Modified global k-means algorithm for clustering in gene expression data sets
- Bagirov, Adil, Mardaneh, Karim
- Authors: Bagirov, Adil , Mardaneh, Karim
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: Paper presented at Intelligent Systems for Bioinformatics 2006, proceedings of the AI 2006 Workshop on Intelligent Systems of Bioinformatics, Hobart, Tasmania : 4th December, 2006
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Clustering in gene expression data sets is a challenging problem. Different algorithms for clustering of genes have been proposed. However due to the large number of genes only a few algorithms can be applied for the clustering of samples. k-means algorithm and its different variations are among those algorithms. But these algorithms in general can converge only to local minima and these local minima are significantly different from global solutions as the number of clusters increases. Over the last several years different approaches have been proposed to improve global search properties of k-means algorithm and its performance on large data sets. One of them is the global k-means algorithm. In this paper we develop a new version of the global k-means algorithm: the modified global k-means algorithm which is effective for solving clustering problems in gene expression data sets. We present preliminary computational results using gene expression data sets which demonstrate that the modified k-means algorithm improves and sometimes significantly results by k-means and global k-means algorithms.
- Description: E1
- Description: 2003001713
- Authors: Bagirov, Adil , Mardaneh, Karim
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: Paper presented at Intelligent Systems for Bioinformatics 2006, proceedings of the AI 2006 Workshop on Intelligent Systems of Bioinformatics, Hobart, Tasmania : 4th December, 2006
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Clustering in gene expression data sets is a challenging problem. Different algorithms for clustering of genes have been proposed. However due to the large number of genes only a few algorithms can be applied for the clustering of samples. k-means algorithm and its different variations are among those algorithms. But these algorithms in general can converge only to local minima and these local minima are significantly different from global solutions as the number of clusters increases. Over the last several years different approaches have been proposed to improve global search properties of k-means algorithm and its performance on large data sets. One of them is the global k-means algorithm. In this paper we develop a new version of the global k-means algorithm: the modified global k-means algorithm which is effective for solving clustering problems in gene expression data sets. We present preliminary computational results using gene expression data sets which demonstrate that the modified k-means algorithm improves and sometimes significantly results by k-means and global k-means algorithms.
- Description: E1
- Description: 2003001713
New gene selection algorithm using hypeboxes to improve performance of classifiers
- Bagirov, Adil, Mardaneh, Karim
- Authors: Bagirov, Adil , Mardaneh, Karim
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications Vol. 16, no. 3 (2020), p. 269-289
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The use of DNA microarray technology allows to measure the expression levels of thousands of genes in one single experiment which makes possible to apply classification techniques to classify tumours. However, the large number of genes and relatively small number of tumours in gene expression datasets may (and in some cases significantly) diminish the accuracy of many classifiers. Therefore, efficient gene selection algorithms are required to identify most informative genes or groups of genes to improve the performance of classifiers. In this paper, a new gene selection algorithm is developed using marginal hyberboxes of genes or groups of genes for each tumour type. Informative genes are defined using overlaps between hyberboxes. The results on six gene expression datasets demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is able to considerably reduce the number of genes and significantly improve the performance of classifiers. © 2020 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
Groundwater seeps facilitate exposure to Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Baker, Anthony, Tahani, Donald, Gardiner, Christopher, Bristow, Keith, Greenhill, Andrew, Warner, Jeffrey
- Authors: Baker, Anthony , Tahani, Donald , Gardiner, Christopher , Bristow, Keith , Greenhill, Andrew , Warner, Jeffrey
- Date: 2011
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 77, no. 20 (2011), p. 7243-7246
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- Reviewed:
- Description: Burkholderia pseudomallei is a saprophytic bacterium which is the causative agent of melioidosis, a common cause of fatal bacterial pneumonia and sepsis in the tropics. The incidence of melioidosis is clustered spatially and temporally and is heavily linked to rainfall and extreme weather events. Clinical case clustering has recently been reported in Townsville, Australia, and has implicated Castle Hill, a granite monolith in the city center, as a potential reservoir of infection. Topsoil and water from seasonal groundwater seeps were collected around the base of Castle Hill and analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR targeting the type III secretion system genes for the presence of B. pseudomallei. The organism was identified in 65% (95% confidence interval [CI], 49.5 to 80.4) of soil samples (n =40) and 92.5% (95% CI, 83.9 to 100) of seasonal groundwater samples (n =40). Further sampling of water collected from roads and gutters in nearby residential areas after an intense rainfall event found that 88.2% (95% CI, 72.9 to 100) of samples (n =16) contained viable B. pseudomallei at concentrations up to 113 CFU/ml. Comparison of isolates using multilocus sequence typing demonstrated clinical matches and close associations between environmental isolates and isolates derived from clinical samples from patients in Townsville. This study demonstrated that waterborne B. pseudomallei from groundwater seeps around Castle Hill may facilitate exposure to B. pseudomallei and contribute to the clinical clustering at this site. Access to this type of information will advise the development and implementation of public health measures to reduce the incidence of melioidosis. © 2011, American Society for Microbiology.
- Authors: Baker, Anthony , Tahani, Donald , Gardiner, Christopher , Bristow, Keith , Greenhill, Andrew , Warner, Jeffrey
- Date: 2011
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 77, no. 20 (2011), p. 7243-7246
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Burkholderia pseudomallei is a saprophytic bacterium which is the causative agent of melioidosis, a common cause of fatal bacterial pneumonia and sepsis in the tropics. The incidence of melioidosis is clustered spatially and temporally and is heavily linked to rainfall and extreme weather events. Clinical case clustering has recently been reported in Townsville, Australia, and has implicated Castle Hill, a granite monolith in the city center, as a potential reservoir of infection. Topsoil and water from seasonal groundwater seeps were collected around the base of Castle Hill and analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR targeting the type III secretion system genes for the presence of B. pseudomallei. The organism was identified in 65% (95% confidence interval [CI], 49.5 to 80.4) of soil samples (n =40) and 92.5% (95% CI, 83.9 to 100) of seasonal groundwater samples (n =40). Further sampling of water collected from roads and gutters in nearby residential areas after an intense rainfall event found that 88.2% (95% CI, 72.9 to 100) of samples (n =16) contained viable B. pseudomallei at concentrations up to 113 CFU/ml. Comparison of isolates using multilocus sequence typing demonstrated clinical matches and close associations between environmental isolates and isolates derived from clinical samples from patients in Townsville. This study demonstrated that waterborne B. pseudomallei from groundwater seeps around Castle Hill may facilitate exposure to B. pseudomallei and contribute to the clinical clustering at this site. Access to this type of information will advise the development and implementation of public health measures to reduce the incidence of melioidosis. © 2011, American Society for Microbiology.
Male-specific region of the y chromosome and cardiovascular risk phylogenetic analysis and gene expression studies
- Bloomer, Lisa, Nelson, Christopher, Eales, James, Denniff, Matthew, Christofidou, Paraskevi, Debiec, Radoslaw, Moore, Jasbir, Consortium, Cardiogenics, Zukowska-Szczechowska, Ewa, Goodall, Alison, Thompson, John, Samani, Nilesh, Charchar, Fadi, Tomaszewski, Maciej
- Authors: Bloomer, Lisa , Nelson, Christopher , Eales, James , Denniff, Matthew , Christofidou, Paraskevi , Debiec, Radoslaw , Moore, Jasbir , Consortium, Cardiogenics , Zukowska-Szczechowska, Ewa , Goodall, Alison , Thompson, John , Samani, Nilesh , Charchar, Fadi , Tomaszewski, Maciej
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology Vol. 33, no. 7 (2013), p. 1722-1727
- Relation: http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1009490
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objective-Haplogroup I of male-specific region of the human Y chromosome is associated with 50% increased risk of coronary artery disease. It is not clear to what extent conventional cardiovascular risk factors and genes of the malespecific region may explain this association. Approach and Results-A total of 1988 biologically unrelated men from 4 white European populations were genotyped using 11 Y chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms and classified into 13 most common European haplogroups. Approximately 75% to 93% of the haplotypic variation of the Y chromosome in all cohorts was attributable to I, R1a, and R1b1b2 lineages. None of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including body mass index, blood pressures, lipids, glucose, C-reactive protein, creatinine, and insulin resistance, was associated with haplogroup I of the Y chromosome in the joint inverse variance meta-analysis. Fourteen of 15 ubiquitous single-copy genes of the male-specific region were expressed in human macrophages. When compared with men with other haplogroups, carriers of haplogroup I had 0.61- and 0.64-fold lower expression of ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat, Y-linked gene (UTY) and protein kinase, Y-linked, pseudogene (PRKY) in macrophages (P=0.0001 and P=0.002, respectively). Conclusions-Coronary artery disease predisposing haplogroup I of the Y chromosome is associated with downregulation of UTY and PRKY genes in macrophages but not with conventional cardiovascular risk factors. © 2013 American Heart Association, Inc.
- Description: 2003011132
- Authors: Bloomer, Lisa , Nelson, Christopher , Eales, James , Denniff, Matthew , Christofidou, Paraskevi , Debiec, Radoslaw , Moore, Jasbir , Consortium, Cardiogenics , Zukowska-Szczechowska, Ewa , Goodall, Alison , Thompson, John , Samani, Nilesh , Charchar, Fadi , Tomaszewski, Maciej
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology Vol. 33, no. 7 (2013), p. 1722-1727
- Relation: http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1009490
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objective-Haplogroup I of male-specific region of the human Y chromosome is associated with 50% increased risk of coronary artery disease. It is not clear to what extent conventional cardiovascular risk factors and genes of the malespecific region may explain this association. Approach and Results-A total of 1988 biologically unrelated men from 4 white European populations were genotyped using 11 Y chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms and classified into 13 most common European haplogroups. Approximately 75% to 93% of the haplotypic variation of the Y chromosome in all cohorts was attributable to I, R1a, and R1b1b2 lineages. None of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including body mass index, blood pressures, lipids, glucose, C-reactive protein, creatinine, and insulin resistance, was associated with haplogroup I of the Y chromosome in the joint inverse variance meta-analysis. Fourteen of 15 ubiquitous single-copy genes of the male-specific region were expressed in human macrophages. When compared with men with other haplogroups, carriers of haplogroup I had 0.61- and 0.64-fold lower expression of ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat, Y-linked gene (UTY) and protein kinase, Y-linked, pseudogene (PRKY) in macrophages (P=0.0001 and P=0.002, respectively). Conclusions-Coronary artery disease predisposing haplogroup I of the Y chromosome is associated with downregulation of UTY and PRKY genes in macrophages but not with conventional cardiovascular risk factors. © 2013 American Heart Association, Inc.
- Description: 2003011132
- Charchar, Fadi, Kaiser, Michael, Bingham, Andrew, Fotinatos, Nina, Ahmady, Fahima, Tomaszewski, Maciej, Samani, Nilesh
- Authors: Charchar, Fadi , Kaiser, Michael , Bingham, Andrew , Fotinatos, Nina , Ahmady, Fahima , Tomaszewski, Maciej , Samani, Nilesh
- Date: 2010
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Hypertension Vol. 55, no. 5 (2010), p. 1231-1238
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Copy number variation has emerged recently as an important genetic mechanism leading to phenotypic heterogeneity. The aim of our study was to determine whether copy number variants (CNVs) exist between the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and its control strain, the Wistar-Kyoto rat, whether these map to quantitative trait loci in the rat and whether CNVs associate with gene expression or blood pressure differences between the 2 strains. We performed a comparative genomic hybridization assay between SHR and Wistar-Kyoto strains using a whole-genome array. In total, 16 CNVs were identified and validated (6 because of a relative loss of copy number in the SHR and 10 because of a relative gain). CNVs were present on rat autosomes 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 14, and 17 and varied in size from 10.0 kb to 1.6 Mb. Most of these CNVs mapped to chromosomal regions within previously identified quantitative trait loci, including those for blood pressure in the SHR. Transcriptomic experiment! s confirmed differences in the renal expression of several genes (including Ms4a6a, Ndr3, Egln1, Cd36, Sema3a, Ugt2b, and Idi21) located in some of the CNVs between STIR and Wistar-Kyoto rats. In F-2 animals derived from an SHRXWistar-Kyoto cross, we also found a significant increase in blood pressure associated with an increase in copy number in the Egln1 gene. Our findings suggest that, CNVs may play a role in the susceptibility to hypertension and related trails in the SHR. (Hypertension. 2010;55:1231-1238.)
Acute exercise leads to regulation of Telomere-Associated genes and MicroRNA expression in immune Cells
- Chilton, Warrick, Marques, Francine, West, Jenny, Kannourakis, George, Berzins, Stuart, O'Brien, Brendan, Charchar, Fadi
- Authors: Chilton, Warrick , Marques, Francine , West, Jenny , Kannourakis, George , Berzins, Stuart , O'Brien, Brendan , Charchar, Fadi
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PloS One Vol. 9, no. 4 (2014), p. e92088
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Telomeres are specialized nucleoprotein structures that protect chromosomal ends from degradation. These structures progressively shorten during cellular division and can signal replicative senescence below a critical length. Telomere length is predominantly maintained by the enzyme telomerase. Significant decreases in telomere length and telomerase activity are associated with a host of chronic diseases; conversely their maintenance underpins the optimal function of the adaptive immune system. Habitual physical activity is associated with longer leukocyte telomere length; however, the precise mechanisms are unclear. Potential hypotheses include regulation of telomeric gene transcription and/or microRNAs (miRNAs). We investigated the acute exercise-induced response of telomeric genes and miRNAs in twenty-two healthy males (mean age = 24.1±1.55 years). Participants undertook 30 minutes of treadmill running at 80% of peak oxygen uptake. Blood samples were taken before exercise, immediately post-exercise and 60 minutes post-exercise. Total RNA from white blood cells was submitted to miRNA arrays and telomere extension mRNA array. Results were individually validated in white blood cells and sorted T cell lymphocyte subsets using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) mRNA (P = 0.001) and sirtuin-6 (SIRT6) (P<0.05) mRNA expression were upregulated in white blood cells after exercise. Fifty-six miRNAs were also differentially regulated post-exercise (FDR <0.05). In silico analysis identified four miRNAs (miR-186, miR-181, miR-15a and miR-96) that potentially targeted telomeric gene mRNA. The four miRNAs exhibited significant upregulation 60 minutes post-exercise (P<0.001). Telomeric repeat binding factor 2, interacting protein (TERF2IP) was identified as a potential binding target for miR-186 and miR-96 and demonstrated concomitant downregulation (P<0.01) at the corresponding time point. Intense cardiorespiratory exercise was sufficient to differentially regulate key telomeric genes and miRNAs in white blood cells. These results may provide a mechanistic insight into telomere homeostasis and improved immune function and physical health. Funding NHMRC
- Authors: Chilton, Warrick , Marques, Francine , West, Jenny , Kannourakis, George , Berzins, Stuart , O'Brien, Brendan , Charchar, Fadi
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PloS One Vol. 9, no. 4 (2014), p. e92088
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Telomeres are specialized nucleoprotein structures that protect chromosomal ends from degradation. These structures progressively shorten during cellular division and can signal replicative senescence below a critical length. Telomere length is predominantly maintained by the enzyme telomerase. Significant decreases in telomere length and telomerase activity are associated with a host of chronic diseases; conversely their maintenance underpins the optimal function of the adaptive immune system. Habitual physical activity is associated with longer leukocyte telomere length; however, the precise mechanisms are unclear. Potential hypotheses include regulation of telomeric gene transcription and/or microRNAs (miRNAs). We investigated the acute exercise-induced response of telomeric genes and miRNAs in twenty-two healthy males (mean age = 24.1±1.55 years). Participants undertook 30 minutes of treadmill running at 80% of peak oxygen uptake. Blood samples were taken before exercise, immediately post-exercise and 60 minutes post-exercise. Total RNA from white blood cells was submitted to miRNA arrays and telomere extension mRNA array. Results were individually validated in white blood cells and sorted T cell lymphocyte subsets using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) mRNA (P = 0.001) and sirtuin-6 (SIRT6) (P<0.05) mRNA expression were upregulated in white blood cells after exercise. Fifty-six miRNAs were also differentially regulated post-exercise (FDR <0.05). In silico analysis identified four miRNAs (miR-186, miR-181, miR-15a and miR-96) that potentially targeted telomeric gene mRNA. The four miRNAs exhibited significant upregulation 60 minutes post-exercise (P<0.001). Telomeric repeat binding factor 2, interacting protein (TERF2IP) was identified as a potential binding target for miR-186 and miR-96 and demonstrated concomitant downregulation (P<0.01) at the corresponding time point. Intense cardiorespiratory exercise was sufficient to differentially regulate key telomeric genes and miRNAs in white blood cells. These results may provide a mechanistic insight into telomere homeostasis and improved immune function and physical health. Funding NHMRC
- Christofidou, Paraskevi, Nelson, Christopher, Nikpay, Majid, Qu, Liming, Li, Mingyao, Loley, Christina, Debiec, Radoslaw, Braund, Peter, Denniff, Matthew, Charchar, Fadi, Arjo, Ares Rocanin, Trégouët, David-Alexandre, Goodall, Alison, Cambien, Francois, Ouwehand, Willem, Roberts, Robert, Schunkert, Heribert, Hengstenberg, Christian, Reilly, Muredach, Erdmann, Jeanette, McPherson, Ruth, König, Inke, Thompson, John, Samani, Nilesh, Tomaszewski, Maciej
- Authors: Christofidou, Paraskevi , Nelson, Christopher , Nikpay, Majid , Qu, Liming , Li, Mingyao , Loley, Christina , Debiec, Radoslaw , Braund, Peter , Denniff, Matthew , Charchar, Fadi , Arjo, Ares Rocanin , Trégouët, David-Alexandre , Goodall, Alison , Cambien, Francois , Ouwehand, Willem , Roberts, Robert , Schunkert, Heribert , Hengstenberg, Christian , Reilly, Muredach , Erdmann, Jeanette , McPherson, Ruth , König, Inke , Thompson, John , Samani, Nilesh , Tomaszewski, Maciej
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: American Journal of Human Genetics Vol. 97, no. 2 (2015), p. 228-237
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Runs of homozygosity (ROHs) are recognized signature of recessive inheritance. Contributions of ROHs to the genetic architecture of coronary artery disease and regulation of gene expression in cells relevant to atherosclerosis are not known. Our combined analysis of 24,320 individuals from 11 populations of white European ethnicity showed an association between coronary artery disease and both the count and the size of ROHs. Individuals with coronary artery disease had approximately 0.63 (95% CI: 0.4-0.8) excess of ROHs when compared to coronary-artery-disease-free control subjects (p = 1.49 x 10
Urotensin-II system in genetic control of blood pressure and renal function
- Debiec, Radoslaw, Christofidou, Paraskevi, Denniff, Matthew, Bloomer, Lisa, Bogdanski, Pawel, Wojnar, Lukasz, Musialik, Katarzyna, Charchar, Fadi, Thompson, John, Waterworth, Dawn, Song, Kijoung, Vollenweider, Peter, Waeber, Gerard, Zukowska-Szczechowska, Ewa, Samani, Nilesh, Lambert, David, Tomaszewski, Maciej
- Authors: Debiec, Radoslaw , Christofidou, Paraskevi , Denniff, Matthew , Bloomer, Lisa , Bogdanski, Pawel , Wojnar, Lukasz , Musialik, Katarzyna , Charchar, Fadi , Thompson, John , Waterworth, Dawn , Song, Kijoung , Vollenweider, Peter , Waeber, Gerard , Zukowska-Szczechowska, Ewa , Samani, Nilesh , Lambert, David , Tomaszewski, Maciej
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 8, no. 12 (2013), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Urotensin-II controls ion/water homeostasis in fish and vascular tone in rodents. We hypothesised that common genetic variants in urotensin-II pathway genes are associated with human blood pressure or renal function. We performed familybased analysis of association between blood pressure, glomerular filtration and genes of the urotensin-II pathway (urotensin-II, urotensin-II related peptide, urotensin-II receptor) saturated with 28 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms in 2024 individuals from 520 families; followed by an independent replication in 420 families and 7545 unrelated subjects. The expression studies of the urotensin-II pathway were carried out in 97 human kidneys. Phylogenetic evolutionary analysis was conducted in 17 vertebrate species. One single nucleotide polymorphism (rs531485 in urotensin-II gene) was associated with adjusted estimated glomerular filtration rate in the discovery cohort (p = 0.0005). It showed no association with estimated glomerular filtration rate in the combined replication resource of 8724 subjects from 6 populations. Expression of urotensin-II and its receptor showed strong linear correlation (r = 0.86, p< 0.0001). There was no difference in renal expression of urotensin-II system between hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Evolutionary analysis revealed accumulation of mutations in urotensin-II since the divergence of primates and weaker conservation of urotensin-II receptor in primates than in lower vertebrates. Our data suggest that urotensin-II system genes are unlikely to play a major role in genetic control of human blood pressure or renal function. The signatures of evolutionary forces acting on urotensin-II system indicate that it may have evolved towards loss of function since the divergence of primates. © 2013 Debiec et al.
- Authors: Debiec, Radoslaw , Christofidou, Paraskevi , Denniff, Matthew , Bloomer, Lisa , Bogdanski, Pawel , Wojnar, Lukasz , Musialik, Katarzyna , Charchar, Fadi , Thompson, John , Waterworth, Dawn , Song, Kijoung , Vollenweider, Peter , Waeber, Gerard , Zukowska-Szczechowska, Ewa , Samani, Nilesh , Lambert, David , Tomaszewski, Maciej
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 8, no. 12 (2013), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Urotensin-II controls ion/water homeostasis in fish and vascular tone in rodents. We hypothesised that common genetic variants in urotensin-II pathway genes are associated with human blood pressure or renal function. We performed familybased analysis of association between blood pressure, glomerular filtration and genes of the urotensin-II pathway (urotensin-II, urotensin-II related peptide, urotensin-II receptor) saturated with 28 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms in 2024 individuals from 520 families; followed by an independent replication in 420 families and 7545 unrelated subjects. The expression studies of the urotensin-II pathway were carried out in 97 human kidneys. Phylogenetic evolutionary analysis was conducted in 17 vertebrate species. One single nucleotide polymorphism (rs531485 in urotensin-II gene) was associated with adjusted estimated glomerular filtration rate in the discovery cohort (p = 0.0005). It showed no association with estimated glomerular filtration rate in the combined replication resource of 8724 subjects from 6 populations. Expression of urotensin-II and its receptor showed strong linear correlation (r = 0.86, p< 0.0001). There was no difference in renal expression of urotensin-II system between hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Evolutionary analysis revealed accumulation of mutations in urotensin-II since the divergence of primates and weaker conservation of urotensin-II receptor in primates than in lower vertebrates. Our data suggest that urotensin-II system genes are unlikely to play a major role in genetic control of human blood pressure or renal function. The signatures of evolutionary forces acting on urotensin-II system indicate that it may have evolved towards loss of function since the divergence of primates. © 2013 Debiec et al.
Telomere, DNA Methylation and Gene Expression changes caused by exercise training
- Authors: Denham, Joshua
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Exercise training is one of the few therapeutic interventions that improves health span by delaying the onset of age-related diseases and preventing early death. Despite the clear benefits to health conferred by exercise training, our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms remain crude. The primary purpose of this thesis is to determine and analyse the molecular biology changes that occur with strenuous aerobic exercise. Specifically, the main objectives were to investigate the impact of strenuous aerobic exercise training on structural DNA modifications, measured in context with cardiovascular health and fitness adaptations. In the first part of this thesis I investigated the influence of endurance exercise training on leukocyte telomere length and cardiovascular health. Leukocyte telomere length reflects biological age. Indeed, excessively short leukocyte telomeres are associated with age-related chronic diseases. Epidemiological studies indicate endurance athletes live longer than people from the general public who do not engage in extensive aerobic exercise training. In Chapter 2, my literature review on the subject of exercise and telomere biology suggested that, at the time of this study, the impact of exercise training on leukocyte telomere length was equivocal. Therefore, to determine whether strenuous aerobic exercise training influences biological ageing (assessed by leukocyte telomere length), I conducted two cross-sectional studies on leukocyte telomere length differences between endurance athletes and healthy controls. The first study (Chapter 3) was a cross-sectional analysis of leukocyte telomere length between athletes and controls, determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). This is a relative measurement of telomere length expressed as a telomere (T) to single copy gene (S) ratio. Relative to the healthy controls (n = 56), the ultra-marathon runners (n = 67) possessed 11% longer leukocyte telomeres in age-adjusted analysis (ultra-marathon runners vs controls; average T/S ratio: 3.56 vs 3.16, p = 1.4 × 10-4) and the difference was not explained by the favourable cardiovascular health profile exhibited by the athletes (p = 2.2 × 10-4). The difference in leukocyte telomere length indicated the athletes had reduced their biological age by 16.2 years. To elucidate the potential mechanism for the longer leukocyte telomeres observed in endurance athletes, I recruited another cohort of athletes and controls and measured leukocyte telomere length and gene expression of genes involved in telomere length regulation. In the second study (Chapter 4), I describe data replicating the finding that endurance athletes possess longer leukocyte telomeres compared to healthy controls (athletes v controls mean T/S ratio ± SE: 3.64 ± 0.06 vs 3.38 ± 0.06, p = 0.002). This difference was associated with a concomitant increased activity of two important telomere regulating genes, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and adrenocortical dysplasia homolog (TPP1) (2- fold and 1.3-fold, respectively, both p < 0.05). The difference in leukocyte telomere length and leukocyte telomere-regulating gene (TERT and TPP1 mRNA) expression was ameliorated after adjusting for maximal oxygen uptake and resting heart rate (all p > 0.05). This finding indicates that cardiorespiratory fitness is an important determinant of telomere biology. Together, these two cross-sectional studies suggest that regular endurance exercise training is associated with longer leukocytes telomeres and that this is likely achieved through higher TPP1 and TERT mRNA expression gained through improved cardiorespiratory fitness. The findings in Chapters 3 and 4 provide evidence for extensive endurance exercise training as an effective lifestyle strategy to attenuate biological ageing. In parallel to telomere length changes, epigenetic modifications (e.g. DNA methylation) caused by environmental factors alter the transcriptomic milieu of cells. My thorough literature review (Chapter 5) revealed that exercise training seems to rearrange chromatin by modifying the DNA methylome in a variety of cells and that the extent is dictated by exercise duration and intensity. Therefore, in the second part of my thesis, I investigated the DNA methylation changes in leukocytes (which are somatic cells) and sperm (male germ cells) from healthy men before and after sprint interval training (SIT). Unlike traditional, long duration training at moderate intensity training, SIT involves short, intense (>85% VO2max to supra-maximal) efforts followed by periods of rest (3–4 min), typically repeated 3–8 times. It is an effective type of training that improves cardiorespiratory fitness quicker than traditional long slow distance training. Thus, to establish the DNA methylome changes associated with SIT, I conducted two training studies and analysed the leukocyte and sperm methylomes using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (Illumina). My third study (Chapter 6) provides the first evidence showing an association between DNA methylation changes paralleled with improvements to lipid profile and cardiorespiratory fitness in humans. Twelve young men (18–24 years) undertook SIT (thrice weekly) for four weeks. Resting blood samples were obtained and whole-blood leukocytes were isolated by red blood cell lysis. Genome-wide DNA methylation was assessed using the 450K BeadChip (Illumina). Cardiorespiratory fitness, determined by maximal oxygen uptake, was improved by 2.1 ml.kg-1.min-1 and low-density lipo-protein cholesterol was decreased by 3.9% after SIT (p < 0.05). Notably, the leukocyte methylome was significantly affected by SIT, in regions throughout the genome in relation to CpG islands – CpG islands, North shores, N shelves, South shores and South shelve – and the nearest genes – 3’ untranslated region (UTR), 5’ UTR, exonic, intergenic, intronic, non-coding and promoter regions (all p < 0.001). Genes with differentially methylated CpG sites (q < 0.005) after SIT were enriched for cardiovascular gene ontology (GO) terms that included metabolic activity, biological adhesion and antioxidant activity. Similarly, pathway analysis revealed genes involved in focal adhesion, calcium signaling and mitogen activated protein kinase were modulated by SIT-induced DNA methylation changes. Amongst the 205,987 probes relating 32,445 transcripts differentially methylated after SIT (q < 0.05), with methylation changes between 0.1 – 62.8%, the largest and most statistically significant demethylated site was in the epidermal growth factor (EGF) gene, causing decreased mRNA expression. As with EGF, the microRNA-21 and microRNA-210 genes (MIR21 and MIR210, respectively), known for their roles in cardiovascular disease (ischemic heart disease and coronary atherosclerosis), had modest but consistently statistically significant DNA methylation changes at numerous CpG sites, which altered mature microRNA abundance. Together, these data suggest that genome-wide DNA methylation changes occur after short-term intense exercise training concurrently with improvements to blood cholesterol profile and cardiorespiratory fitness. The data presented in this thesis provided evidence that the epigenome of somatic cells is malleable to exercise. There is mounting evidence supporting the premise that environmental perturbations cause DNA methylation changes and these are subsequently transgenerationally inherited, altering phenotypes of future generations. In the current study I also asked the question; can exercise training reconfigure the DNA methylome of male germ cells (sperm)? Therefore, my next study (Chapter 7) entails an analysis of the impact that three months of SIT has on genome-wide DNA methylation of sperm in healthy men. Thirteen subjects undertook twice-weekly SIT for three months, while the controls were asked not to change their current physical activity habits (if any). Sperm samples were donated before and after the three-month intervention. Mature sperm were isolated using density gradient centrifugation and DNA was extracted using the Purelink Genomic DNA Mini Kit (Life Technologies). Global and genome-wide DNA methylation was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based kit and the 450K BeadChip (Illumina), respectively. Relative to controls, the cases decreased their resting heart rate and had a higher maximal treadmill speed during exercise testing (both p < 0.05). Cases had decreased global DNA methylation after SIT compared to controls (p < 0.05). Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis revealed numerous modest (0.3 – 6%) methylation changes to 7509 CpG sites, relating to 4602 transcripts (q ≤ 0.1). Differentially methylated CpG sites were in genes associated with developmental biology, which included GO terms, such as developmental process, anatomical structure, embryonic morphogenesis and organ development, together with known pathways regulated by exercise training (MAPK, ErbB and PI3K-Akt signalling). Genes with increased methylation were associated with numerous human diseases, with most overrepresented being psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease and autism). Notably, paternally imprinted genes associated with other diseases were also differentially methylated after SIT. Therefore, exercise training is associated with the modifications to genome-wide DNA methylation of both somatic and germ cells. In conclusion, the studies presented as a series of peer-reviewed publications, outlines investigations that describe an influence of strenuous exercise training on leukocyte telomere length regulation and the DNA methylome of both leukocytes and germ cells. Both of these molecular changes in leukocytes and sperm provide evidence for novel molecular mechanisms by which exercise improves cardiovascular health and fitness. Future investigations should focus on longitudinal studies determining whether these changes are required for improved health and fitness, and should establish whether exercise-induced DNA methylation changes are transgenerationally inherited, and if so, what impact this has to future generations. Such discoveries could change national physical activity guidelines and policies, by emphasising the benefit of regular exercise both in the present and to future offspring.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Denham, Joshua
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Exercise training is one of the few therapeutic interventions that improves health span by delaying the onset of age-related diseases and preventing early death. Despite the clear benefits to health conferred by exercise training, our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms remain crude. The primary purpose of this thesis is to determine and analyse the molecular biology changes that occur with strenuous aerobic exercise. Specifically, the main objectives were to investigate the impact of strenuous aerobic exercise training on structural DNA modifications, measured in context with cardiovascular health and fitness adaptations. In the first part of this thesis I investigated the influence of endurance exercise training on leukocyte telomere length and cardiovascular health. Leukocyte telomere length reflects biological age. Indeed, excessively short leukocyte telomeres are associated with age-related chronic diseases. Epidemiological studies indicate endurance athletes live longer than people from the general public who do not engage in extensive aerobic exercise training. In Chapter 2, my literature review on the subject of exercise and telomere biology suggested that, at the time of this study, the impact of exercise training on leukocyte telomere length was equivocal. Therefore, to determine whether strenuous aerobic exercise training influences biological ageing (assessed by leukocyte telomere length), I conducted two cross-sectional studies on leukocyte telomere length differences between endurance athletes and healthy controls. The first study (Chapter 3) was a cross-sectional analysis of leukocyte telomere length between athletes and controls, determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). This is a relative measurement of telomere length expressed as a telomere (T) to single copy gene (S) ratio. Relative to the healthy controls (n = 56), the ultra-marathon runners (n = 67) possessed 11% longer leukocyte telomeres in age-adjusted analysis (ultra-marathon runners vs controls; average T/S ratio: 3.56 vs 3.16, p = 1.4 × 10-4) and the difference was not explained by the favourable cardiovascular health profile exhibited by the athletes (p = 2.2 × 10-4). The difference in leukocyte telomere length indicated the athletes had reduced their biological age by 16.2 years. To elucidate the potential mechanism for the longer leukocyte telomeres observed in endurance athletes, I recruited another cohort of athletes and controls and measured leukocyte telomere length and gene expression of genes involved in telomere length regulation. In the second study (Chapter 4), I describe data replicating the finding that endurance athletes possess longer leukocyte telomeres compared to healthy controls (athletes v controls mean T/S ratio ± SE: 3.64 ± 0.06 vs 3.38 ± 0.06, p = 0.002). This difference was associated with a concomitant increased activity of two important telomere regulating genes, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and adrenocortical dysplasia homolog (TPP1) (2- fold and 1.3-fold, respectively, both p < 0.05). The difference in leukocyte telomere length and leukocyte telomere-regulating gene (TERT and TPP1 mRNA) expression was ameliorated after adjusting for maximal oxygen uptake and resting heart rate (all p > 0.05). This finding indicates that cardiorespiratory fitness is an important determinant of telomere biology. Together, these two cross-sectional studies suggest that regular endurance exercise training is associated with longer leukocytes telomeres and that this is likely achieved through higher TPP1 and TERT mRNA expression gained through improved cardiorespiratory fitness. The findings in Chapters 3 and 4 provide evidence for extensive endurance exercise training as an effective lifestyle strategy to attenuate biological ageing. In parallel to telomere length changes, epigenetic modifications (e.g. DNA methylation) caused by environmental factors alter the transcriptomic milieu of cells. My thorough literature review (Chapter 5) revealed that exercise training seems to rearrange chromatin by modifying the DNA methylome in a variety of cells and that the extent is dictated by exercise duration and intensity. Therefore, in the second part of my thesis, I investigated the DNA methylation changes in leukocytes (which are somatic cells) and sperm (male germ cells) from healthy men before and after sprint interval training (SIT). Unlike traditional, long duration training at moderate intensity training, SIT involves short, intense (>85% VO2max to supra-maximal) efforts followed by periods of rest (3–4 min), typically repeated 3–8 times. It is an effective type of training that improves cardiorespiratory fitness quicker than traditional long slow distance training. Thus, to establish the DNA methylome changes associated with SIT, I conducted two training studies and analysed the leukocyte and sperm methylomes using the Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (Illumina). My third study (Chapter 6) provides the first evidence showing an association between DNA methylation changes paralleled with improvements to lipid profile and cardiorespiratory fitness in humans. Twelve young men (18–24 years) undertook SIT (thrice weekly) for four weeks. Resting blood samples were obtained and whole-blood leukocytes were isolated by red blood cell lysis. Genome-wide DNA methylation was assessed using the 450K BeadChip (Illumina). Cardiorespiratory fitness, determined by maximal oxygen uptake, was improved by 2.1 ml.kg-1.min-1 and low-density lipo-protein cholesterol was decreased by 3.9% after SIT (p < 0.05). Notably, the leukocyte methylome was significantly affected by SIT, in regions throughout the genome in relation to CpG islands – CpG islands, North shores, N shelves, South shores and South shelve – and the nearest genes – 3’ untranslated region (UTR), 5’ UTR, exonic, intergenic, intronic, non-coding and promoter regions (all p < 0.001). Genes with differentially methylated CpG sites (q < 0.005) after SIT were enriched for cardiovascular gene ontology (GO) terms that included metabolic activity, biological adhesion and antioxidant activity. Similarly, pathway analysis revealed genes involved in focal adhesion, calcium signaling and mitogen activated protein kinase were modulated by SIT-induced DNA methylation changes. Amongst the 205,987 probes relating 32,445 transcripts differentially methylated after SIT (q < 0.05), with methylation changes between 0.1 – 62.8%, the largest and most statistically significant demethylated site was in the epidermal growth factor (EGF) gene, causing decreased mRNA expression. As with EGF, the microRNA-21 and microRNA-210 genes (MIR21 and MIR210, respectively), known for their roles in cardiovascular disease (ischemic heart disease and coronary atherosclerosis), had modest but consistently statistically significant DNA methylation changes at numerous CpG sites, which altered mature microRNA abundance. Together, these data suggest that genome-wide DNA methylation changes occur after short-term intense exercise training concurrently with improvements to blood cholesterol profile and cardiorespiratory fitness. The data presented in this thesis provided evidence that the epigenome of somatic cells is malleable to exercise. There is mounting evidence supporting the premise that environmental perturbations cause DNA methylation changes and these are subsequently transgenerationally inherited, altering phenotypes of future generations. In the current study I also asked the question; can exercise training reconfigure the DNA methylome of male germ cells (sperm)? Therefore, my next study (Chapter 7) entails an analysis of the impact that three months of SIT has on genome-wide DNA methylation of sperm in healthy men. Thirteen subjects undertook twice-weekly SIT for three months, while the controls were asked not to change their current physical activity habits (if any). Sperm samples were donated before and after the three-month intervention. Mature sperm were isolated using density gradient centrifugation and DNA was extracted using the Purelink Genomic DNA Mini Kit (Life Technologies). Global and genome-wide DNA methylation was assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based kit and the 450K BeadChip (Illumina), respectively. Relative to controls, the cases decreased their resting heart rate and had a higher maximal treadmill speed during exercise testing (both p < 0.05). Cases had decreased global DNA methylation after SIT compared to controls (p < 0.05). Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis revealed numerous modest (0.3 – 6%) methylation changes to 7509 CpG sites, relating to 4602 transcripts (q ≤ 0.1). Differentially methylated CpG sites were in genes associated with developmental biology, which included GO terms, such as developmental process, anatomical structure, embryonic morphogenesis and organ development, together with known pathways regulated by exercise training (MAPK, ErbB and PI3K-Akt signalling). Genes with increased methylation were associated with numerous human diseases, with most overrepresented being psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease and autism). Notably, paternally imprinted genes associated with other diseases were also differentially methylated after SIT. Therefore, exercise training is associated with the modifications to genome-wide DNA methylation of both somatic and germ cells. In conclusion, the studies presented as a series of peer-reviewed publications, outlines investigations that describe an influence of strenuous exercise training on leukocyte telomere length regulation and the DNA methylome of both leukocytes and germ cells. Both of these molecular changes in leukocytes and sperm provide evidence for novel molecular mechanisms by which exercise improves cardiovascular health and fitness. Future investigations should focus on longitudinal studies determining whether these changes are required for improved health and fitness, and should establish whether exercise-induced DNA methylation changes are transgenerationally inherited, and if so, what impact this has to future generations. Such discoveries could change national physical activity guidelines and policies, by emphasising the benefit of regular exercise both in the present and to future offspring.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
Human Y Chromosome Exerts Pleiotropic Effects on Susceptibility to Atherosclerosis
- Eales, James, Maan, Akhlaq, Xu, Xiaoguang, Michoel, Tom, Hallast, Pille, Batini, C, Zadik, Daniel, Prestes, Priscilla, Molina, Elsa, Denniff, Matthew, Schroeder, Juliane, Bjorkegren, Johan, Thompson, John, Maffia, Pasquale, Guzik, Tomasz, Keavney, Bernard, Jobling, Mark, Samani, Nilesh, Charchar, Fadi, Tomaszewski, Maciej
- Authors: Eales, James , Maan, Akhlaq , Xu, Xiaoguang , Michoel, Tom , Hallast, Pille , Batini, C , Zadik, Daniel , Prestes, Priscilla , Molina, Elsa , Denniff, Matthew , Schroeder, Juliane , Bjorkegren, Johan , Thompson, John , Maffia, Pasquale , Guzik, Tomasz , Keavney, Bernard , Jobling, Mark , Samani, Nilesh , Charchar, Fadi , Tomaszewski, Maciej
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology Vol. 39, no. 11 (2019), p. 2386-2401
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: OBJECTIVE: The male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) remains one of the most unexplored regions of the genome. We sought to examine how the genetic variants of the MSY influence male susceptibility to coronary artery disease (CAD) and atherosclerosis. Approach and Results: Analysis of 129 133 men from UK Biobank revealed that only one of 7 common MSY haplogroups (haplogroup I1) was associated with CAD-carriers of haplogroup I1 had ≈11% increase in risk of CAD when compared with all other haplogroups combined (odds ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04-1.18; P=6.8×10-4). Targeted MSY sequencing uncovered 235 variants exclusive to this haplogroup. The haplogroup I1-specific variants showed 2.45- and 1.56-fold respective enrichment for promoter and enhancer chromatin states, in cells/tissues relevant to atherosclerosis, when compared with other MSY variants. Gene set enrichment analysis in CAD-relevant tissues showed that haplogroup I1 was associated with changes in pathways responsible for early and late stages of atherosclerosis development including defence against pathogens, immunity, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial respiration, lipids, coagulation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. UTY was the only Y chromosome gene whose blood expression was associated with haplogroup I1. Experimental reduction of UTY expression in macrophages led to changes in expression of 59 pathways (28 of which overlapped with those associated with haplogroup I1) and a significant reduction in the immune costimulatory signal. CONCLUSIONS: Haplogroup I1 is enriched for regulatory chromatin variants in numerous cells of relevance to CAD and increases cardiovascular risk through proatherosclerotic reprogramming of the transcriptome, partly through UTY.
- Authors: Eales, James , Maan, Akhlaq , Xu, Xiaoguang , Michoel, Tom , Hallast, Pille , Batini, C , Zadik, Daniel , Prestes, Priscilla , Molina, Elsa , Denniff, Matthew , Schroeder, Juliane , Bjorkegren, Johan , Thompson, John , Maffia, Pasquale , Guzik, Tomasz , Keavney, Bernard , Jobling, Mark , Samani, Nilesh , Charchar, Fadi , Tomaszewski, Maciej
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology Vol. 39, no. 11 (2019), p. 2386-2401
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: OBJECTIVE: The male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) remains one of the most unexplored regions of the genome. We sought to examine how the genetic variants of the MSY influence male susceptibility to coronary artery disease (CAD) and atherosclerosis. Approach and Results: Analysis of 129 133 men from UK Biobank revealed that only one of 7 common MSY haplogroups (haplogroup I1) was associated with CAD-carriers of haplogroup I1 had ≈11% increase in risk of CAD when compared with all other haplogroups combined (odds ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04-1.18; P=6.8×10-4). Targeted MSY sequencing uncovered 235 variants exclusive to this haplogroup. The haplogroup I1-specific variants showed 2.45- and 1.56-fold respective enrichment for promoter and enhancer chromatin states, in cells/tissues relevant to atherosclerosis, when compared with other MSY variants. Gene set enrichment analysis in CAD-relevant tissues showed that haplogroup I1 was associated with changes in pathways responsible for early and late stages of atherosclerosis development including defence against pathogens, immunity, oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial respiration, lipids, coagulation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. UTY was the only Y chromosome gene whose blood expression was associated with haplogroup I1. Experimental reduction of UTY expression in macrophages led to changes in expression of 59 pathways (28 of which overlapped with those associated with haplogroup I1) and a significant reduction in the immune costimulatory signal. CONCLUSIONS: Haplogroup I1 is enriched for regulatory chromatin variants in numerous cells of relevance to CAD and increases cardiovascular risk through proatherosclerotic reprogramming of the transcriptome, partly through UTY.
Changes in the ghrelin hormone pathway maybe part of an unusual gastric system in monotremes
- He, Chuan, Tsend-Ayush, Enkhjargal, Myers, Mark, Forbes, Briony, Grützner, Frank
- Authors: He, Chuan , Tsend-Ayush, Enkhjargal , Myers, Mark , Forbes, Briony , Grützner, Frank
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: General and Comparative Endocrinology Vol. 191, no. (2013), p. 74-82
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Ghrelin is a growth hormone (GH)-releasing and appetite-regulating peptide predominately released from the stomach. Ghrelin is evolutionarily highly conserved and known to have a wide range of functions including the regulation of metabolism by maintaining an insulin-glucose balance. The peptide is produced as a single proprotein, which is later proteolytically cleaved. Ghrelin exerts its biological function after O-n-octanoylation at residue serine 3, which is catalyzed by ghrelin O-acyl transferase (GOAT) and allows binding to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R 1a). Genes involved in the ghrelin pathway have been identified in a broad range of vertebrate species, however, little is known about this pathway in the basal mammalian lineage of monotremes (platypus and echidna). Monotremes are particularly interesting in this context, as they have undergone massive changes in stomach anatomy and physiology, accompanied by a striking loss of genes involved in gastric function. In this study, we investigated genes in the ghrelin pathway in monotremes. Using degenerate PCR, database searches and synteny analysis we found that genes encoding ghrelin and GOAT are missing in the platypus genome, whilst, as has been reported in other species, the GHSR is present and expressed in brain, pancreas, kidney, intestine, heart and stomach. This is the first report suggesting the loss of ghrelin in a mammal. The loss of this gene may be related to changes to the platypus digestive system and raises questions about the control of blood glucose levels and insulin response in monotreme mammals. In addition, the conservation of the ghrelin receptor gene in platypus indicates that another ligand(s) maybe acting via this receptor in monotremes. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.
- Description: 2003011207
- Authors: He, Chuan , Tsend-Ayush, Enkhjargal , Myers, Mark , Forbes, Briony , Grützner, Frank
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: General and Comparative Endocrinology Vol. 191, no. (2013), p. 74-82
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Ghrelin is a growth hormone (GH)-releasing and appetite-regulating peptide predominately released from the stomach. Ghrelin is evolutionarily highly conserved and known to have a wide range of functions including the regulation of metabolism by maintaining an insulin-glucose balance. The peptide is produced as a single proprotein, which is later proteolytically cleaved. Ghrelin exerts its biological function after O-n-octanoylation at residue serine 3, which is catalyzed by ghrelin O-acyl transferase (GOAT) and allows binding to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R 1a). Genes involved in the ghrelin pathway have been identified in a broad range of vertebrate species, however, little is known about this pathway in the basal mammalian lineage of monotremes (platypus and echidna). Monotremes are particularly interesting in this context, as they have undergone massive changes in stomach anatomy and physiology, accompanied by a striking loss of genes involved in gastric function. In this study, we investigated genes in the ghrelin pathway in monotremes. Using degenerate PCR, database searches and synteny analysis we found that genes encoding ghrelin and GOAT are missing in the platypus genome, whilst, as has been reported in other species, the GHSR is present and expressed in brain, pancreas, kidney, intestine, heart and stomach. This is the first report suggesting the loss of ghrelin in a mammal. The loss of this gene may be related to changes to the platypus digestive system and raises questions about the control of blood glucose levels and insulin response in monotreme mammals. In addition, the conservation of the ghrelin receptor gene in platypus indicates that another ligand(s) maybe acting via this receptor in monotremes. © 2013 Elsevier Inc.
- Description: 2003011207
On the complexity and completeness of robust biclustering algorithm (ROBA)
- Ibrahim, Yousef, Noman, Nasimul, Iba, Hitoshi
- Authors: Ibrahim, Yousef , Noman, Nasimul , Iba, Hitoshi
- Date: 2010
- Type: Text , Conference proceedings
- Relation: 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, iCBBE 2010; Chengdu; China; 18th- 20th June 2010 published in 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, iCBBE 2010
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: A biclustering algorithm named ROBA has been used in a number of recent works. We present a time and space efficient implementation of ROBA that reduces the time and space complexity by an order of L where L is the number of distinct values present in the data. Our implementation runs almost 11 times faster than the existing implementation on Yeast gene expression dataset. We also improve ROBA and then use it to present an iterative algorithm that can And all perfect biclusters with constant values, constant values on rows and constant values on columns. Though our algorithm may take exponential time in the worst case, we use some subtle observations to reduce computational time and space. Experimental result reveals that our algorithm runs in reasonable time on Yeast gene expression dataset and finds almost 10 times more biclusters than ROBA. ©2010 IEEE.
- Description: 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, iCBBE 2010
Towards large scale genetic network modeling
- Khan, Rubaiya Rahtin, Chetty, Madhu
- Authors: Khan, Rubaiya Rahtin , Chetty, Madhu
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Conference proceedings
- Full Text: false
- Description: Reverse Engineering Gene Regulatory Networks (GRNs) is an important and challenging problem of Systems Biology. For its superiority in both structure and parameter learning, the S-system model framework is often chosen for GRN reconstruction. The biggest challenge in reconstructing GRNs is the data having large number of genes and only a small number of samples. This "curse of dimensionality", along with the large number of model parameters to be learnt, makes it extremely difficult to reverse engineer even a small network. For a medium or large network, the complexity becomes enormous. In this paper, we propose a method for managing large scale GRN modeling. As first step, we propose an Affinity Propagation Based Clustering to identify appropriate clusters by grouping the genes based on their time expression profiles. In the second step, the largest cluster consisting of majority of the relevant genes is considered in full detail to act as the core of the network while the other remaining clusters, which are not so significant, are each represented by their single representative gene to obtain a reduced order GRN. In the third step, we optimize the entire network by initializing the model parameters of the genes of the largest cluster with the values obtained in the second step (which are near optimal) and proceed to optimize the entire network. The initial investigations are carried out using previously reported 20-gene synthetic network. The superiority of performance is evaluated not only using the standard metrics, namely, sensitivity, specificity, precision and F-score, but also by average mean error and by comparing the time responses with those of the actual network parameters. The results obtained are promising. © 2015 IEEE.
Australian ethnomedicinal plant extracts promote apoptosis-mediated cell death In human hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro
- Kiran, Sudha, Chew, Guat, Johnson, Joel, Mani, Janice Sandra, Wakeling, Lara, Portman, Andrew, Naiker, Mani
- Authors: Kiran, Sudha , Chew, Guat , Johnson, Joel , Mani, Janice Sandra , Wakeling, Lara , Portman, Andrew , Naiker, Mani
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Pharmacognosy communications Vol. 11, no. 4 (2021), p. 210-213
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Is the leading cause of primary liver cancer with Its prevalence continuing to rise. Although the number of cases continues to rise In both developing and developed countries, prognosis remains poor due to a lack of successful treatments. Inspired by the prospect of developing complementary medicines for this condition, we explore several native Australian plants for anti-carcinogenic activity, especially against HCC. Methods: Cytotoxicity assays against HCC cell lines were conducted using various plant extracts. Biochemical profiling of the plant species was conducted for total phenolics and antioxidant capacity, while reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine the active apoptotic pathways. Results: Westringia fruticosa and Prostanthera ovalifolia (small-leaved variety) had high antioxidant (410 and 227 mg/g, respectively) and phenolic contents (72.7 and 42.7 mg/g, respectively). P ovalifolia (small-leaved variety) demonstrated the greatest cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cells (IC50 4.61 ± 0.98 pg/mL) followed by Solanum laciniatum leaves (11.79 ± 0.43 pg/mL) and fruit extracts (ripe, unripe) (14.85 ± 1.80 and 19 ± 1.32 pg/mL, respectively). RT-PCR results confirmed apoptotic events in HepG2 cells, exposed to ripe and unripe S. laciniatum fruit extracts, via caspase-3 pathway. The highest apoptotic induction occurred after 8 hr. Compared to unripe fruits, ripe fruits induced a greater level of apoptosis, as evidenced by a 73 % higher level of caspase-3 mRNA expression and 22 % lower IC50 value. Conclusion: With further investigation, these fruits may provide a valuable source of anticarcinogenic compounds for use as chemotherapeutic or complementary therapies.
- Authors: Kiran, Sudha , Chew, Guat , Johnson, Joel , Mani, Janice Sandra , Wakeling, Lara , Portman, Andrew , Naiker, Mani
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Pharmacognosy communications Vol. 11, no. 4 (2021), p. 210-213
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Is the leading cause of primary liver cancer with Its prevalence continuing to rise. Although the number of cases continues to rise In both developing and developed countries, prognosis remains poor due to a lack of successful treatments. Inspired by the prospect of developing complementary medicines for this condition, we explore several native Australian plants for anti-carcinogenic activity, especially against HCC. Methods: Cytotoxicity assays against HCC cell lines were conducted using various plant extracts. Biochemical profiling of the plant species was conducted for total phenolics and antioxidant capacity, while reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine the active apoptotic pathways. Results: Westringia fruticosa and Prostanthera ovalifolia (small-leaved variety) had high antioxidant (410 and 227 mg/g, respectively) and phenolic contents (72.7 and 42.7 mg/g, respectively). P ovalifolia (small-leaved variety) demonstrated the greatest cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cells (IC50 4.61 ± 0.98 pg/mL) followed by Solanum laciniatum leaves (11.79 ± 0.43 pg/mL) and fruit extracts (ripe, unripe) (14.85 ± 1.80 and 19 ± 1.32 pg/mL, respectively). RT-PCR results confirmed apoptotic events in HepG2 cells, exposed to ripe and unripe S. laciniatum fruit extracts, via caspase-3 pathway. The highest apoptotic induction occurred after 8 hr. Compared to unripe fruits, ripe fruits induced a greater level of apoptosis, as evidenced by a 73 % higher level of caspase-3 mRNA expression and 22 % lower IC50 value. Conclusion: With further investigation, these fruits may provide a valuable source of anticarcinogenic compounds for use as chemotherapeutic or complementary therapies.
- Lai, John, Myers, Stephen, Lawrence, Mitchell, Odorico, Dimitri, Clements, Judith
- Authors: Lai, John , Myers, Stephen , Lawrence, Mitchell , Odorico, Dimitri , Clements, Judith
- Date: 2009
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Molecular Cancer Research Vol. 7, no. 1 (2009), p. 129-141
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Kallikrein 4 (KLK4) is a member of the human KLK gene family of serine proteases, many of which are implicated in hormone-dependent cancers. Like other KLKs, such as KLK3/PSA and KLK2, KLK4 gene expression is also regulated by steroid hormones in hormone-dependent cancers, although the transcriptional mechanisms are ill defined. Here, we have investigated the mechanisms mediating the hormonal regulation of KLK4 in breast (T47D) and prostate (LNCaP and 22Rv1) cancer cells. We have shown that KLK4 is only expressed in breast and prostate cancers that express the progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR), respectively. Expression analysis in PR- and AR-positive cells showed that the two predominant KLK4 variants that use either TIS1 or TIS2a/b are both up-regulated by progesterone in T47D cells and androgens in LNCaP cells. Two putative hormone response elements, K4.pPRE and K4.pARE at -2419 bp and -1005 bp, respectively, were identified in silico. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and luciferase reporter experiments suggest that neither K4.pARE nor ∼2.8 kb of the KLK4 promoter interacts directly with the AR to mediate KLK4 expression in LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells. However, we have shown that K4.pPRE interacts directly with the PR to up-regulate KLK4 gene expression in T47D cells. Further, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed a time-dependent recruitment of the PR to the KLK4 promoter (-2496 to -2283), which harbors K4.pPRE. This is the first study to show that progesterone- regulated KLK4 expression in T47D cells is mediated partly by a hormone response element (K4.pPRE) at -2419 bp. (Mol Cancer Res 2009;7(1):129-41)Copyright © 2009 American Association for Cancer Research.
- Lees, Michael, Robinson, Nicholas, Ingham, Aaron, Kotze, A., Piedrafita, David
- Authors: Lees, Michael , Robinson, Nicholas , Ingham, Aaron , Kotze, A. , Piedrafita, David
- Date: 2011
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Veterinary Parasitology Vol. 179, no. 1-3 (2011), p. 113-122
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: A sequential biopsy sampling method was used to investigate oxidant and antioxidant gene responses in resistant sheep challenged with Haemonchus contortus larvae or a sham saline challenge. The expression of key sheep oxidant and antioxidant producing genes were measured in sequential samples removed from the abomasums at days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 28 post challenge. Gene expression levels at each time point were compared to expression at day 0, and levels of the various genes were also correlated to other markers of infection including immune cell counts and cytokine gene expression. The early response to larval challenge infection in resistant animals was marked by a divergence of two groups of host oxidant producing genes: the dual oxidase group (DUOX2/DUOXA2) showing increases in expression to day 7, while members of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase (PHOX) group showed significant decreases in expression. The change in DUOX2 expression between days zero and seven, when host resistance to infection is mediated, was negatively correlated to final worm burden suggesting NADPH oxidase expression may play a role in parasite expulsion. Expression of the DUOX group oxidants was positively correlated to expression of the Th2 cytokine IL4. Changes in host antioxidant pathways between different members of the glutathione peroxidase family (intestinal and plasma GPX) and genes involved in glutathione metabolism were also observed. This first study of the putative roles of oxidant production by the dual oxidase group, antioxidant glutathione pathways, immune cell populations, and cytokine profiles, in the development of resistance to infection by hyperimmune sheep are discussed.
Optimization based clustering and classification algorithms in analysis of microarray gene expression data sets
- Authors: Mardaneh, Karim
- Date: 2007
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Description: Bioinformatics and computational biology are relatively new areas that involve the use of different techniques including computer science, informatics, biochemistry, applied math and etc., to solve biological problems. In recent years the development of new molecular genetics technologies, such as DNA microarrays led to the simultaneous measurement of expression levels of thousands and even tens of thousands of genes. Microarray gene expression technology has facilitated the study of genomic structure and investigation of biological systems. Numerical output of this technology is shown as microarray gene expression data sets. These data sets contain a very large number of genes and a relatively small number of samples and their precise analysis requires a robust and suitable computer software. Due to this, only a few existing algorithms are applicable to them, so more efficient methods for solving clustering, gene selection and classification problems of gene expression data sets are required and those methods need to be computationally applicable and less expensive. The aim of this thesis is to develop new algorithms for solving clustering, gene selection and data classification problems on gene expression data sets. Clustering in gene expression data sets is a challenging problem. The increasing use of DNA microarray-based tumour gene expression profiles for cancer diagnosis requires more efficient methods to solve clustering problems of these profiles. Different algorithms for clustering of genes have been proposed, however few algorithms can be applied to the clustering of samples. k-means algorithm, among very few clustering algorithms is applicable to microarray gene expression data sets, however these are not efficient for solving clustering problems when the number of genes is thousands and this algorithm is very sensitive to the choice of a starting point. Additionally, when the number of clusters is relatively large, this algorithm gives local minima which can differ significantly from the global solution. Over the last several years different approaches have been proposed to improve global ii Abstract Abstract search properties of k-means algorithm. One of them is the global k-means algorithm, however this algorithm is not efficient when data are sparse. In this thesis we developed a new version of the global k-means algorithm, the modified global k-means algorithm which is effective for solving clustering problems in gene expression data sets. In a microarray gene expression data set, in many cases only a small fraction of genes are informative whereas most of them are non-informative and make noise. Therefore the development of gene selection algorithms that allow us to remove as many non-informative genes as possible is very important. In this thesis we developed a new overlapping gene selection algorithm. This algorithm is based on calculating overlaps of different genes. It considerably reduces the number of genes and is efficient in finding a subset of informative genes. Over the last decade different approaches have been proposed to solve supervised data classification problems in gene expression data sets. In this thesis we developed a new approach which is based on the so-called max-min separability and is compared with the other approaches. The max-min separability algorithm is an equivalent of piecewise linear separability. An incremental algorithm is presented to compute piecewise linear functions separating two sets. This algorithm is applied along with a special gene selection algorithm. In this thesis, all new algorithms have been tested on 10 publicly available gene expression data sets and our numerical results demonstrate the efficiency of the new algorithms that were developed in the framework of this research
- Authors: Mardaneh, Karim
- Date: 2007
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Description: Bioinformatics and computational biology are relatively new areas that involve the use of different techniques including computer science, informatics, biochemistry, applied math and etc., to solve biological problems. In recent years the development of new molecular genetics technologies, such as DNA microarrays led to the simultaneous measurement of expression levels of thousands and even tens of thousands of genes. Microarray gene expression technology has facilitated the study of genomic structure and investigation of biological systems. Numerical output of this technology is shown as microarray gene expression data sets. These data sets contain a very large number of genes and a relatively small number of samples and their precise analysis requires a robust and suitable computer software. Due to this, only a few existing algorithms are applicable to them, so more efficient methods for solving clustering, gene selection and classification problems of gene expression data sets are required and those methods need to be computationally applicable and less expensive. The aim of this thesis is to develop new algorithms for solving clustering, gene selection and data classification problems on gene expression data sets. Clustering in gene expression data sets is a challenging problem. The increasing use of DNA microarray-based tumour gene expression profiles for cancer diagnosis requires more efficient methods to solve clustering problems of these profiles. Different algorithms for clustering of genes have been proposed, however few algorithms can be applied to the clustering of samples. k-means algorithm, among very few clustering algorithms is applicable to microarray gene expression data sets, however these are not efficient for solving clustering problems when the number of genes is thousands and this algorithm is very sensitive to the choice of a starting point. Additionally, when the number of clusters is relatively large, this algorithm gives local minima which can differ significantly from the global solution. Over the last several years different approaches have been proposed to improve global ii Abstract Abstract search properties of k-means algorithm. One of them is the global k-means algorithm, however this algorithm is not efficient when data are sparse. In this thesis we developed a new version of the global k-means algorithm, the modified global k-means algorithm which is effective for solving clustering problems in gene expression data sets. In a microarray gene expression data set, in many cases only a small fraction of genes are informative whereas most of them are non-informative and make noise. Therefore the development of gene selection algorithms that allow us to remove as many non-informative genes as possible is very important. In this thesis we developed a new overlapping gene selection algorithm. This algorithm is based on calculating overlaps of different genes. It considerably reduces the number of genes and is efficient in finding a subset of informative genes. Over the last decade different approaches have been proposed to solve supervised data classification problems in gene expression data sets. In this thesis we developed a new approach which is based on the so-called max-min separability and is compared with the other approaches. The max-min separability algorithm is an equivalent of piecewise linear separability. An incremental algorithm is presented to compute piecewise linear functions separating two sets. This algorithm is applied along with a special gene selection algorithm. In this thesis, all new algorithms have been tested on 10 publicly available gene expression data sets and our numerical results demonstrate the efficiency of the new algorithms that were developed in the framework of this research
An examination of peripheral blood to reflect transcriptomic adaptation to physical exercise training in sedentary men compared with sex-matched athletic phenotypes
- Authors: Marin, Sergio
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: There is renewed interest in exercise genomics that peripheral blood RNA expression may be important to understand exercise mediated adaptations to exercise. However, there is little direct supporting evidence. Therefore, this thesis involved two studies to examine the relationship between RNA expression and exercise, and two experimental studies to examine relationships and adaptive response of peripheral blood RNA in sedentary compared with athletic phenotypes. In the first two studies, we conducted both meta-analysis and network meta-analysis to examine current randomised controlled trial (RCT) evidence to determine current best evidence on the link between RNA expression and athletic phenotype in addition to head-to-head comparison of different exercise types to induce differential expression of RNA transcripts in sedentary compared with athletic phenotypes. We observed that current available body of RCTs in peripheral blood exercise genomics presents too large heterogeneity in study design, methodological and data reporting aspects. Thus, we concluded that peripheral blood cannot be established as a valid source for identifying, neither the effect of physical exercise training on transcriptomic markers nor the distinction of divergent transcriptomic profiles in response to different exercise modalities. In the third and fourth studies, we aimed to determine whether peripheral blood RNA and circular RNA (circRNA) expression was different between sedentary and athletic phenotypes, and whether these transcripts were consistent in response to exercise training in exercise-naïve men. To achieve this, we conducted two STROBE compliant observational experiments of n=71 participants with distinct athletic phenotypes. We concluded that peripheral blood transcriptome expression might allow for identification of divergent athletic phenotypes, although this is not supported by further examination of peripheral blood RNA expression levels in response to an exercise training intervention. The sum of works presented in this thesis does not agree with many propositions relating to the strength of evidence in peripheral blood transcriptomics literature. This is principally due to the heterogeneity and lack of consistency of research in this field which is currently insufficient to provide any strong conclusions. In conclusion, peripheral blood RNA and circRNA do not yet offer useful avenues to predict the adaptive response to different exercise types in athletic and non-athletic men.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Marin, Sergio
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: There is renewed interest in exercise genomics that peripheral blood RNA expression may be important to understand exercise mediated adaptations to exercise. However, there is little direct supporting evidence. Therefore, this thesis involved two studies to examine the relationship between RNA expression and exercise, and two experimental studies to examine relationships and adaptive response of peripheral blood RNA in sedentary compared with athletic phenotypes. In the first two studies, we conducted both meta-analysis and network meta-analysis to examine current randomised controlled trial (RCT) evidence to determine current best evidence on the link between RNA expression and athletic phenotype in addition to head-to-head comparison of different exercise types to induce differential expression of RNA transcripts in sedentary compared with athletic phenotypes. We observed that current available body of RCTs in peripheral blood exercise genomics presents too large heterogeneity in study design, methodological and data reporting aspects. Thus, we concluded that peripheral blood cannot be established as a valid source for identifying, neither the effect of physical exercise training on transcriptomic markers nor the distinction of divergent transcriptomic profiles in response to different exercise modalities. In the third and fourth studies, we aimed to determine whether peripheral blood RNA and circular RNA (circRNA) expression was different between sedentary and athletic phenotypes, and whether these transcripts were consistent in response to exercise training in exercise-naïve men. To achieve this, we conducted two STROBE compliant observational experiments of n=71 participants with distinct athletic phenotypes. We concluded that peripheral blood transcriptome expression might allow for identification of divergent athletic phenotypes, although this is not supported by further examination of peripheral blood RNA expression levels in response to an exercise training intervention. The sum of works presented in this thesis does not agree with many propositions relating to the strength of evidence in peripheral blood transcriptomics literature. This is principally due to the heterogeneity and lack of consistency of research in this field which is currently insufficient to provide any strong conclusions. In conclusion, peripheral blood RNA and circRNA do not yet offer useful avenues to predict the adaptive response to different exercise types in athletic and non-athletic men.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Marques, Francine, Pringle, Kirsty, Conquest, A., Hirst, Jonathan, Markus, M. Andrea, Sarris, Maria, Zakar, Tamas, Morris, Brian, Lumbers, Eugenie
- Authors: Marques, Francine , Pringle, Kirsty , Conquest, A. , Hirst, Jonathan , Markus, M. Andrea , Sarris, Maria , Zakar, Tamas , Morris, Brian , Lumbers, Eugenie
- Date: 2011
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Placenta Vol. 32, no. 3 (March 2011), p. 214-221
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: A prorenin-angiotensin system (RAS) could, via the (pro)renin receptor (ATP6AP2), have various effects in human intrauterine tissues, either directly by prorenin/ATP6AP2 cell signaling, or indirectly via angiotensin II and/or angiotensin 1-7. Here we describe RAS components in fetal membranes, decidua and placenta collected at elective cesarean section (non-laboring), after spontaneous delivery (after labor, n = 38), and in myometria (n = 16) from elective (non-laboring) or emergency cesarean (laboring) deliveries. Angiotensinogen (AGT), angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 and 2 (ACE; ACE2), angiotensin receptor 1 and 2 (AGTR1; AGTR2) and angiotensin 1-7 receptor (MAS1) mRNAs were measured by qRT-PCR and proteins were localized by immunohistochemistry. In myometrium, prorenin (REN), ATP6AP2, and downstream signaling proteins zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16 (ZBTB16), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) mRNAs were also measured. RAS mRNAs, except AGTR1 and AGTR2, were abundant in decidua and lowest in amnion compared to the other tissues. ACE, AGT and PTGS2 mRNAs were higher in laboring than non-laboring myometrium, suggesting that the myometrial RAS is involved in labor. Angiotensinogen and prorenin staining in amnion, chorion and decidua was pervasive despite their mRNAs being low in amnion and chorion. In placenta, prorenin, angiotensinogen and AGTR2 were present in syncytiotrophoblasts, ACE was in fetal endothelium, while ACE2 distribution was diffuse. AGTR1 and AGTR2 mRNAs and proteins were abundant. No differences were evident in the staining patterns with labor. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that fetal vascular ACE might contribute angiotensin II to the fetus, whilst syncytial ACE2 might hypothetically have a role in converting angiotensin II to angiotensin 1-7 in maternal blood.
- Description: C1
The emerging role of non-coding RNA in essential hypertension and blood pressure regulation
- Marques, Francine, Booth, Scott, Charchar, Fadi
- Authors: Marques, Francine , Booth, Scott , Charchar, Fadi
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Human Hypertension Vol. 29, no. 8 (2015), p. 459-467
- Relation: http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1009490
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Unravelling the complete genetic predisposition to high blood pressure (BP) has proven to be challenging. This puzzle and the fact that coding regions of the genome account for less than 2% of the entire human DNA support the hypothesis that genetic mechanism besides coding genes are likely to contribute to BP regulation. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging as key players of transcription regulation in both health and disease states. They control basic functions in virtually all cell types relevant to the cardiovascular system and, thus, a direct involvement with BP regulation is highly probable. Here, we review the literature about ncRNAs associated with human BP and essential hypertension, highlighting investigations, methodology and difficulties arising in the field. The most investigated ncRNAs so far are microRNAs (miRNAs), small ncRNAs that modulate gene expression by posttranscriptional mechanisms. We discuss studies that have examined miRNAs associated with BP in biological fluids, such as blood and urine, and tissues, such as vascular smooth muscle cells and the kidney. Furthermore, we review the interaction between miRNA binding sites and single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes associated with BP. In conclusion, there is a clear need for more human and functional studies to help elucidate the multifaceted roles of ncRNAs, in particular mid- and long ncRNAs in BP regulation. © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved.