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Energy efficiency perspectives of femtocells in internet of things : recent advances and challenges

- Al-Turjman, Fadi, Imran, Muhammad, Bakhsh, Sheikh

  • Authors: Al-Turjman, Fadi , Imran, Muhammad , Bakhsh, Sheikh
  • Date: 2017
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: IEEE Access Vol. 5, no. (2017), p. 26808-26818
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  • Description: Energy efficiency is a growing concern in every aspect of the technology. Apart from maintaining profitability, energy efficiency means a decrease in the overall environmental effects, which is a serious concern in today's world. Using a femtocell in Internet of Things (IoT) can boost energy efficiency. To illustrate, femtocells can be used in smart homes, which is a subpart of the smart grid, as a communication mechanism in order to manage energy efficiency. Moreover, femtocells can be used in many IoT applications in order to provide communication. However, it is important to evaluate the energy efficiency of femtocells. This paper investigates recent advances and challenges in the energy efficiency of the femtocell in IoT. First, we introduce the idea of femtocells in the context of IoT and their role in IoT applications. Next, we describe prominent performance metrics in order to understand how the energy efficiency is evaluated. Then, we elucidate how energy can be modeled in terms of femtocell and provide some models from the literature. Since femtocells are used in heterogeneous networks to manage energy efficiency, we also express some energy efficiency schemes for deployment. The factors that affect the energy usage of a femtocell base station are discussed and then the power consumption of user equipment under femtocell coverage is mentioned. Finally, we highlight prominent open research issues and challenges. © 2013 IEEE.

Inference of bulk properties and particle size data in coal preparation plants using low-cost imaging techniques

- Hall, Stephen, Jones, T. F,, Booth, D. W,, Langston, P. A

Energy efficient elliptical concave visibility graph algorithm for unmanned aerial vehicle in an obstacle-rich environment

- Debnath, Sanjoy, Omar, Rosli, Bagchi, Susama, Nafea, Marwan, Naha, Ranesh, Nadira Sabudin, Elia

  • Authors: Debnath, Sanjoy , Omar, Rosli , Bagchi, Susama , Nafea, Marwan , Naha, Ranesh , Nadira Sabudin, Elia
  • Date: 2020
  • Type: Text , Conference proceedings
  • Relation: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent Systems (I2CACIS); Shah Alam, Malaysia;20 June 2020 p. 129-134
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  • Description: This paper proposes a path planning algorithm for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) called Elliptical Concave Visibility Graph (ECoVG). The algorithm, which is based on visibility graph (VG), overcomes the limitations of VG computation time and hence, it can be applied in real-time and in obstacle-rich environments. An experimental investigation has been done to compare the performance between ECoVG and another VG based method namely Equilateral-Space Oriented VG (ESOVG) in terms of computational time and path length. The investigation was done in identical scenarios through simulation to show that the ECoVG has a better computation time than that of ESOVG for its efficient selection of a region in calculating the path. It is also found that the proposed algorithm is energy efficient and complete since it can find a path if one exists.

Green demand aware fog computing : a prediction-based dynamic resource provisioning approach

- Khadhijah, Pg, Newaz, S., Rahman, Fatin, Lee, Gyu, Karmakar, Gour, Au, Thien-Wan

  • Authors: Khadhijah, Pg , Newaz, S. , Rahman, Fatin , Lee, Gyu , Karmakar, Gour , Au, Thien-Wan
  • Date: 2022
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Electronics (Switzerland) Vol. 11, no. 4 (2022), p.
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  • Description: Fog computing could potentially cause the next paradigm shift by extending cloud services to the edge of the network, bringing resources closer to the end-user. With its close proximity to end-users and its distributed nature, fog computing can significantly reduce latency. With the appearance of more and more latency-stringent applications, in the near future, we will witness an unprecedented amount of demand for fog computing. Undoubtedly, this will lead to an increase in the energy footprint of the network edge and access segments. To reduce energy consumption in fog computing without compromising performance, in this paper we propose the Green-Demand-Aware Fog Computing (GDAFC) solution. Our solution uses a prediction technique to identify the working fog nodes (nodes serve when request arrives), standby fog nodes (nodes take over when the computational capacity of the working fog nodes is no longer sufficient), and idle fog nodes in a fog computing infrastructure. Additionally, it assigns an appropriate sleep interval for the fog nodes, taking into account the delay requirement of the applications. Results obtained based on the mathematical formulation show that our solution can save energy up to 65% without deteriorating the delay requirement performance. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Co-EEORS : cooperative energy efficient optimal relay selection protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks

- Khan, Anwar, Ali, Ihsan, Rahman, Atiq, Imran, Muhammad, Amin, Fazal, Mahmood, Hasan

  • Authors: Khan, Anwar , Ali, Ihsan , Rahman, Atiq , Imran, Muhammad , Amin, Fazal , Mahmood, Hasan
  • Date: 2018
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: IEEE Access Vol. 6, no. (2018), p. 28777-28789
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  • Description: Cooperative routing mitigates the adverse channel effects in the harsh underwater environment and ensures reliable delivery of packets from the bottom to the surface of water. Cooperative routing is analogous to sparse recovery in that faded copies of data packets are processed by the destination node to extract the desired information. However, it usually requires information about the two or three position coordinates of the nodes. It also requires the synchronization of the source, relay, and destination nodes. These features make the cooperative routing a challenging task as sensor nodes move with water currents. Moreover, the data packets are simply discarded if the acceptable threshold is not met at the destination. This threatens the reliable delivery of data to the final destination. To cope with these challenges, this paper proposes a cooperative energy-efficient optimal relay selection protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. Unlike the existing routing protocols involving cooperation, the proposed scheme combines location and depth of the sensor nodes to select the destination nodes. Combination of these two parameters does not involve knowing the position coordinates of the nodes and results in selection of the destination nodes closest to the water surface. As a result, data packets are less affected by the channel properties. In addition, a source node chooses a relay node and a destination node. Data packets are sent to the destination node by the relay node as soon as the relay node receives them. This eliminates the need for synchronization among the source, relay, and destination nodes. Moreover, the destination node acknowledges the source node about the successful reception or retransmission of the data packets. This overcomes the packets drop. Based on simulation results, the proposed scheme is superior in delivering packets to the final destination than some existing techniques. © 2013 IEEE.

Energy efficiency maximization for downlink cloud radio access networks with data sharing and data compression

- Tung Thanh, Vu, Duy Trong, Ngo, Dao, Minh, Durrani, Salman, Nguyen, Duy, Middleton, Richard

  • Authors: Tung Thanh, Vu , Duy Trong, Ngo , Dao, Minh , Durrani, Salman , Nguyen, Duy , Middleton, Richard
  • Date: 2018
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: IEEE transactions on wireless communications Vol. 17, no. 8 (2018), p. 4955-4970
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  • Description: This paper aims to maximize the energy efficiency of a downlink cloud radio access network (C-RAN). Here, data is transferred from a baseband unit in the core network to several remote radio heads via a set of edge routers over capacity-limited fronthaul links. The remote radio heads then send the received signals to their users via radio access links. Both data sharing and compression-based strategies are considered for fronthaul data transfer. New mixed-integer nonlinear problems are formulated, in which the ratio of network throughput and total power consumption is maximized. These challenging problem formulations include practical constraints on routing, predefined minimum data rates, fronthaul capacity, and maximum remote radio head transmit power. By employing the successive convex quadratic programming, iterative algorithms are proposed with guaranteed convergence to the Fritz John solutions of the formulated problems. Significantly, each iteration of the proposed algorithms solves only one simple convex program. Numerical examples with practical parameters confirm that the proposed joint optimization designs markedly improve the C-RAN's energy efficiency compared to benchmark schemes. They also show that the fronthaul data-sharing strategy outperforms its compression-based counterpart in terms of energy efficiency, in both single-hop and multi-hop network scenarios.

Backcasting : Planning a sustainable energy success story for central Victoria by 2020

- Hall, Stephen

  • Authors: Hall, Stephen
  • Date: 2005
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: Paper presented at the 2005 Environmental Engineering & Sustainability National Conference, Sydney : 18th July, 2005
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  • Description: The Central Victorian Greenhouse Alliance (CVGA) has aset a goal of zero net greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. Recent completion by all local government members of CVGA of the Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) energy auditing stage (Milestone 1) together with the establishment of significant energy efficiency, renewabale energy and carbon sequestration projects has allowed backcasting to be commenced.
  • Description: E1
  • Description: 2003001070

A multi-hop angular routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

- Akbar, Mariam, Javaid, Nadeem, Imran, Muhammad, Rao, Areeba, Younis, Muhammad, Niaz, Iftikhar

  • Authors: Akbar, Mariam , Javaid, Nadeem , Imran, Muhammad , Rao, Areeba , Younis, Muhammad , Niaz, Iftikhar
  • Date: 2016
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks Vol. 12, no. 9 (2016), p.
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  • Description: In this article, we propose two new routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. First one is AM-DisCNT (angular multi-hop distance-based clustering network transmission) protocol which uses circular deployment of sensors (nodes) for uniform energy consumption in the network. The protocol operates in such a way that nodes with maximum residual energy are selected as cluster heads for each round. Second one is iAM-DisCNT (improved AM-DisCNT) protocol which exploits both mobile and static base stations for throughput maximization. Besides the proposition of routing protocols, iAM-DisCNT is provided with three mathematical models: two linear-programming-based models for information flow maximization and packet drop rate minimization and one model for calculating energy consumption of nodes. Graphical analysis for linear-programming-based mathematical formulation is also part of this work. Simulation results show that AM-DisCNT has 32% and iAM-DisCNT has 48% improved stability period as compared to LEACH (low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy) and DEEC (distributed energy-efficient clustering) routing protocols. Similarly, throughput of AM-DisCNT and iAM-DisCNT is improved by 16% and 80%, respectively, in comparison with the counterpart schemes. © The Author(s) 2016.

Impact of node deployment and routing for protection of critical infrastructures

- Subhan, Fazli, Noreen, Madiha, Imran, Muhammad, Tariq, Moeenuddin, Khan, Asfandyar, Shoaib, Muhammad

  • Authors: Subhan, Fazli , Noreen, Madiha , Imran, Muhammad , Tariq, Moeenuddin , Khan, Asfandyar , Shoaib, Muhammad
  • Date: 2019
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: IEEE Access Vol. 7, no. (2019), p. 11502-11514
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  • Description: Recently, linear wireless sensor networks (LWSNs) have been eliciting increasing attention because of their suitability for applications such as the protection of critical infrastructures. Most of these applications require LWSN to remain operational for a longer period. However, the non-replenishable limited battery power of sensor nodes does not allow them to meet these expectations. Therefore, a shorter network lifetime is one of the most prominent barriers in large-scale deployment of LWSN. Unlike most existing studies, in this paper, we analyze the impact of node placement and clustering on LWSN network lifetime. First, we categorize and classify existing node placement and clustering schemes for LWSN and introduce various topologies for disparate applications. Then, we highlight the peculiarities of LWSN applications and discuss their unique characteristics. Several application domains of LWSN are described. We present three node placement strategies (i.e., linear sequential, linear parallel, and grid) and various deployment methods such as random, uniform, decreasing distance, and triangular. Extensive simulation experiments are conducted to analyze the performance of the three state-of-the-art routing protocols in the context of node deployment strategies and methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the node deployment strategies and methods significantly affect LWSN lifetime. © 2013 IEEE.

Spectral and energy efficiency maximization for content-centric c-rans with edge caching

- Vu, Tung Thanh, Ngo, Duy Trong, Dao, Minh, Durrani, Salman, Middleton, Richard

  • Authors: Vu, Tung Thanh , Ngo, Duy Trong , Dao, Minh , Durrani, Salman , Middleton, Richard
  • Date: 2018
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: IEEE transactions on communications Vol. 66, no. 12 (2018), p. 6628-6642
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  • Description: This paper aims to maximize the spectral and energy efficiencies of a content-centric cloud radio access network (C-RAN), where users requesting the same contents are grouped together. Data are transferred from a central baseband unit to multiple remote radio heads (RRHs) equipped with local caches. The RRHs then send the received data to each group's user. Both multicast and unicast schemes are considered for data transmission. We formulate mixed-integer nonlinear problems in which user association, RRH activation, data rate allocation, and signal precoding are jointly designed. These challenging problems are subject to minimum data rate requirements, limited fronthaul capacity, and maximum RRH transmit power. Employing successive convex quadratic programming, we propose iterative algorithms with guaranteed convergence to Fritz John solutions. Numerical results confirm that the proposed joint designs markedly improve the spectral and energy efficiencies of the considered content-centric C-RAN compared to benchmark schemes. Importantly, they show that unicasting outperforms multicasting in terms of spectral efficiency in both cache and cache-less scenarios. In terms of energy efficiency, multicasting is the best choice for the system without cache whereas unicasting is best for the system with cache. Finally, edge caching is shown to improve both spectral and energy efficiencies.

Marginal and average weight-enabled data aggregation mechanism for the resource-constrained networks

- Jan, Syed, Khan, Rahim, Khan, Fazlullah, Jan, Mian, Balasubramanian, Venki

  • Authors: Jan, Syed , Khan, Rahim , Khan, Fazlullah , Jan, Mian , Balasubramanian, Venki
  • Date: 2021
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Computer Communications Vol. 174, no. (2021), p. 101-108
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  • Description: In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), data redundancy is a challenging issue that not only introduces network congestion but also consumes a considerable amount of sensor node resources. Data redundancy occurs due to the spatial and temporal correlation among the data gathered by the neighboring nodes. Data aggregation is a prominent technique that performs in-network filtering of the redundant data and accelerates the knowledge extraction by eliminating the correlated data. However, most of the data aggregation techniques have lower accuracy as they do not cater for erroneous data from faulty nodes and pose an open research challenge. To address this challenge, we have proposed a novel, lightweight, and energy-efficient function-based data aggregation approach for a cluster-based hierarchical WSN. Our proposed approach works at two levels, i.e., at the node level and at the cluster head level. At the node level, the data aggregation is performed using Exponential Moving Average (EMA) and a threshold-based mechanism is adopted to detect any outliers for improving the accuracy of aggregated data. At the cluster head level, we have employed a modified version of Euclidean distance function to provide highly-refined aggregated data to the base station. Our experimental results show that our approach reduces the communication cost, transmission cost, energy consumption at the nodes and cluster heads, and delivers highly-refined and fused data to the base station. © 2021 Elsevier B.V. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 5 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Venki Balasubramaniam” is provided in this record**

Reliable and energy efficient backup clustering scheme for wireless sensor networks

- Sadat, Anwar, Karmakar, Gour, Zaslavsky, Arkady, Gaber, Mohamed

  • Authors: Sadat, Anwar , Karmakar, Gour , Zaslavsky, Arkady , Gaber, Mohamed
  • Date: 2010
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: International Conference on Information Networking 2010 p. 248-253
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  • Description: Cluster-based routing protocols for wireless sensor networks have proved to be a very popular and effective innovation. They are inherently energy efficient and scalable owing to the distributed nature and hierarchical organization of sensor nodes, as well as the use of cluster heads in data reception, aggregation and transmission. However, their reliability is very limited because of the potential for sudden break down and the traffic congestion in a cluster head. A wireless communication link is also vulnerable to interference and noise. In addition, to form an optimal cluster is a NP hard problem. These problems make it very challenging to improve the reliability and energy efficiency simultaneously. To address these issues, this thesis proposes a number of clusterbased routing protocols that consider many challenging issues, such as the cluster number determination, the inter-cluster communication cost, the link quality and traffic congestion during the node clustering phase. This thesis contributes four innovative methods that improve both the reliability and energy efficiency of a wireless sensor network simultaneously. The first of these contributions is an optimum backup clustering technique, which reduces the re-clustering overhead of the network and safeguard a cluster head node from sudden break down. The second method, reliable and energy efficient inter-cluster communication, reduces the chance of a cluster head breakdown by developing routing paths that consider the optimal inter-cluster communication cost. This method also considers data loss due to poor link quality and congestion at the CH node. The third method, optimum cluster number determination technique for uniform wireless sensor network, integrates the wireless link quality factor analytically for estimating the optimal cluster number to be used in any suitable clustering protocol. Finally, joint optimization of number and allocation of clusters is introduced, which calculates the optimum cluster number at the time of node clustering. This is applicable in a wireless sensor network with both uniform and non-uniform node distributions. The performance of all the proposed methods is evaluated along with the computational complexity analysis and message overhead. To check whether the method promotes a sustainable environment, performance analysis of the backup clustering scheme has been presented for a certain portion of sensor nodes equipped with a solar cell. Statistical tests confirm that the new clustering methods exhibit significant improvements in terms of both reliability and energy efficiency over the most popular contemporary clustering protocols (e.g. HEED and only one existing backup clustering technique) with the comparable computational complexity and message overhead.

Energy efficient and delay aware 5g multi-tier network

- Islam, Nahina, Alazab, Ammar, Agbinya, Johnson

  • Authors: Islam, Nahina , Alazab, Ammar , Agbinya, Johnson
  • Date: 2019
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Remote sensing Vol. 11, no. 9 (2019), p. 1019
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  • Description: Multi-tier heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) with dense deployment of small cells in 5G networks are expected to effectively meet the ever increasing data traffic demands and offer improved coverage in indoor environments. However, HetNets are raising major concerns to mobile network operators such as complex distributed control plane management, handover management issue, increases latency and increased energy expenditures. Sleep mode implementation in multi-tier 5G networks has proven to be a very good approach for reducing energy expenditures. In this paper, a Markov Decision Process (MDP)-based algorithm is proposed to switch between three different power consumption modes of a base station (BS) for improving the energy efficiency and reducing latency in 5G networks. The MDP-based approach intelligently switches between the states of the BS based on the offered traffic while maintaining a prescribed minimum channel rate per user. Simulation results show that the proposed MDP algorithm together with the three-state BSs results in a significant gain in terms of energy efficiency and latency.

Energy recovery from polluted water using capacitive deionization desalination system : a review

- Miah, Md Sazal, Amjady, Nima, Shah, Rakibuzzaman, Islam, Syed

  • Authors: Miah, Md Sazal , Amjady, Nima , Shah, Rakibuzzaman , Islam, Syed
  • Date: 2024
  • Type: Text , Journal article , Review
  • Relation: IEEE Access Vol. 12, no. (2024), p. 110002-110027
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  • Description: Capacitive deionization is used to purify water by applying an electric charge across two porous electrodes. These electrodes are positioned in a spacer channel that transports the desalinated water. Capacitive deionization is a more energy-efficient approach to water purification than traditional methods. The process is believed to create clean water and store energy in a capacitive electrical double layer near the charged surface. Unlike previous review papers in this area, which mostly focus on energy recovery in terms of the technological advancement, this paper aims to conduct a bibliometric review and analysis of capacitive deionization cells, specifically focused on energy recovery mechanisms for treating contaminated water. The manuscript also analyzes capacitive deionization energy efficiency and energy-efficient capacitive deionization technology. Various relevant databases are utilized to select articles under specific conditions. Our findings suggest that the utilization capacitive deionization’s energy recovery mechanism from industrial wastewater has valuable opportunities for further research and growth. The selection and review of relevant articles and their analysis in this paper can aid in the systematic development of the capacitive deionization module. This would offer viable suggestions for future research towards more efficient energy recovery and consumption, which will subsequently contribute to net zero transitioning. © 2024 The Authors.

REER-H : a reliable energy efficient routing protocol for maritime intelligent transportation systems

- Zenia, Nusrat, Kaiser, M. Shamin, Mahmud, Mufti, Ahmed, Muhammad, Kaiwartya, Omprakash, Kamruzzaman, Joarder

  • Authors: Zenia, Nusrat , Kaiser, M. Shamin , Mahmud, Mufti , Ahmed, Muhammad , Kaiwartya, Omprakash , Kamruzzaman, Joarder
  • Date: 2023
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems Vol. 24, no. 12 (2023), p. 13654-13669
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  • Description: The Underwater sensor network (UWSN), also known as Marine Sensor Network (MSN), is gaining increasing attention due to its applications in the monitoring of the marine environment and assisting Marine Intelligent Transportation Systems (MITS). Such systems provide in-vehicle assistance services (i.e., traffic monitoring and driver alerts) by gathering transportation and environmental information. Though very promising, there are several barriers to developing energy-efficient communication protocols for heterogeneous MSN, including selecting optimal routing paths twinned with the lifetime of these sensor nodes along the path, which are restricted due to the limited energy storage capacity. Hereby, the selection of an optimal route path also necessitates harvesting and management of the sensor nodes' energy. To facilitate this, the current work presents REER-H, a Reliable Energy Efficient Routing protocol with Harvesting for cluster-based MSN capable of multi-source energy harvesting and an incorporated energy management technique. Incorporating three separate layers of the protocol stack, namely, network, MAC, and physical layers, REER-H uses its proposed adaptive scheduling technique to support collision-free data transmission by assigning adaptive time slots based on demand and data load. Also, the proposed integrated energy harvesting and management solves the energy hole problem and enhances the overall network lifetime. In comparison to the existing cooperative and cluster-based energy-efficient routing protocols for underwater maritime communication, the simulated results using Network Simulator-3 (NS3) reveal that the proposed scheme remarkably enhances the overall network performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, lifetime energy consumption, and end-to-end delay for MSN. © 2000-2011 IEEE.

Optimal operation strategy for multi-carrier energy systems including various energy converters by multi-objective information gap decision theory and enhanced directed search domain method

- Rahmani, Shima, Amjady, Nima

  • Authors: Rahmani, Shima , Amjady, Nima
  • Date: 2019
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Energy conversion and management Vol. 198, no. (2019), p. 111804
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  • Description: •Presenting a new operation model for multi-carrier energy systems.•Uncertainty modeling by a multi-objective information gap decision theory approach.•Presenting a novel multi-objective solution method to solve the proposed model.•Introducing a new post-optimization method to attain the best robustness level. Multi-carrier energy systems can increase energy efficiency due to the ability of these systems to consider and optimize the interactions of various energy carriers. However, the operation of these systems is somehow different from the operation of conventional single-carrier energy systems. In this paper, a new operation strategy for multi-carrier energy systems including natural gas and electricity is proposed. Various energy converters, including conventional and renewable electricity generators, gas furnace, and combined heat and power generator, are modeled in the proposed strategy to supply different electric, heat, and gas loads in the output. The proposed operation strategy employs a multi-objective information gap decision theory approach to model the uncertainty sources of multi-carrier energy systems, such as the uncertainties of demand forecasts, wind power forecast, and photovoltaic power forecast. For solving the multi-objective optimization problem, based on information gap decision theory, for multi-carrier energy system operation, an enhanced directed search domain method is proposed as a new multi-objective optimization approach. The performance of the proposed multi-carrier energy system operation optimization model and the proposed enhanced directed search domain solution method is investigated on the IEEE 118-bus test system by comparing with the other alternatives.
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