 3, no. 3 (2022), p. 589-605
- Full Text:
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- Description: Visiting friends and relatives (VFR) travel hosts play a key role in influencing the trip characteristics of their VFR travel parties and the decisions and activities within those travel parties. However, how those trips are shaped in terms of travel decisions and activities is not well understood. This is the first quantitative study examining the hosting of VFRs by examining how migration, relationship type (VF versus VR), and destination type impact the characteristics and activities of VFR travel parties. The objective was to examine the extent of influence of different characteristics of VFR hosts on individual VFR travel decisions and activities. Estimation models were developed and tested through regression analysis to examine the impact that the characteristics of hosts have on decisions and activities within VFR travel. Such findings have provided a systematic framework for examining the multifaceted role of VFR hosts. The generalisability of the estimation models developed and tested in this study can be replicated and adapted in future studies.
- Authors: Zentveld, Elisa , Yousuf, Mohammad
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Tourism and hospitality (Basel) Vol. 3, no. 3 (2022), p. 589-605
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Visiting friends and relatives (VFR) travel hosts play a key role in influencing the trip characteristics of their VFR travel parties and the decisions and activities within those travel parties. However, how those trips are shaped in terms of travel decisions and activities is not well understood. This is the first quantitative study examining the hosting of VFRs by examining how migration, relationship type (VF versus VR), and destination type impact the characteristics and activities of VFR travel parties. The objective was to examine the extent of influence of different characteristics of VFR hosts on individual VFR travel decisions and activities. Estimation models were developed and tested through regression analysis to examine the impact that the characteristics of hosts have on decisions and activities within VFR travel. Such findings have provided a systematic framework for examining the multifaceted role of VFR hosts. The generalisability of the estimation models developed and tested in this study can be replicated and adapted in future studies.
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