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Thirty-seven jump-landing biomechanical variables are associated with asymptomatic patellar tendon abnormality and patellar tendinopathy : A systematic review

- Harris, Meaghan, Schultz, Adrian, Drew, Michael, Rio, Ebonie, Adams, Stuart, Edwards, Suzi

  • Authors: Harris, Meaghan , Schultz, Adrian , Drew, Michael , Rio, Ebonie , Adams, Stuart , Edwards, Suzi
  • Date: 2020
  • Type: Text , Journal article , Review
  • Relation: Physical Therapy in Sport Vol. 45, no. (2020), p. 38-55
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  • Description: Objective: To identify studies that report three-dimensional (3D) biomechanical analysis of jump-landing tasks in relation to athletes with current patellar tendinopathy (PT), and/or asymptomatic with history of PT or patellar tendon abnormality (PTA) on diagnostic imaging. Methods: Five electronic databases were searched. Included articles were required to: (1) investigate the 3D biomechanics of a jump-landing task; (2) be cross-sectional or longitudinal in design; and (3) include participants that had symptomatic PT, were asymptomatic with a history of PT, asymptomatic with PTA on diagnostic imaging and/or asymptomatic with an unknown pathology or PT history. Results: Thirty-seven statistically significant jump-landing variables were associated with PT, history of PT and/or PTA. The only consistent variable that could be replicated between studies was knee flexion angle at initial foot-ground contact (IC) and an altered hip flexion/extension strategy during a horizontal land phase of a vertical stop-jump. Conclusion: Isolated vertical landings or take-offs alone may not be sensitive enough to identify key jump-landing variables associated with PT, thus clinicians and researchers should incorporate a whole jump-landing task with a horizontal landing component. Sagital plane hip and knee kinematics in a horizontal landing phase appear to provide the most valuable information for evaluating those with PT. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An integrated physiological and performance profile of professional tennis

- Hornery, Daniel, Farrow, Damian, Mujika, Inigo, Young, Warren

  • Authors: Hornery, Daniel , Farrow, Damian , Mujika, Inigo , Young, Warren
  • Date: 2007
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: British Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 41, no. 8 (2007), p. 531-536
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  • Description: Objective: To describe the physiological responses to tournament tennis in relation to prevailing environmental conditions, match notation, and skills that underpin performance. Design: 14 male professional tennis players (mean (SD) age, 21.4 (2.6) years; height, 183.0 (6.9) cm; body mass, 79.2 (6.4) kg) were studied while contesting international tennis tournaments. Environmental conditions, match notation, physiological (core temperature, hydration status, heart rate, blood variables), and performance indices (serve kinematics, serve velocity, error rates) were recorded. Results: Hard and clay court tournaments elicited similar peak core temperature (38.9 (0.3) v 38.5 (0.6)°C) and average heart rate (152 (15) v 146 (19) beats/min) but different body mass deficit (1.05 (0.49) v 0.32 (0.56)%, p<0.05). Average pre-match urine specific gravity was 1.022 (0.004). Time between points was longer during hard court matches (25.1 (4.3) v 17.2 (3.3) s, p<0.05). Qualitative analysis of first and second serves revealed inverse relations between the position of the tossing arm at ball release and the position of the ball toss and progressive match time (respectively, r= -0.74 and r= -0.73, p<0.05) and incurred body mass deficit (r=0.73 and r=0.73, p<0.05). Conclusions: Participants began matches in a poor state of hydration, and experienced moderate thermoregulatory strain and dehydration during competition. These adverse physiological conditions may compromise performance and influence notational analyses.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003005645

Combining epidemiology and biomechanics in sports injury prevention research : A new approach for selecting suitable controls

- Finch, Caroline, Ullah, Shahid, McIntosh, Andrew

  • Authors: Finch, Caroline , Ullah, Shahid , McIntosh, Andrew
  • Date: 2011
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Sports Medicine Vol. 41, no. 1 (2011), p. 59-72
  • Relation: http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/565900
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  • Description: Several important methodological issues need to be considered when designing sports injury case-control studies. Major design goals for case-control studies include the accounting for prior injury risk exposure, and optimal definitions of both cases and suitable controls are needed to ensure this. This article reviews methodological aspects of published sports injury case-control studies, particularly with regard to the selection of controls. It argues for a new approach towards selecting controls for case-control studies that draws on an interface between epidemiological and biomechanical concepts. A review was conducted to identify sport injury case-control studies published in the peer-review literature during 1985-2008. Overall, 32 articles were identified, of which the majority related to upper or lower extremity injuries. Matching considerations were used for control selection in 16 studies. Specific mention of application of biomechanical principles in the selection of appropriate controls was absent from all studies, including those purporting to evaluate the benefits of personal protective equipment to protect against impact injury. This is a problem because it could lead to biased conclusions, as cases and controls are not fully comparable in terms of similar biomechanical impact profiles relating to the injury incident, such as site of the impact on the body. The strength of the conclusions drawn from case-control studies, and the extent to which results can be generalized, is directly influenced by the definition and recruitment of cases and appropriate controls. Future studies should consider the interface between epidemiological and biomechanical concepts when choosing appropriate controls to ensure that proper adjustment of prior exposure to injury risk is made. To provide necessary guidance for the optimal selection of controls in case-control studies of interventions to prevent sports-related impact injury, this review outlines a new case-control selection strategy that reflects the importance of biomechanical considerations, which ensures that controls are selected based on the presence of the same global injury mechanism as the cases. To summarize, the general biomechanical principles that should apply to the selection of controls in future case-control studies are as follows: (i) each control must have been exposed to the same global injury mechanism as the case, (e.g. head impact, fall onto outstretched arm); and (ii) intrinsic (individual) factors (e.g. age, sex, skill level) that might modify the person's response to the relevant biomechanical loads are adjusted when either selecting the controls or are in the analysis phase. The same considerations for control selection apply to other study designs such as matched cohort studies or case-crossover studies. © 2011 Adis Data Information BV. All rights reserved.

Use of field-based tests to identify risk factors for injury to fast bowlers in cricket

- Dennis, Rebecca, Finch, Caroline, McIntosh, Andrew, Elliott, Bruce

  • Authors: Dennis, Rebecca , Finch, Caroline , McIntosh, Andrew , Elliott, Bruce
  • Date: 2008
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: British Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 42, no. 6 (Jun 2008), p. 477-482
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  • Description: Objective: To identify risk factors for injury to cricket fast bowlers using field-based tests. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: High performance Australian cricket. Participants: Ninety-one male adolescent and adult fast bowlers (aged 12-33 years). Assessment of risk factors: A field-based pre-participation screening, consisting of musculoskeletal, fitness and anthropometric assessments and analysis of bowling technique was undertaken. Bowlers were prospectively monitored over the 2003-4 season and bowling workload and injuries were recorded. Logistic regression was used to identify injury risk factors. Main outcome measurement: Repetitive microtrauma injury to the trunk, back or lower limb associated with fast bowling. Results: Two variables were identified as independent predictors of injury in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. Bowlers with hip internal rotation of <= 30 degrees on the leg ipsilateral to the bowling arm were at a significantly reduced risk of injury (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.73) compared with bowlers with >40 degrees of rotation. Bowlers with an ankle dorsiflexion lunge of 12.1-14.0 cm on the leg contralateral to the bowling arm were at a significantly increased risk (OR 4.03, 95% CI 1.07 to 15.21) than bowlers with a lunge of >14 cm. Bowlers with a lunge of (12 cm were also at an increased risk, but not significantly so (OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.40 to 4.84). Conclusions: Biomechanical research is needed to investigate how these two intrinsic risk factors increase injury risk so that appropriate interventions can be developed.

An analysis of the forces required to drag sheep over various surfaces

- Harvey, Jack, Culvenor, John, Payne, Warren, Cowley, Stephen, Lawrance, Michael, Stuart, David, Williams, Robyn

  • Authors: Harvey, Jack , Culvenor, John , Payne, Warren , Cowley, Stephen , Lawrance, Michael , Stuart, David , Williams, Robyn
  • Date: 2002
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Applied Ergonomics Vol. 33, no. 6 (Nov 2002), p. 523-531
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  • Description: Some occupational health and safety hazards associated with sheep shearing are related to shearing shed design. One aspect is the floor of the catching pen, from which sheep are caught and dragged to the shearing workstation. Floors can be constructed from various materials, and may be level or gently sloping. An experiment was conducted using eight experienced shearers as participants to measure the force exerted by a shearer when dragging a sheep. Results showed that significant changes in mean dragging force occurred with changes in both surface texture and slope. The mean dragging forces for different floor textures and slopes ranged from 359 N (36.6 kg) to 423N (43.2 kg), and were close to the maximum acceptable limits for pulling forces for the most capable of males. The best floor tested was a floor sloped at 1:10 constructed of timber battens oriented parallel to the path of the drag, which resulted in a mean dragging force 63.6N (15%) lower than the worst combination.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003000244

Optimization of a quarter-car suspension model coupled with the driver biomechanical effects

- Kuznetsov, Alexey, Mammadov, Musa, Sultan, Ibrahim, Hajilarov, Eldar

  • Authors: Kuznetsov, Alexey , Mammadov, Musa , Sultan, Ibrahim , Hajilarov, Eldar
  • Date: 2011
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Sound and Vibration Vol. 330, no. 12 (2011), p. 2937-2946
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  • Description: In this paper a HumanVehicleRoad (HVR) model, comprising a quarter-car and a biomechanical representation of the driver, is employed for the analysis. Differential equations are provided to describe the motions of various masses under the influence of a harmonic road excitation. These equations are, subsequently, solved to obtain a closed form mathematical expression for the steady-state vertical acceleration measurable at the vehiclehuman interface. The solution makes it possible to find optimal parameters for the vehicle suspension system with respect to a specified ride comfort level. The quantitative definition given in the ISO 2631 standard for the ride comfort level is adopted in this paper for the optimization procedure. Numerical examples, based on actually measured road profiles, are presented to prove the validity of the proposed approach and its suitability for the problem at hand. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

SCAT3 changes from baseline and associations with X2 Patch measured head acceleration in amateur Australian football players

- Willmott, Catherine, McIntosh, Andrew, Howard, Teresa, Mitra, Biswadev, Dimech-Betancourt, Bleydy, Donovan, Jarrod, Rosenfeld, Jeffrey

  • Authors: Willmott, Catherine , McIntosh, Andrew , Howard, Teresa , Mitra, Biswadev , Dimech-Betancourt, Bleydy , Donovan, Jarrod , Rosenfeld, Jeffrey
  • Date: 2018
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport Vol. 21, no. 5 (2018), p. 442-446
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  • Description: Objectives: To investigate changes from baseline on SCAT3 as a result of football game exposure, and association with X2 Patch measured head acceleration events in amateur Australian footballers. Design: Prospective cohort. Methods: Peak linear acceleration (PLA) of the head (>10 g) was measured by wearable head acceleration sensor X2 Biosystems X-Patch in male (n = 34) and female (n = 19) Australian footballers. SCAT3 was administered at baseline (B) and post-game (PG). Results: 1394 head acceleration events (HEA) >10 g were measured. Mean and median HEA PLA were recorded as 15.2 g (SD = 9.2, range = 10.0–115.8) and 12.4 g (IQR = 11.0–15.6) respectively. No significant difference in median HEA PLA (g) was detected across gender (p = 0.55), however, more HEAs were recorded in males (p = 0.03). A greater number (p = 0.004) and severity (p < 0.001) of symptoms were reported PG than at B. No significant association between number of HEA or median PLA, and SCAT3 change scores (p > 0.05 for all), was identified for either gender. Conclusions: Increase in symptom severity post game was not associated with X2 measured HEA. Males sustained more HEA, however HEA PLA magnitude did not differ across gender. Further work on the validation of head acceleration sensors is required and their role in sports concussion research and medical management. © 2017 Sports Medicine Australia

What are the most effective risk-reduction strategies in sport concussion?

- Benson, Brian, McIntosh, Andrew, Maddocks, David, Herring, Stanley, Raftery, Martin, Dvorak, Jiri

  • Authors: Benson, Brian , McIntosh, Andrew , Maddocks, David , Herring, Stanley , Raftery, Martin , Dvorak, Jiri
  • Date: 2013
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: British Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 47, no. 5 (2013), p. 321-326
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  • Description: Aim To critically review the evidence to determine the efficacy and effectiveness of protective equipment, rule changes, neck strength and legislation in reducing sport concussion risk. Methods Electronic databases, grey literature and bibliographies were used to search the evidence using Medical Subject Headings and text words. Inclusion/ exclusion criteria were used to select articles for the clinical equipment studies. The quality of evidence was assessed using epidemiological criteria regarding internal/external validity (eg, strength of design, sample size/power, bias and confounding). Results No new valid, conclusive evidence was provided to suggest the use of headgear in rugby, or mouth guards in American football, significantly reduced players' risk of concussion. No evidence was provided to suggest an association between neck strength increases and concussion risk reduction. There was evidence in ice hockey to suggest fair-play rules and eliminating body checking among 11-years-olds to 12-years-olds were effective injury prevention strategies. Evidence is lacking on the effects of legislation on concussion prevention. Equipment self-selection bias was a common limitation, as was the lack of measurement and control for potential confounding variables. Lastly, helmets need to be able to protect from impacts resulting in a head change in velocities of up to 10 and 7 m/s in professional American and Australian football, respectively, as well as reduce head resultant linear and angular acceleration to below 50 g and 1500 rad/s2, respectively, to optimise their effectiveness. Conclusions A multifactorial approach is needed for concussion prevention. Future well-designed and sportspecific prospective analytical studies of sufficient power are warranted.

What is the definition of sports-related concussion : A systematic review

- McCrory, Paul, Feddermann-Demont, Nina, Dvorak, Jiri, Cassidy, David, McIntosh, Andrew, Vos, Pieter, Echemendia, Ruben, Meeuwisse, Willem, Tarnutzer, Alexander

  • Authors: McCrory, Paul , Feddermann-Demont, Nina , Dvorak, Jiri , Cassidy, David , McIntosh, Andrew , Vos, Pieter , Echemendia, Ruben , Meeuwisse, Willem , Tarnutzer, Alexander
  • Date: 2017
  • Type: Text , Journal article , Review
  • Relation: British Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 51, no. 11 (2017), p. 877-887
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  • Description: Objectives: Various definitions for concussion have been proposed, each having its strengths and weaknesses. We reviewed and compared current definitions and identified criteria necessary for an operational definition of sports-related concussion (SRC) in preparation of the 5th Concussion Consensus Conference (Berlin, Germany). We also assessed the role of biomechanical studies in informing an operational definition of SRC. Design: This is a systematic literature review. Data sources: Data sources include MEDLINE, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials and SPORT Discus (accessed 14 September 2016). Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: Eligibility criteria were studies reporting (clinical) criteria for diagnosing SRC and studies containing SRC impact data. Results: Out of 1601 articles screened, 36 studies were included (2.2%), 14 reported on criteria for SRC definitions and 22 on biomechanical aspects of concussions. Six different operational definitions focusing on clinical findings and their dynamics were identified. Biomechanical studies were obtained almost exclusively on American football players. Angular and linear head accelerations linked to clinically confirmed concussions demonstrated considerable individual variation. Summary/conclusions: SRC is a traumatic brain injury that is defined as a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain, induced by biomechanical forces with several common features that help define its nature. Limitations identified include that the current criteria for diagnosing SRC are clinically oriented and that there is no gold/standard to assess their diagnostic properties. A future, more valid definition of SRC would better identify concussed players by demonstrating high predictive positive/negative values. Currently, the use of helmet-based systems to study the biomechanics of SRC is limited to few collision sports. New approaches need to be developed to provide objective markers for SRC. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved.

The biomechanical determinants of concussion : Finite element simulations to investigate tissue-level predictors of injury during sporting impacts to the unprotected head

- Patton, Declan, McIntosh, Andrew, Kleiven, Svein

  • Authors: Patton, Declan , McIntosh, Andrew , Kleiven, Svein
  • Date: 2015
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Applied Biomechanics Vol. 31, no. 4 (2015), p. 264-268
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  • Description: Biomechanical studies of concussions have progressed from qualitative observations of head impacts to physical and numerical reconstructions, direct impact measurements, and finite element analyses. Supplementary to a previous study, which investigated maximum principal strain, the current study used a detailed finite element head model to simulate unhelmeted concussion and no-injury head impacts and evaluate the effectiveness of various tissue-level brain injury predictors: strain rate, product of strain and strain rate, cumulative strain damage measure, von Mises stress, and intracranial pressure. Von Mises stress was found to be the most effective predictor of concussion. It was also found that the thalamus and corpus callosum were brain regions with strong associations with concussion. Tentative tolerance limits for tissue-level predictors were proposed in an attempt to broaden the understanding of unhelmeted concussions. For the thalamus, tolerance limits were proposed for a 50% likelihood of concussion: 2.24 kPa, 24.0 s-1, and 2.49 s-1 for von Mises stress, strain rate, and the product of strain and strain rate, respectively. For the corpus callosum, tolerance limits were proposed for a 50% likelihood of concussion: 3.51 kPa, 25.1 s-1, and 2.76 s-1 for von Mises stress, strain rate, and the product of strain and strain rate, respectively. © 2015 Human Kinetics, Inc.

Tackling reliability and construct validity : The systematic development of a qualitative protocol for skill and incident analysis

- Savage, Trevor, McIntosh, Andrew

  • Authors: Savage, Trevor , McIntosh, Andrew
  • Date: 2017
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Sports Sciences Vol. 35, no. 5 (2017), p. 449-456
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  • Description: It is important to understand factors contributing to and directly causing sports injuries to improve the effectiveness and safety of sports skills. The characteristics of injury events must be evaluated and described meaningfully and reliably. However, many complex skills cannot be effectively investigated quantitatively because of ethical, technological and validity considerations. Increasingly, qualitative methods are being used to investigate human movement for research purposes, but there are concerns about reliability and measurement bias of such methods. Using the tackle in Rugby union as an example, we outline a systematic approach for developing a skill analysis protocol with a focus on improving objectivity, validity and reliability. Characteristics for analysis were selected using qualitative analysis and biomechanical theoretical models and epidemiological and coaching literature. An expert panel comprising subject matter experts provided feedback and the inter-rater reliability of the protocol was assessed using ten trained raters. The inter-rater reliability results were reviewed by the expert panel and the protocol was revised and assessed in a second inter-rater reliability study. Mean agreement in the second study improved and was comparable (52-90% agreement and ICC between 0.6 and 0.9) with other studies that have reported inter-rater reliability of qualitative analysis of human movement.

Considerations for the performance requirements and technical specifications of soft-shell padded headgear

- Patton, Declan, McIntosh, Andrew

  • Authors: Patton, Declan , McIntosh, Andrew
  • Date: 2016
  • Type: Text , Journal article , Review
  • Relation: Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology Vol. 230, no. 1 (2016), p. 29-42
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  • Description: Laboratory and epidemiological research in Australian football, rugby league and rugby union has demonstrated that commercially available soft-shell padded headgear is currently ineffective in reducing the risk of concussion. However, modified headgear studies have demonstrated that significant improvements in impact energy attenuation performance are possible with small design changes, such as increases in foam density and thickness. A literature review of the design, performance and use of headgear in Australian football, rugby league and rugby union was conducted. A total of 23 articles were identified using primary and secondary search strategies, which included epidemiological field studies, laboratory impact test studies and studies investigating the behaviours and attitudes of players. The results of the review were synthesised and used to identify injury reduction objectives and appropriate design criteria. The need for a headgear standard was identified and performance requirements were discussed, which drew upon human tolerance and sports-specific head impact exposure data. Usability and behavioural issues, which require consideration during the design process, were also assessed. © IMechE 2015.

Analysis of a severe head injury in World Cup alpine skiing

- Yamazaki, Junya, Gilgien, Matthias, Kleiven, Svein, McIntosh, Andrew, Nachbauer, Werner, Muller, Erich, Bere, Tone, Bahr, Roald, Krosshaug, Tron

  • Authors: Yamazaki, Junya , Gilgien, Matthias , Kleiven, Svein , McIntosh, Andrew , Nachbauer, Werner , Muller, Erich , Bere, Tone , Bahr, Roald , Krosshaug, Tron
  • Date: 2015
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise Vol. 47, no. 6 (2015), p. 1113-1118
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  • Description: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death in alpine skiing. It has been found that helmet use can reduce the incidence of head injuries between 15% and 60%. However, knowledge on optimal helmet performance criteria in World Cup alpine skiing is currently limited owing to the lack of biomechanical data from real crash situations. Purpose: This study aimed to estimate impact velocities in a severe TBI case in World Cup alpine skiing. Methods: Video sequences from a TBI case in World Cup alpine skiing were analyzed using a model-based image matching technique. Video sequences from four camera views were obtained in full high-definition (1080p) format. A three-dimensional model of the course was built based on accurate measurements of piste landmarks and matched to the background video footage using the animation software Poser 4. A trunk-neck-head model was used for tracking the skier's trajectory. Results: Immediately before head impact, the downward velocity component was estimated to be 8 m.s(-1). After impact, the upward velocity was 3 m.s(-1), whereas the velocity parallel to the slope surface was reduced from 33 m.s(-1) to 22 m.s(-1). The frontal plane angular velocity of the head changed from 80 radIsj1 left tilt immediately before impact to 20 rad.s(-1) right tilt immediately after impact. Conclusions: A unique combination of high-definition video footage and accurate measurements of landmarks in the slope made possible a high-quality analysis of head impact velocity in a severe TBI case. The estimates can provide crucial information on how to prevent TBI through helmet performance criteria and design.

A framework for the etiology of running-related injuries

- Bertelsen, Michael, Hulme, Adam, Petersen, Jesper, Brund, Rene, Sørensen, Henrik, Finch, Caroline, Parner, Erik, Nielsen, Rasmus

  • Authors: Bertelsen, Michael , Hulme, Adam , Petersen, Jesper , Brund, Rene , Sørensen, Henrik , Finch, Caroline , Parner, Erik , Nielsen, Rasmus
  • Date: 2017
  • Type: Text , Journal article , Review
  • Relation: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports Vol. 27, no. 11 (2017), p. 1170-1180
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  • Description: The etiology of running-related injury is important to consider as the effectiveness of a given running-related injury prevention intervention is dependent on whether etiologic factors are readily modifiable and consistent with a biologically plausible causal mechanism. Therefore, the purpose of the present article was to present an evidence-informed conceptual framework outlining the multifactorial nature of running-related injury etiology. In the framework, four mutually exclusive parts are presented: (a) Structure-specific capacity when entering a running session; (b) structure-specific cumulative load per running session; (c) reduction in the structure-specific capacity during a running session; and (d) exceeding the structure-specific capacity. The framework can then be used to inform the design of future running-related injury prevention studies, including the formation of research questions and hypotheses, as well as the monitoring of participation-related and non-participation-related exposures. In addition, future research applications should focus on addressing how changes in one or more exposures influence the risk of running-related injury. This necessitates the investigation of how different factors affect the structure-specific load and/or the load capacity, and the dose-response relationship between running participation and injury risk. Ultimately, this direction allows researchers to move beyond traditional risk factor identification to produce research findings that are not only reliably reported in terms of the observed cause-effect association, but also translatable in practice. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Development of muscle mass : How much is optimum for performance?

- Young, Warren, Talpey, Scott, Bartlett, Rogan, Lewis, Mitchell, Mundy, Stephanie, Smyth, Andrew, Welsh, Tim

  • Authors: Young, Warren , Talpey, Scott , Bartlett, Rogan , Lewis, Mitchell , Mundy, Stephanie , Smyth, Andrew , Welsh, Tim
  • Date: 2019
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Strength and Conditioning Journal Vol. 41, no. 3 (2019), p. 47-50
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  • Description: Training for muscle hypertrophy can be expected to induce some increase in total body mass, and this can have positive or negative consequences for athletic performance. Positive effects may be increased strength, increased resistance to being pushed aside, and greater momentum when running, whereas possible negative effects may be reduced capacity to accelerate, decelerate, change direction, and jump. These possible effects of gaining muscle and total body mass suggest that strength and conditioning coaches should give thoughtful consideration to the amount of hypertrophy training prescribed throughout an athletes's development and should be determined by the specific needs of the athlete.
  • Description: TRAINING FOR MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY CAN BE EXPECTED TO INDUCE SOME INCREASE IN TOTAL BODY MASS, AND THIS CAN HAVE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE. POSITIVE EFFECTS MAY BE INCREASED STRENGTH, INCREASED RESISTANCE TO BEING PUSHED ASIDE, AND GREATER MOMENTUM WHEN RUNNING, WHEREAS POSSIBLE NEGATIVE EFFECTS MAY BE REDUCED CAPACITY TO ACCELERATE, DECELERATE, CHANGE DIRECTION, AND JUMP. THESE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF GAINING MUSCLE AND TOTAL BODY MASS SUGGEST THAT STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING COACHES SHOULD GIVE THOUGHTFUL CONSIDERATION TO THE AMOUNT OF HYPERTROPHY TRAINING PRESCRIBED THROUGHOUT AN ATHLETE'S DEVELOPMENT AND SHOULD BE DETERMINED BY THE SPECIFIC NEEDS OF THE ATHLETE.
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