Description:
The public police consitute a paradox: police in Australia are both sworn officers and employees. Although police control overt manifestations of industrial disputation such as lockouts and pickets, they can be militant unionists themselves. Policing is one of the most highly unionised industries in Australia with some state memberships nearing a rate of 99 percent. Policing is immersed in ambiguities: police act as the state's coercive agent but poice operational independence also determines when and how to act. "From introduction"
Description:
Confidentiality of digital images is an important requirement for many multimedia applications and services. To maintain confidentiality, encryption of digital images is essential. Digital images are usually very large and encrypting such bulky data induces many performance overheads, which can be too expensive for real-time applications in resource constrained environments. In this paper, we propose a chaotic image encryption scheme which satisfies the need for both light-weightedness and security. To justify the security and efficiency, the new cipher was evaluated using a series of statistical tests. These tests included a visual testing and a histogram analysis, a randomness analysis, a correlation analysis, an entropy analysis and an image encryption quality analysis. Based on all analyses and experimental results, it is concluded that the proposed scheme is effective, efficient and trustworthy and therefore can be adopted for image encryption.
Description:
Confidentiality of digital images is an important requirement for many multimedia applications and services. To maintain confidentiality, encryption of digital images is essential. Digital images are usually very large and encrypting such bulky data induces many performance overheads, which can be too expensive for real-time applications in resource constrained environments. In this paper, we propose a chaotic image encryption scheme which satisfies the need for both light-weightedness and security. To justify the security and efficiency, the new cipher was evaluated using a series of statistical tests. These tests included a visual testing and a histogram analysis, a randomness analysis, a correlation analysis, an entropy analysis and an image encryption quality analysis. Based on all analyses and experimental results, it is concluded that the proposed scheme is effective, efficient and trustworthy and therefore can be adopted for image encryption.
Description:
Purpose – Ethnographic studies of cyber attacks typically aim to explain a particular profile of attackers in qualitative terms. The purpose of this paper is to formalise some of the approaches to build a Cyber Attacker Model Profile (CAMP) that can be used to characterise and predict cyber attacks. Design/methodology/approach – The paper builds a model using social and economic independent or predictive variables from several eastern European countries and benchmarks indicators of cybercrime within the Australian financial services system. Findings – The paper found a very strong link between perceived corruption and GDP in two distinct groups of countries – corruption in Russia was closely linked to the GDP of Belarus, Moldova and Russia, while corruption in Lithuania was linked to GDP in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Ukraine. At the same time corruption in Russia and Ukraine were also closely linked. These results support previous research that indicates a strong link between been legitimate economy and the black economy in many countries of Eastern Europe and the Baltic states. The results of the regression analysis suggest that a highly skilled workforce which is mobile and working in an environment of high perceived corruption in the target countries is related to increases in cybercrime even within Australia. It is important to note that the data used for the dependent and independent variables were gathered over a seven year time period, which included large economic shocks such as the global financial crisis. Originality/value – This is the first paper to use a modelling approach to directly show the relationship between various social, economic and demographic factors in the Baltic states and Eastern Europe, and the level of card skimming and card not present fraud in Australia. Acknowledgements: Paul A. Watters and Robert Layton are funded by IBM, Westpac, the State Government of Victoria and the Australian Federal Police.
Description:
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela, and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people, whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different, and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them to be.
Description:
With the 21st century nearing the end of its first decade, it seems an appropriate moment to take stock of what labour historians are researching and writing about in 2009. Labour History in the New Century presents a collection of papers embracing a wide range of themes: anti-Labor organizations such as ASIO and the FBI; struggles by female and Indigenous workers for equal pay and conditions; conflict within the Communist Party of Australia; comparative studies, significant individuals, and papers contextualizing the labour movement in the latter 20th century
Description:
The policing of protest is complex, uncertain, and problematic. Contemporary Camps for Climate Action in the United Kingdom have produced a range of police attitudes and responses to changing protest events. The policing of these camps, conglomerations of affinity groups, challenges police capability both to accommodate such protests and to maintain security, control and order. This article analyses and contrasts the two most recent UK climate camps at Kingsnorth (2008) and Blackheath (2009). The case studies reveal how both internal and external inquiries have acted as catalysts for police attitudinal change for handling climate camp protests. Although police and protesters maintain some traditional mutual suspicion of each other and although the police organizational structure is an anathema to climate-campers, the article stresses the importance of meaningful dialogue and negotiation between police and protesters for the successful facilitation of peaceful protest, especially in relation to ongoing climate change dissent.
Description:
Despite significant transgressions during encounters with Indigenous peoples and marginalised groups, all six state police organisations in Australia espouse the principle of minimum force and identify service and crime prevention as paramount in community interaction and intervention. This article offers some insight and perspective of police talk and thinking about the potential use or avoidance of force. The four Victoria Police focus groups, when confronted by the specific police use of force scenario, speak of the adrenalin rush and the need to achieve results, if reasonable and necessary by force, but also of the desire to control the situation and follow proper police procedures. Officers support ‘Safety First’ principles that advocate a cautionary and suspicious approach to the scenario combined with rational and methodical tactics rather than emotional responses. The reflective talk of individual officers about the hypothetical situation parallels actual behaviour when police collectively and visibly confront public disorder. Control and containment of the situation—whether the scenario or a major crowd disturbance—are paramount while time, in the form of acting slowly and adopting a low-key approach, can be seen as assets in achieving objectives. In both the scenario and police planning for collective action, a readiness to threaten force, rather than actually employ it, appears central to police thinking. Police justification of non-coercive tactics in certain situations can be revealing about their thinking processes in justifying force in other circumstances.
Description:
"This toolkit contains men's stories of hope and motivation to change. It is designed to be used by men, to fix the vehicle of their relationships, so that their family is safer. The toolkit also contains some reminders of what happens when warning signs, on the road of life, are ignored by men who choose to continue using abuse to threaten and control their family ... This book is for any man to find ways of confronting abusive beliefs and behaviour, whether his own or other's."--Back jack
Description:
Traditionally, the policing of protest has been a vexed and problematic issue. The contemporary policing of climate change protests and camps challenges police capability both to facilitate such protests and to maintain control and order. The case study of the policing of the September 2009 protest against the Hazelwood coal-fuelled power station in the Latrobe Valley presents a microcosm of the dilemmas faced by both police and protesters in negotiating effective and peaceful protest. The eclectic and disparate nature of the climate change protests based on affinity groups affronts the police bureaucratic structure. This article argues that police-protester dialogue and negotiation, although limited by traditional suspicions, polarised organisational structures and diverse mindsets, are vital for the successful facilitation of peaceful protest, especially in relation to ongoing climate change dissent against coal-fired power plants.
Description:
Traditionally, the policing of protest has been a vexed and problematic issue. The contemporary policing of climate change protests and camps challenges police capability both to facilitate such protests and to maintain control and order. The case study of the policing of the September 2009 protest against the Hazelwood coal-fuelled power station in the Latrobe Valley presents a microcosm of the dilemmas faced by both police and protesters in negotiating effective and peaceful protest. The eclectic and disparate nature of the climate change protests based on affinity groups affronts the police bureaucratic structure. This article argues that police-protester dialogue and negotiation, although limited by traditional suspicions, polarised organisational structures and diverse mindsets, are vital for the successful facilitation of peaceful protest, especially in relation to ongoing climate change dissent against coal-fired power plants.
Description:
Abstract: The article discusses graffiti found in Australian prison museums, in particular racist and extreme nationalist texts and images. The rise of prisoners' rights movements brought a concurrent reactive move to the political Right among prison officers. This enabled far-Right and racist elements among staff to become influential in a number of prisons. Similarities are noted between Australian prison graffiti and graffiti found in British prisons in the 1990s, as reported by the British Commission for Racial Equality (CRE). The CRE found that prisons in Britain fostered a culture of racism. Apparent motivations of Australian and British graffitists show much common ground including a sense of national dispossession, far-Right sentiment and social disaffection. It is concluded that the radically enclosed and violent nature of the prison exacerbates these issues, effectively promoting far-Right tendencies among prisoners and staff.
Description:
Traditionally, public order clashes between police and protesters in Australia were intermittent and erratic, but police responses were often repressive and violent. By the 1990s, most police leadership was advocating a low-key strategy: one of communication and dialogue, negotiated management, and a less coercive approach to large-scale protests. This article argues that policing of demonstrations responds to the dynamics of differing protest contexts and behaviours. It explores the policing of some significant contemporary demonstrations in Australia ranging from industrial disputes to anti-globalization protests (1998 national waterfront dispute, 2007 Sydney Asia-Pacific Economic Corporation summit, and the 2014 G20 mega event in Brisbane). Although the policing approaches were markedly diverse, these case studies involved limited confrontation. Despite some notable exceptions, modern-day policing of protest in Australia has usually been non-confrontational, partly the result of police-protester liaison and dialogue. The psychological threat of police force, rather than its actual implementation, has restricted potential protest participation and limited violent clashes. A delicate and fragile balance exists between the police maintenance of order and security and the facilitation of a peaceful protest.
Description:
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.