List of Titles

The future is here : A review of foresight systems in anxiety and depression

- Miloyan, Beyon, Pachana, Nancy, Suddendorf, Thomas

Authors: Miloyan, Beyon , Pachana, Nancy , Suddendorf, Thomas
Date: 2014
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Cognition and Emotion Vol. 28, no. 5 (2014), p. 795-810
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Description: Cognitive models of anxiety and depression have long suggested a central role for future-oriented thinking in these disorders. Experimental studies suggest that anxiety and depression are characterised by distinct future-oriented thinking profiles, and that these profiles are markedly different from those of asymptomatic adults. In this paper, we review these profiles and propose two explanatory models marked by two different neurocognitive systems. The Reconstructive Memory Model emphasises a role for emotionally driven learning and retrieval in episodic foresight (i.e., the construction of future-oriented scenarios), and the Valuation Model proposes that an overweighing of risk and uncertainty estimates can be invoked to explain the future-oriented thought patterns. We consider the effectiveness of interventions aimed at altering such thought patterns. We suggest that future research aimed at elucidating the neurobiological underpinnings of future-oriented thinking in anxiety and depression can play an important role in advancing development of effective biological and psychosocial interventions for these disorders.

Assessing public participation initiatives in local government decision-making in Malaysia

- Manaf, Halimah, Mohamed, Ahmad, Lawton, Alan

Authors: Manaf, Halimah , Mohamed, Ahmad , Lawton, Alan
Date: 2016
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: International Journal of Public Administration Vol. 39, no. 11 (2016), p. 812-820
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Description: ABSTRACT: Increased public participation in government decisions contributes significantly to the enhancement of grass-roots democracy. This article assesses the level of involvement of local citizens in local government decisions in Malaysia. Public participation was assessed using questionnaires on the range and extent of initiatives used by local government. The questionnaires also probed citizens’ perceptions of these initiatives and expectations for greater citizen empowerment. Data were gathered from 206 local citizens randomly selected from six local authorities in the northern region of Malaysia. The findings reveal a desire on the part of local citizens to participate in their local government decision-making process. © 2016 Taylor & Francis.

An evaluation of video-based training programs for perceptual-cognitive skill development. A systematic review of current sport-based knowledge

- Larkin, Paul, Mesagno, Christopher, Spittle, Michael, Berry, Jason

Authors: Larkin, Paul , Mesagno, Christopher , Spittle, Michael , Berry, Jason
Date: 2015
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: International Journal of Sport Psychology Vol. 46, no. 6 (2015), p. 555-586
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Description: In this review we identified sport-based perceptual-cognitive training literature to systematically evaluate current video-based methodologies and their resultant effectiveness to improve perceptual-cognitive performance (i.e., decision-making). A comprehensive literature search of electronic databases from 1994-2013 was conducted to identify relevant studies. We identified 139 articles, of which 25 met all the inclusion criteria. Study design and test measures of the 25 articles were assessed against a classification scale to rate methodological quality. The methodological quality of the 25 studies varied, with quasi-experimental the most common design. Additionally, studies varied in the skill level of participants and the amount of video-based information presented during the training. We conclude that videobased training programs can be used to enhance perceptual-cognitive performance and outline several recommendations for future video-based perceptual-cognitive training programs particularly with respect to the validity and reliability of the instruments used to measure perceptual-cognitive performance.

Assessment of decision-making performance and in-game physical exertion of Australian football umpires

- Larkin, Paul, O'Brien, Brendan, Mesagno, Christopher, Berry, Jason, Harvey, Jack, Spittle, Michael

Authors: Larkin, Paul , O'Brien, Brendan , Mesagno, Christopher , Berry, Jason , Harvey, Jack , Spittle, Michael
Date: 2014
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Journal of Sports Sciences Vol. 32, no. 15 (2014), p. 1446-1453
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Description: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of in-game physical exertion on decision-making performance of Australian football umpires. Fifteen Australian football umpires (Mage = 36, s = 13.5 years; Mgames umpired = 235.2, s = 151.3) volunteered to participate in the study. During five competitive Australian football pre-season games, measures of in-game physical exertion (blood lactate levels, global positioning system [GPS]) and decision-making performance (video-based test) were obtained. There were no significant correlations between physical exertion in a particular quarter and decision-making performance in either the same quarter or any other quarter. Video-based decision-making performance was effected by time in game Ï‡2(3) = 24.24, P = 0.001, with Quarter 4 performance significantly better than both Quarter 2 and Quarter 3. In-game physical exertion (blood lactate) significantly decreased over the course of the game Ï‡2(3) = 11.58, P = 0.009. Results indicate no definable link between in-game physical exertion and decision-making performance. It is, however, presumed that decision-making performance may be affected by the time or context of the game. Future research is warranted to explore the relationship between physical exertion and decision-making performance to potentially inform Australian football umpire training programmes that replicate in-game physical and decision-making demands.

Effects of a feint on reactive agility performance

- Henry, Greg, Dawson, Brian, Lay, Brendan, Young, Warren

Authors: Henry, Greg , Dawson, Brian , Lay, Brendan , Young, Warren
Date: 2012
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Journal of Sports Sciences Vol. 30, no. 8 (2012), p. 787-795
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Description: This study compared reactive agility between higher-standard (n = 14) and lower-standard (n = 14) Australian footballers using a reactive agility test incorporating a life-size video image of another player changing direction, including and excluding a feint. Mean agility time in the feint trials was 34% (509 Â± 243 ms; p < 0.001; effect size 3.06) longer than non-feint trials. In higher-standard players, agility time was shorter than for lower-standard players in both feint (114 Â± 140 ms; p = 0.18; effect size 0.52; likely beneficial) and non-feint (32 Â± 44 ms; p = 0.22; effect size 0.47; possibly beneficial) trials. Additionally, the inclusion of a feint resulted in movement time increasing over three times more in the lower-standard group (197 Â± 91 ms; p = 0.001; effect size 1.07; almost certainly detrimental) than the higher-standard group (62 Â± 86 ms; p = 0.23; effect size 0.66; likely detrimental). There were weak correlations between the feint and non-feint trials (r = -0.13-0.14; p > 0.05), suggesting that reactive agility involving a feint is a unique skill. Also, higher-standard players are more agile than their lower-standard peers, whose movement speed deteriorates more as task complexity increases with the inclusion of a feint. These results support the need for specific training in multi-turn reactive agility tasks. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Managing the deteriorating patient in a simulated environment: Nursing students' knowledge , skill, and situation awareness

- Cooper, Simon J., Kinsman, Leigh, Buykx, Penny, McConnell-Henry, Tracy, Endacott, Ruth, Scholes, Julie

Authors: Cooper, Simon J. , Kinsman, Leigh , Buykx, Penny , McConnell-Henry, Tracy , Endacott, Ruth , Scholes, Julie
Date: 2009
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Journal of Clinical Nursing Vol. 19, no. 15 (2009), p. 2309-2318
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Description: Abstract AIM: To examine, in a simulated environment, the ability of final-year nursing students to assess, identify and respond to patients either deteriorating or at risk of deterioration. BACKGROUND: The early identification and management of patient deterioration has a major impact on patient outcomes. 'Failure to rescue' is of international concern, with significant concerns over nurses' ability to detect deterioration, the reasons for which are unknown. DESIGN: Mixed methods incorporating quantitative measures of performance (knowledge, skill and situation awareness) and, to be reported at a later date, a qualitative reflective review of decision processes. METHODS: Fifty-one final-year, final-semester student nurses attended a simulation laboratory. Students completed a knowledge questionnaire and two video-recorded simulated scenarios (mannequin based) to assess skill performance. The scenarios simulated deteriorating patients with hypovolaemic and septic shock. Situation awareness was measured by randomly stopping each scenario and asking a series of questions relating to the situation. RESULTS: The mean knowledge score was 74% (range 46-100%) and the mean skill performance score across both scenarios was 60% (range 30-78%). Skill performance improved significantly (p < 0.01) by the second scenario. However, skill performance declined significantly in both scenarios as the patient's condition deteriorated (hypovolaemia scenario: p = 0.012, septic scenario: p = 0.000). The mean situation awareness score across both scenarios was 59% (range 38-82%). Participants tended to identify physiological indicators of deterioration (77%) but had low comprehension scores (44%). CONCLUSION: Knowledge scores suggest, on average, a satisfactory academic preparation, but this study identified significant deficits in students' ability to manage patient deterioration. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: This study suggests that student nurses, at the point of qualification, may be inadequately prepared to identify and manage deteriorating patients in the clinical setting.

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Increasing the usefulness of farm financial information and management: A qualitative study from the accountant’s perspective

- Halabi, Abdel, Carroll, Brendan

Authors: Halabi, Abdel , Carroll, Brendan
Date: 2015
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal Vol. 10, no. 3 (2015), p. 227-242
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Description: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine how farm management and farm accounting may be improved from the accountant’s perspective. Design/methodology/approach – There has been a dearth of qualitative studies examining accountant’s attitudes to financial reports. This study therefore interviews 13 rural accountants regarding their opinions on the usefulness of financial information they provide to farmers, and what types of financial information could aid farm management. Findings – Accountants generally agree that the present financial reports provided to farmers are of little decision-making value, since they are made for the purposes of compliance. In response, the accountants suggest a number of management accounting reports can better aid farmers. Practical implications – Accountants are important to the success of farms, yet in-depth responses have not previously been sought on the reports that accountants produce for farmers. This research provides accountants’ opinions on how reports could be more useful for farmers and how more focused management accounting reports can assist decision-making. Originality/value – The qualitative approach used in this research provides a fresh and richer perspective on the usefulness of accounting to farm management. Interviewing the adviser rather than the business owner is relatively uncommon in agricultural organisations. The interviews have allowed the thoughts and concerns of accountants to come to light in a manner not previously achieved in organisational studies which relate farming and accounting.

Eye tracking to investigate cue processing in medical decision making : A scoping review

- Al-Moteri, Modi, Symmons, Mark, Plummer, Virginia, Cooper, Simon J.

Authors: Al-Moteri, Modi , Symmons, Mark , Plummer, Virginia , Cooper, Simon J.
Date: 2017
Type: Text , Journal article , Review
Relation: Computers in Human Behavior Vol. 66, no. (2017), p. 52-66
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Description: Eye-tracking techniques have been adopted as a research tool for a wide range of applications in healthcare studies. Recently, healthcare researchers have started to show interest in using eye-tracking techniques to study medical decision-making. Mapping the literature pertaining to eye tracking using a systematic approach is valuable at this point to bring together all the studies to date on how medical decision-makers make decisions, and the results may contribute to clinical training. This review follows Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review framework to improve our understanding of visual cue processing in medical decision-making. A diverse range of studies was identified, and the results are presented descriptively to develop a more coherent understanding of different aspects of cue processing and errors in medical decision-making. The review shows the need for more extensive investigations of cue processing and medical decision-making. Crown Copyright (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Cuing both positive and negative episodic foresight reduces delay discounting but does not affect risk-taking

- Bulley, Adam, Miloyan, Beyon, Pepper, Gillian, Gullo, Matthew, Henry, Julie, Suddendorf, Thomas

Authors: Bulley, Adam , Miloyan, Beyon , Pepper, Gillian , Gullo, Matthew , Henry, Julie , Suddendorf, Thomas
Date: 2019
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Vol. 72, no. 8 (2019), p. 1998-2017
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Description: Humans frequently create mental models of the future, allowing outcomes to be inferred in advance of their occurrence. Recent evidence suggests that imagining positive future events reduces delay discounting (the devaluation of reward with time until its receipt), while imagining negative future events may increase it. Here, using a sample of 297 participants, we experimentally assess the effects of cued episodic simulation of positive and negative future scenarios on decision-making in the context of both delay discounting (monetary choice questionnaire) and risk-taking (balloon-analogue risk task). Participants discounted the future less when cued to imagine positive and negative future scenarios than they did when cued to engage in control neutral imagery. There were no effects of experimental condition on risk-taking. Thus, although these results replicate previous findings suggesting episodic future simulation can reduce delay discounting, they indicate that this effect is not dependent on the valence of the thoughts, and does not generalise to all other forms of impulsive decision-making. We discuss various interpretations of these results, and suggest avenues for further research on the role of prospection in decision-making.

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