List of Titles

Prevention of sport related facial injuries

- Black, Amanda, Patton, Declan, Eliason, Paul, Emery, Carolyn

Authors: Black, Amanda , Patton, Declan , Eliason, Paul , Emery, Carolyn
Date: 2017
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Clinics in Sports Medicine Vol. 36, no. 2 (2017), p. 257-278
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Description: There is evidence that eye protection, mouth guards, helmets, and face guards are effective in reducing the risk of facial injury; however, such safety practices are not adopted universally by all athletes playing high risk sports. Underlying beliefs about risk perception, comfort, ineffectiveness, utility, and a lack of awareness or enforcement have been identified as reasons people may not adopt preventive measures. There are several high-risk sports that have not mandated or do not enforce use of protective equipment. Valid evidence can assist with addressing the resistance caused by prevailing beliefs and could be essential in influencing rule changes.

How healthy is Australian sport?

- Eime, Rochelle, Harvey, Jack

Authors: Eime, Rochelle , Harvey, Jack
Date: 2015
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Australasian Epidemiologist Vol. 22, no. 1 (2015), p. 9-10
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Description: Behavioural epidemiology in health promotion has been defined as having five phases: establishing links between behaviours and health; developing measures of the behaviour; identifying influences on the behaviour; evaluating interventions to change the behaviour; and translating the research into practice. This article outlines some recent developments in the application of behavioural epidemiology to the issue of sport participation in Australia and its consequential health benefits.

Epidemiology of scalds in vulnerable groups in New South Wales, Australia, 1998/1999 to 2002/2003

- Boufous, Soufiane, Finch, Caroline

Authors: Boufous, Soufiane , Finch, Caroline
Date: 2005
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Journal of Burn Care & Research Vol. 26, no. 4 (2005), p. 320-326
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Description: In this study, the recently introduced International Classification of Disease, 10th revision, code for hot tap water scalds was used to examine the epidemiology of these cases and other scalds injuries in children younger than 5 years of age and adults aged 65 years and older. Although the trunk was the most common area in which scalds occurred, young children were more likely to sustain head and neck scalds (15%, 95% confidence interval 10.8-18.3) because of hot tap water than older people (2%, 95% confidence interval 0.2-4.4). Hospital separation rates for hot water scalds decreased significantly during the study period in both boys ([chi]2 = 15.6, df = 1, P < .001) and girls ([chi]2 = 5.6, df = 1, P < .001) who were younger than 5 years of age, which might be attributable to the introduction of new standards regulating the provision of hot tap water to various buildings. The severity of scalds cases did not seem to be correlated with the length of hospital stay, which remained unchanged in both age groups.
Description: 2003005000

A one-season prospective study of injuries and illness in elite junior tennis

- Pluim, Babette, Loeffen, F., Clarsen, Ben, Bahr, Roald, Verhagen, Evert

Authors: Pluim, Babette , Loeffen, F. , Clarsen, Ben , Bahr, Roald , Verhagen, Evert
Date: 2016
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports Vol. 26, no. 5 (2016), p. 564-571
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Description: The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence and prevalence of injury and illness among elite junior tennis players. A cohort of 73 players (11-14 years) in the 2012-2013 Dutch national high-performance program was followed for 32 weeks; all participants completed the study. The OSTRC Questionnaire on Health Problems was used to record self-reported injuries and illnesses and to record training and match exposure. Main outcome measures were average prevalence of overuse injury and illness and incidence density of acute injury. On average, players practiced 9.1h/week (SD 0.6; range 2.3-12.0) and had 2.2h of match play (SD 0.6; range 2.3-12.0). During the course of the study, 67 players reported a total of 187 health problems. The average weekly prevalence of all health problems was 21.3% (95% CI: 19.2-22.9), of which 12.1% (95% CI: 10.9-13.3) constituted overuse injuries and 5.8% (95% CI: 4.6-6.9) illnesses. The incidence of acute injuries was 1.2/1000h of tennis play (95% CI: 0.7-1.7). The high occurrence of overuse injuries among elite junior tennis players suggests that an early focus on preventative measures is warranted, with a particular focus on the monitoring and management of workload. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

The Trauma Registry as a statewide quality improvement tool

- Cameron, Peter, Gabbe, Belinda, McNeil, John, Finch, Caroline, Smith, Karen, Cooper, James, Judson, Rodney, Kossmann, Thomas

Authors: Cameron, Peter , Gabbe, Belinda , McNeil, John , Finch, Caroline , Smith, Karen , Cooper, James , Judson, Rodney , Kossmann, Thomas
Date: 2005
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: The Journal of Trauma Vol. 59, no. 6 (2005), p. 1469-1476
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Description: Background: Trauma registries have been developed to describe the pattern of trauma and trauma workload, provide data for research, and to demonstrate changes in patient outcomes. Quality improvement using trauma registries at a systemwide level has been difficult to achieve. In Victoria, Australia, a statewide trauma system and trauma registry has been established to monitor and feedback the process of management and outcomes of major trauma patients across all healthcare providers. Methods: The development and implementation of the Victorian State Trauma Registry (VSTR), including its role as a quality monitoring tool and results from the first 2 years of operation, are provided. Results: More than 80% of major trauma patients are being managed at major trauma services and standardized death rates are comparable with international standards. Quality indicators identify some areas for improvement. Conclusion: VSTR data indicate that the statewide trauma system is working well and provides a method for ongoing monitoring and trauma care feedback. (C) 2005 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.

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Health effects associated with inhalation of airborne arsenic arising from mining operations

- Martin, Rachael, Dowling, Kim, Pearce, Dora, Sillitoe, Jim, Florentine, Singarayer

Authors: Martin, Rachael , Dowling, Kim , Pearce, Dora , Sillitoe, Jim , Florentine, Singarayer
Date: 2014
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Geosciences (Switzerland) Vol. 4, no. 3 (2014), p. 128-175
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Description: Arsenic in dust and aerosol generated by mining, mineral processing and metallurgical extraction industries, is a serious threat to human populations throughout the world. Major sources of contamination include smelting operations, coal combustion, hard rock mining, as well as their associated waste products, including fly ash, mine wastes and tailings. The number of uncontained arsenic-rich mine waste sites throughout the world is of growing concern, as is the number of people at risk of exposure. Inhalation exposures to arsenic-bearing dusts and aerosol, in both occupational and environmental settings, have been definitively linked to increased systemic uptake, as well as carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health outcomes. It is therefore becoming increasingly important to identify human populations and sensitive sub-populations at risk of exposure, and to better understand the modes of action for pulmonary arsenic toxicity and carcinogenesis. In this paper we explore the contribution of smelting, coal combustion, hard rock mining and their associated waste products to atmospheric arsenic. We also report on the current understanding of the health effects of inhaled arsenic, citing results from various toxicological, biomedical and epidemiological studies. This review is particularly aimed at those researchers engaged in the distinct, but complementary areas of arsenic research within the multidisciplinary field of medical geology. © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

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A preliminary video analysis of concussion in the National Rugby League

- Gardner, Andrew, Iverson, Grant, Quinn, Tanya, Makdissi, Michael, Levi, Christopher, Shultz, Sandy, Wright, David, Stanwell, Peter

Authors: Gardner, Andrew , Iverson, Grant , Quinn, Tanya , Makdissi, Michael , Levi, Christopher , Shultz, Sandy , Wright, David , Stanwell, Peter
Date: 2015
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Brain Injury Vol. 29, no. 10 (2015), p. 1182-1185
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Description: Primary objective: To conduct the first video analysis of concussion in the Australian National Rugby League (NRL) and describe player and injury characteristics, situational factors and time to return to play.Research design: Descriptive, observational case series.Methods and procedures: Video analysis of 20 medically diagnosed concussions for three consenting clubs during the 2013 NRL season.Main outcome and results: Most concussions (83%) occurred during a high tackle, and all injured ball carriers were hit high. Loss of consciousness was observed in 30% of cases. Common observable signs of injury included clutching of the head, balance problems or wobbly legs and a blank or vacant state. There were no post-concussive seizures. All players with loss of consciousness were removed from play. However, only half of the total sample was removed from play and one athlete who was removed returned to play in the same match. Of the players who were removed from play, the large majority returned the following week. Illegal play accounted for 25% of all concussions.Conclusions: Video analysis may be a useful method to study the incidence, mechanism and management of concussion in sports such as Rugby League. Future studies may include larger numbers to validate this preliminary data and may also investigate other levels of play and age ranges. © 2015 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Epidemiology of facial injuries in sport

- Black, Amanda, Eliason, Paul, Patton, Declan, Emery, Carolyn

Authors: Black, Amanda , Eliason, Paul , Patton, Declan , Emery, Carolyn
Date: 2017
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Clinics in Sports Medicine Vol. 36, no. 2 (2017), p. 237-255
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Description: Facial injuries can pose a large health burden for athletes, potentially resulting in time loss and surgery. This article reviews the incidence, common mechanisms, and risk factors of facial injuries in several sports globally. Estimates of facial injury rates are complicated by a lack of, or inconsistent, reporting on specific types of injury. Much of the epidemiologic literature is based on hospital-based injury surveillance and there is a paucity of literature examining sport-specific risk factors. Future research should focus on prospective injury surveillance methodologies with consistent injury definitions examining risk factors and the effectiveness of facial injury prevention efforts.

Is subsequent lower limb injury associated with previous injury? A systematic review and meta-analysis

- Toohey, Liam, Drew, Michael, Cook, Jill, Finch, Caroline, Gaida, Jamie

Authors: Toohey, Liam , Drew, Michael , Cook, Jill , Finch, Caroline , Gaida, Jamie
Date: 2017
Type: Text , Journal article , Review
Relation: British Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 51, no. 23 (2017), p. 1670-1678
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Description: Background Previous injury is a strong risk factor for recurrent lower limb injury in athletic populations, yet the association between previous injury and a subsequent injury different in nature or location is rarely considered. Objective To systematically review data on the risk of sustaining a subsequent lower limb injury different in nature or location following a previous injury. Methods Eight medical databases were searched. Studies were eligible if they reported lower limb injury occurrence following any injury of a different anatomical site and/or of a different nature, assessed injury risk, contained athletic human participants and were written in English. Two reviewers independently applied the eligibility criteria and performed the risk of bias assessment. Meta-analysis was conducted using a random effects model. Results Twelve studies satisfied the eligibility criteria. Previous history of an ACL injury was associated with an increased risk of subsequent hamstring injury (three studies, RR=2.25, 95% CI 1.34 to 3.76), but a history of chronic groin injury was not associated with subsequent hamstring injury (three studies, RR=1.14, 95% CI 0.29 to 4.51). Previous lower limb muscular injury was associated with an increased risk of sustaining a lower limb muscular injury at a different site. A history of concussion and a variety of joint injuries were associated with an increased subsequent lower limb injury risk. Conclusions The fact that previous injury of any type may increase the risk for a range of lower limb subsequent injuries must be considered in the development of future tertiary prevention programmes. Systematic review registration number CRD42016039904 (PROSPERO). © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

Hip and knee osteoarthritis affects younger people, too

- Ackerman, Ilana, Kemp, Joanne, Crossley, Kay, Culvenor, Adam, Hinman, Rana

Authors: Ackerman, Ilana , Kemp, Joanne , Crossley, Kay , Culvenor, Adam , Hinman, Rana
Date: 2017
Type: Text , Journal article , Review
Relation: Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy Vol. 47, no. 2 (2017), p. 67-79
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Description: Although osteoarthritis (OA) has traditionally been considered a disease of older age, hip and knee OA can and does affect younger adults, with a profound impact on psychosocial well-being and work capacity. Obesity and a history of traumatic knee injury (eg, anterior cruciate ligament rupture and/or meniscal tear) are key risk factors for the accelerated development of knee OA, while structural hip deformities (including those contributing to femoroacetabular impingement syndrome) are strong predictors of early-onset hip OA. In view of these associations, rising rates of obesity and sports injuries are concerning, and may signal a future surge in OA incidence among younger people. Assessment of hip and knee OA in younger people should focus on a patient-centered history, comprehensive physical examination, performance-based measures, and patient-reported outcome measures to enable monitoring of symptoms and function over time. Referral for imaging should be reserved for people presenting with atypical signs or symptoms that may indicate diagnoses other than OA. Nonpharmacological approaches are core strategies for the management of hip and knee OA in younger people, and these include appropriate disease-related education, activity modifcation (including for work-related tasks), physical therapist-prescribed exercise programs to address identifed physical impairments, and weight control or weight loss. High-quality evidence has shown no beneft of arthroscopy for knee OA, and there are no published clinical trials to support the use of hip arthroscopy for OA. Referral for joint-conserving or joint replacement surgery should be considered when nonpharmacological and pharmacological management strategies are no longer effective. © 2017 Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy.

Behind every active and sporting population, there is an Epidemiologist

- Finch, Caroline

Authors: Finch, Caroline
Date: 2015
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Australasian Epidemiologist Vol. 22, no. 1 (2015), p. 3-4
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Description: This Round Table on The Epidemiology of Fitness, Sport and Physical Recreation makes for compelling reading. Australia has long been regarded as a sports-mad nation and one that has achieved major international sporting achievements because of its long-term investment in sports medicine and sports science research. Sports spectatorship is also a major pastime in Australia, underpinning the value of using sport to promote a range of health promotion messages (e.g. in relation to tobacco, alcohol, social tolerance and most recently violence prevention). People of all ages now enjoy participating in a wide range of activities from general physical activity to fitness training to cycling to team ball sports such as Australian football to combat sports. All of these feature in papers in this issue.

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Combining epidemiology and biomechanics in sports injury prevention research : A new approach for selecting suitable controls

- Finch, Caroline, Ullah, Shahid, McIntosh, Andrew

Authors: Finch, Caroline , Ullah, Shahid , McIntosh, Andrew
Date: 2011
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Sports Medicine Vol. 41, no. 1 (2011), p. 59-72
Relation: http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/565900
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Description: Several important methodological issues need to be considered when designing sports injury case-control studies. Major design goals for case-control studies include the accounting for prior injury risk exposure, and optimal definitions of both cases and suitable controls are needed to ensure this. This article reviews methodological aspects of published sports injury case-control studies, particularly with regard to the selection of controls. It argues for a new approach towards selecting controls for case-control studies that draws on an interface between epidemiological and biomechanical concepts. A review was conducted to identify sport injury case-control studies published in the peer-review literature during 1985-2008. Overall, 32 articles were identified, of which the majority related to upper or lower extremity injuries. Matching considerations were used for control selection in 16 studies. Specific mention of application of biomechanical principles in the selection of appropriate controls was absent from all studies, including those purporting to evaluate the benefits of personal protective equipment to protect against impact injury. This is a problem because it could lead to biased conclusions, as cases and controls are not fully comparable in terms of similar biomechanical impact profiles relating to the injury incident, such as site of the impact on the body. The strength of the conclusions drawn from case-control studies, and the extent to which results can be generalized, is directly influenced by the definition and recruitment of cases and appropriate controls. Future studies should consider the interface between epidemiological and biomechanical concepts when choosing appropriate controls to ensure that proper adjustment of prior exposure to injury risk is made. To provide necessary guidance for the optimal selection of controls in case-control studies of interventions to prevent sports-related impact injury, this review outlines a new case-control selection strategy that reflects the importance of biomechanical considerations, which ensures that controls are selected based on the presence of the same global injury mechanism as the cases. To summarize, the general biomechanical principles that should apply to the selection of controls in future case-control studies are as follows: (i) each control must have been exposed to the same global injury mechanism as the case, (e.g. head impact, fall onto outstretched arm); and (ii) intrinsic (individual) factors (e.g. age, sex, skill level) that might modify the person's response to the relevant biomechanical loads are adjusted when either selecting the controls or are in the analysis phase. The same considerations for control selection apply to other study designs such as matched cohort studies or case-crossover studies. Â© 2011 Adis Data Information BV. All rights reserved.

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Priorities for investment in injury prevention in community Australian football

- Finch, Caroline, Gabbe, Belinda, White, Peta, Lloyd, David, Twomey, Dara, Donaldson, Alex, Elliott, Bruce, Cook, Jill

Authors: Finch, Caroline , Gabbe, Belinda , White, Peta , Lloyd, David , Twomey, Dara , Donaldson, Alex , Elliott, Bruce , Cook, Jill
Date: 2013
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Clinical journal of sport medicine Vol. 23, no. 6 (November 2013 2013), p. 430-438
Relation: http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/565900
Relation: http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/565907
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Description: Objective:High-quality sport-specific information about the nature, type, cause, and frequency of injuries is needed to set injury prevention priorities. This article describes the type, nature, and mechanism of injuries in community Australian Football (community AF) players, as collected through field-based monitoring of injury in teams of players.Data Sources:Compilation of published prospectively collected injury data from 3 studies in junior community AF (1202 injuries in 1950+ players) and 3 studies in adult community AF (1765 injuries in 2265 players). This was supplemented with previously unpublished data from the most recent adult community AF injury cohort study conducted in 2007 to 2008. Injuries were ranked according to most common body regions, nature of injury, and mechanism.Main Results:In all players, lower limb injuries were the most frequent injury in community AF and were generally muscle strains, joint sprains, and superficial injuries. These injuries most commonly resulted from incidental contact with other players, or from overexertion. Upper limb injuries were less common but included fractures, strains, and sprains that were generally caused by incidental contact between players and the result of players falling to the ground.Conclusions:Lower limb injuries are common in community AF and could have an adverse impact on sustained participation in the game. Based on what is known about their mechanisms, it is likely that a high proportion of lower limb injuries could be prevented and they should therefore be a priority for injury prevention in community AF.

Adverse life events and the onset of anxiety disorders

- Miloyan, Beyon, Bienvenu, Oscar, Brilot, Ben, Eaton, William

Authors: Miloyan, Beyon , Bienvenu, Oscar , Brilot, Ben , Eaton, William
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Psychiatry Research Vol. 259, no. (2018), p. 488-492
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Description: This study tested the hypothesis that adverse events are associated with increased risk of onset of anxiety disorders. Data from Waves 1 (N = 43,093; 2001–2002) and 2 (N = 34,653; 2004–2005) of the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) were used to assess whether adverse events at baseline are associated with increased risk of anxiety disorder onset over three years of follow up. Sixty-six percent (SE: 1.0) of respondents with an anxiety disorder in the intervening period between Waves 1 and 2 had experienced an adverse life event in the year prior to the Wave 1 interview. In logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic and psychiatric characteristics, adverse life events at baseline were associated with anxiety disorder onset within the three-year follow up period. The pattern of association between adverse events and anxiety disorder onset was similar across sub-types, and injury, illness or death of family or close friends consistently had the strongest association with anxiety disorder onset. These findings suggest that adverse life events play a role in the onset of anxiety disorders.

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A prospective cohort study on symptoms of common mental disorders among Dutch elite athletes

- Gouttebarge, Vincent, Jonkers, Ruud, Moen, Maarten, Verhagen, Evert, Wylleman, Paul, Kerkhoffs, Gino

Authors: Gouttebarge, Vincent , Jonkers, Ruud , Moen, Maarten , Verhagen, Evert , Wylleman, Paul , Kerkhoffs, Gino
Date: 2017
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Physician and Sportsmedicine Vol. 45, no. 4 (2017), p. 426-432
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Description: Objective: Scientific knowledge about symptoms of common mental disorders in elite sports is scarce. Consequently, the objectives of the study were to (i) establish the 12-month incidence of symptoms of common mental disorders (CMD; distress, anxiety/depression, sleep disturbance, adverse alcohol use, eating disorders) among Dutch elite athletes and (ii) explore their potential association with several stressors (being injured, recent life events, career dissatisfaction).Methods: A prospective cohort study with a 12-month follow-up period was conducted. The study used validated questionnaires to assess symptoms of common mental disorders (thus not clinically diagnosed) as well as several stressors; an electronic questionnaire was set up and repeatedly distributed.Results: A total of 203 elite athletes gave their written informed consent to participate in the study, from which 143 completed the 12-month follow-up period (follow-up rate of 70%). Incidence of symptoms of CMD ranged from 6% for adverse alcohol use to 57% for symptoms of anxiety/depression. Over the follow-up period, around 17% of the participants reported two simultaneous symptoms of CMD, and around 19% reported three simultaneous symptoms of CMD. Inferences between some stressors and symptoms of CMD were found but none of the associations were statistically significant.Conclusions: Substantial 12-month incidence rates of symptoms of CMD (self-reported and not clinically diagnosed) were found among Dutch elite athletes (especially for anxiety/depression), appearing similar to the ones found among athletes from other sports disciplines and the Dutch general population. Also, inferences between some stressors and symptoms of CMD were found but none of the associations were statistically significant. Supportive and preventive measures directed towards symptoms of CMD should be developed to improve awareness and psychological resilience of athletes, which would likely improve their performance and quality-of-life.

The descriptive epidemiology of sports/leisure-related heat illness hospitalisations in New South Wales, Australia

- Finch, Caroline, Boufous, Soufiane

Authors: Finch, Caroline , Boufous, Soufiane
Date: 2008
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport Vol. 11, no. 1 (2008), p. 48-51
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Description: Sport-related heat illness has not been commonly studied from an epidemiological perspective. This study presents the descriptive epidemiology of sports/leisure-related heat illness hospitalisations in New South Wales, Australia. All in-patient separations from all acute hospitals in NSW during 2001-2004, with an International Classification of Diseases external cause of injury code indicating "exposure to excessive natural heat (X30)" or any ICD-10 diagnosis code in the range: "effects of heat and light (T67.0-T67.9)", were analysed. The sport/leisure relatedness of cases was defined by ICD-10-AM activity codes indicating involvement in sport/leisure activities. Cases of exposure to heat while engaged in sport/leisure were described by gender, year, age, principal diagnosis, type of activity/sport and length of stay. There were 109 hospital separations for exposure to heat while engaging in sport/leisure activity, with the majority occurring during the hottest months. The number of male cases significantly increased over the 4-year period and 45+-year olds had the largest number of cases. Heat exhaustion was the leading cause of hospital separation (40% of cases). Marathon running, cricket and golf were the activities most commonly associated with heat-related hospitalisation. Ongoing development and refinement of expert position statements regarding heat illnesses need to draw on both epidemiological and physiological evidence to ensure their relevance to all levels of risk from the real world sport training and competition contexts. © 2007.
Description: C1

The impact of injury definition on injury surveillance in novice runners

- Kluitenberg, Bas, van Middelkoop, Marienke, Verhagen, Evert, Hartgens, Fred, Huisstede, Bionka, Diercks, Ron, van der Worp, Henk

Authors: Kluitenberg, Bas , van Middelkoop, Marienke , Verhagen, Evert , Hartgens, Fred , Huisstede, Bionka , Diercks, Ron , van der Worp, Henk
Date: 2016
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport Vol. 19, no. 6 (Jun 2016), p. 470-475
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Description: Objectives: Despite several consensus statements, different injury definitions are used in the literature. This study aimed to identify the impact of different injury definitions on the nature and incidence of complaints captured during a short-term running program for novice runners. Methods: 1696 participants completed weekly diaries on running exposure and musculoskeletal complaints during a 6-week running program. These data were used to compare six different injury definitions (presence of running-related pain, training-reduction, time-loss of.one day or one week). Injuries were registered under these different definitions. Consequently incidence and the nature of complaints were compared between definitions. Results: The different injury definitions resulted in incidences that varied between 7.5% and 58.0%, or 18.7 and 239.6 injuries per 1000 h of running. The median duration of injury complaints was 4-7 days for injuries registered under a 'day definition', while complaints registered under a 'week definition' lasted 20-22 days. For running-related pain injuries the median of the maximum amount of pain was 3.0. In training-reduction and time-loss injuries these median values were scored between 5.0 and 7.0. No significant differences in anatomical locations between injuries that were registered under a 'day definition' or a 'week definition' were found. Injuries registered under a time-loss definition were located relatively more often at the knee, while complaints at the pelvis/sacrum/buttock were captured more often under a running-related pain definition. Conclusions: Injury definitions largely impact injury incidence. Location of injury is also affected by choice of injury definition. This stressed the need for standardized injury registration methods. (C) 2015 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Groningen, Netherlands.

A prospective cohort study of the incidence of injuries among junior Australian football players : Evidence for an effect of playing-age level

- Romiti, Maria, Finch, Caroline, Gabbe, Belinda

Authors: Romiti, Maria , Finch, Caroline , Gabbe, Belinda
Date: 2008
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: British Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 42, no. 6 (Jun 2008), p. 441-446
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Description: Objective: To determine the rate of injury in junior Australian football, and to describe the patterns and severity of these injuries across nine levels of play (U9 to U18). Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Junior Australian football games and training sessions were observed for 54 teams from New South Wales and Victoria over the 2004 playing season. Participants: Six teams from each level of play were invited to participate in the study. Overall, data were collected for 51 teams over 40 208 hours of player exposure. Independent variables: Participation and injury data were collected prospectively. Main outcome measures: Injury was defined as "any trauma that causes some disability or pain''. Injury severity was identified by the action of players immediately after the injury event. Results: The overall injury rate was 18.0 (95% CI 16.6 to 19.3) injuries per 1000 player hours. The main cause of injury was body contact (67.3%). There was an increased frequency of sprains and strains, and injury severity with increasing level of play. The rates of injury for players who stayed off the field (6.4 injuries per 1000 hours, 95% CI 5.6 to 7.2) or were advised to seek off-field medical advice (5.0 injuries per 1000 hours, 95% CI 4.3 to 5.7) were low. Conclusion: Compared with the adult game, junior Australian football is relatively safe. However, injury rates increase as children progress across age-determined levels of play towards the more adult form of the game.
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