Description:
Objectives: Far fewer injury surveillance systems exist within community sport than elite sport. As a result, most epidemiological data on sports injuries have limited relevance to community-level sporting populations. There is potential for data from community club-based injury surveillance systems to provide a better understanding of community sports injuries. This study aimed to describe the incidence and profile of community-level Australian football injuries reported using a club-based injury surveillance system. Design: Prospective, epidemiological study. Methods: Sports trainers from five community-level Australian football leagues recorded injury data during two football seasons using the club-based system. An online surveillance tool developed by Sports Medicine Australia ('Sports Injury Tracker') was used for data collection. The injury incidence, profile and match injury rate were reported. Results: Injury data for 1205 players were recorded in season one and for 823 players in season two. There was significant variability in injury incidence across clubs. However, aggregated data were consistent across football seasons, with an average of 0.7 injuries per player per season and 38-39 match injuries per 1000. h match exposure. A large proportion of injuries occurred during matches, involved the lower limb and resulted from contact. Conclusions: Data from the club-based system provided a profile of injuries consistent with previous studies in community-level Australian football. Moreover, injury incidence was consistent with other studies using similar personnel to record data. However, injury incidence was lower than that reported in studies using player self-report or healthcare professionals and may be an underestimate of true values.
Description:
Online dating continues to grow in popularity and is associated with significant advantages; however, experiencing antisocial behaviours when online dating is a distinct possibility. The aim of the current study was to explore the utility of gender and the dark personality traits of narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism in predicting perpetration of a range of antisocial behaviours on the popular dating app Tinder. It was hypothesised that the male gender and higher scores on these personality traits would predict perpetration of antisocial behaviours on Tinder. Participants (N = 587; 21% men, 79% women) completed an online questionnaire, including the Antisocial Uses of Tinder® Scale which was constructed to measure a range of antisocial behaviours. Exploratory and Confirmatory factor analyses revealed three forms of antisocial behaviours (General, esteem, and sexual) which explained over half of the variance (58.99%) of variance in the Antisocial Uses of Tinder® measure. Regression analyses were run for each form of antisocial behaviour, and the predictive utility of gender and the dark traits were found to differ across the antisocial behaviours. Results of the current study support an individual differences approach to exploring antisocial behaviours online, particularly when online dating.
Description:
This study concentrates on optimizing a multi-state weighted k-out-of-n system consisting of different types of reparable components. An optimization model is developed to decide upon both optimal redundancy allocation and best maintenance activities for reliability allocation. The optimization model is to maximize system reliability and minimize system cost simultaneously. To reach this goal, a financial view has been employed to estimate the system reliability, and combine it with system cost. The proposed model determines the number of each component type in the system, and the maintenance actions and the time at which they should be applied. Also, the model is programmed by MATLAB, and Genetic Algorithm is used to solve a practical case. (C) 2016 The Society of Manufacturing Engineers. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Trends in, projections of, and inequalities in reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health service coverage in Vietnam 2000-2030 : a Bayesian analysis at national and sub-national levels
Description:
This paper investigates events in which cyclists perceive a cycling crash is narrowly avoided (henceforth, a near miss). A cohort of 2038 adult transport and recreational cyclists from New South Wales (Australia) provided self-reported prospectively collected data from cycling diaries to allow the calculation of an exposure-based rate of near misses and investigation of near miss circumstances. During 25,971 days of cycling, 3437 near misses were reported. For a given time cycling, cyclists who rode mainly for transport (compared with those who rode mainly for recreation), and cyclists with less experience (compared to those with more experience) were more likely to report a near miss; older cyclists (60+ years) were less likely to report a near miss than younger cyclists (25-59 years). Where type of near miss was recorded, 72.0% involved motor vehicles, 10.9% involved pedestrians and 6.9% involved other cyclists. Results indicate some similarities between near misses and crashes reported by this cohort during the same reporting period. A bias toward reporting near misses with motor Vehicles was suggested, which likely reflects cyclists' perceptions that crashes involving motor vehicles are particularly serious, and highlights their impact on perceived safety. Given the relative rarity of crashes, and the limited breadth and depth of administrative data, collection of near miss data may contribute to our understanding of cycling safety by increasing the volume and detail of information available for analysis. Addressing the causes of near misses may offer an opportunity to improve both perceived and actual safety for cyclists. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Description:
Pulp and paper wastewaters are challenging to treat due to their variability, complexity and toxicity. Membrane Bioreactor’s (MBR’s) provide high-quality filtrates but are subject to periods of low filterability / high capillary suction time (CST) which potentially limit their use in this application. There is a paucity of published literature concerning long-term operational issues in full-scale, industrial MBR’s. We hypothesised that either changes of bacterial population, alteration/reduction of bacterial metabolism or bacterial production of extra-cellular polymers (ESPs) increased CST and reduced filterability. This study, conducted over two years at the 16.4MLD Gippsland Water Factory, was structured to inform this bacterial centric hypothesis. However, no shifts in bacterial population were seen as causative of high CST and microbial stress levels and biological activity were observed to be low during high CST and no sign of toxicity was found. The strongest correlator with CST was the concentration of colloidal Total Organic Carbon of the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) supernatant (following centrifugation). The carbonaceous colloids accumulated in the supernatant were named ‘Non-Centrifugable Total Organic Carbon’ (NCTOC). Their accumulation in the MLSS was found be due to their biologically refractory nature and their retention by the MBR membrane. The accumulation of NCTOC typically followed a period where the influent had a high colour and a high sodium to calcium ratio, which is consistent with a pulping by-product called ‘Black Liquor’. Additional experiments with Black Liquor allowed us to conclude that high CST can be produced by addition of Black Liquor.
Description:
Pulp and paper wastewaters are challenging to treat due to their variability, complexity and toxicity. Membrane Bioreactor’s (MBR’s) provide high-quality filtrates but are subject to periods of low filterability / high capillary suction time (CST) which potentially limit their use in this application. There is a paucity of published literature concerning long-term operational issues in full-scale, industrial MBR’s. We hypothesised that either changes of bacterial population, alteration/reduction of bacterial metabolism or bacterial production of extra-cellular polymers (ESPs) increased CST and reduced filterability. This study, conducted over two years at the 16.4MLD Gippsland Water Factory, was structured to inform this bacterial centric hypothesis. However, no shifts in bacterial population were seen as causative of high CST and microbial stress levels and biological activity were observed to be low during high CST and no sign of toxicity was found. The strongest correlator with CST was the concentration of colloidal Total Organic Carbon of the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) supernatant (following centrifugation). The carbonaceous colloids accumulated in the supernatant were named ‘Non-Centrifugable Total Organic Carbon’ (NCTOC). Their accumulation in the MLSS was found be due to their biologically refractory nature and their retention by the MBR membrane. The accumulation of NCTOC typically followed a period where the influent had a high colour and a high sodium to calcium ratio, which is consistent with a pulping by-product called ‘Black Liquor’. Additional experiments with Black Liquor allowed us to conclude that high CST can be produced by addition of Black Liquor.
Description:
Large scale integration of wind power can be deterred by congestion following an outage that results in constrained network capacity. Post outage congestion can be mitigated by the application of event control strategies; however they may not always benefit large wind farms. This paper investigates this problem in detail and proposes an advanced mathematical framework to model network congestion as functions of stochastic limits of network assets to capture post contingency risk of network congestion resulting through the constrained network capacity that limits high penetration of wind. The benefit of this approach is that it can limit the generation to be curtailed or re-dispatched by dynamically enhancing the network latent capacity in the event of outages or as per the need. The uniqueness of the proposed mathematical model is that it converts conventional thermal constraints to dynamic constraints by using a discretized stochastic penalty function with quadratic approximation of constraint relaxation penalty. The case study results with large and small network models suggest that the following an outage, wind utilization under dynamic line rating can be increased considerably if the wind power producers maintain around a 15% margin of operation.
Description:
Large scale integration of wind power can be deterred by congestion following an outage that results in constrained network capacity. Post outage congestion can be mitigated by the application of event control strategies; however they may not always benefit large wind farms. This paper investigates this problem in detail and proposes an advanced mathematical framework to model network congestion as functions of stochastic limits of network assets to capture post contingency risk of network congestion resulting through the constrained network capacity that limits high penetration of wind. The benefit of this approach is that it can limit the generation to be curtailed or re-dispatched by dynamically enhancing the network latent capacity in the event of outages or as per the need. The uniqueness of the proposed mathematical model is that it converts conventional thermal constraints to dynamic constraints by using a discretized stochastic penalty function with quadratic approximation of constraint relaxation penalty. The case study results with large and small network models suggest that the following an outage, wind utilization under dynamic line rating can be increased considerably if the wind power producers maintain around a 15% margin of operation.
Description:
In this study, a novel and enhanced soil-structure model is developed adopting the direct analysis method using FLAC 2D software to simulate the complex dynamic soil-structure interaction and treat the behaviour of both soil and structure with equal rigour simultaneously. To have a better judgment on the inelastic structural response, three types of mid-rise moment resisting building frames, including 5, 10, and 15 storey buildings are selected in conjunction with three soil types with the shear wave velocities less than 600m/s, representing soil classes Ce, De and Ee, according to Australian Standards. The above mentioned frames have been analysed under two different boundary conditions: (i) fixed-base (no soil-structure interaction) and (ii) flexible-base (considering soil-structure interaction). The results of the analyses in terms of structural displacements and drifts for the above mentioned boundary conditions have been compared and discussed. It is concluded that considering dynamic soil-structure interaction effects in seismic design of moment resisting building frames resting on soil classes De and Ee is essential.
Description:
Ant-based clustering (ABC) is a data clustering approach inspired from cemetery formation activities observed in real ant colonies. Building upon the premise of collective intelligence, such an approach uses multiple ant-like agents and a mixture of heuristics, in order to create systems that are capable of clustering real-world data. Many recently proposed ABC systems have shown competitive results, but these systems are geared towards adding new heuristics, resulting in increasingly complex systems that are harder to understand and improve. In contrast to this direction, we demonstrate that a state-of-the-art ABC system can be systematically evaluated and then simplified. The streamlined model, which we call SABC, differs fundamentally from traditional ABC systems as it does not use the ant-colony and several key components. Yet, our empirical study shows that SABC performs more effectively and effciently than the state-of-the-art ABC system.
Description:
Ant-based clustering (ABC) is a data clustering approach inspired from cemetery formation activities observed in real ant colonies. Building upon the premise of collective intelligence, such an approach uses multiple ant-like agents and a mixture of heuristics, in order to create systems that are capable of clustering real-world data. Many recently proposed ABC systems have shown competitive results, but these systems are geared towards adding new heuristics, resulting in increasingly complex systems that are harder to understand and improve. In contrast to this direction, we demonstrate that a state-of-the-art ABC system can be systematically evaluated and then simplified. The streamlined model, which we call SABC, differs fundamentally from traditional ABC systems as it does not use the ant-colony and several key components. Yet, our empirical study shows that SABC performs more effectively and effciently than the state-of-the-art ABC system.
Description:
•Antenatal depression and cortisol may be important for developing infant stress regulation.•Hair cortisol concentrations are useful for measuring cortisol in pregnancy and the postpartum.•Maternal hair cortisol concentration across pregnancy was not associated with maternal depression.•Antenatal maternal depressive symptoms were both associated with lower infant cortisol at 12 months of age.•Lower infant cortisol reactivity was associated with higher infant externalizing symptoms. Understanding maternal mental health and cortisol regulation across pregnancy and the relationship to the development of the offspring’s stress regulation is critical to a range of health outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate infant and maternal cortisol in women with depression. Data were obtained from 241 pregnant women within the Mercy Pregnancy and Emotional Wellbeing Study (MPEWS), a selected pregnancy cohort study. Depression was measured using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-IV) and repeat Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Repeated measures of antidepressant use, stressful events, anxiety symptoms and maternal hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) and infant cortisol at 12 months postpartum in saliva and hair. Socio-emotional outcomes were measured at 12 months by maternal report on the Brief Infant and Toddler Socio-emotional Assessment (BITSEA). This study found that maternal depression was not associated with maternal HCC. Anxiety, stress and antidepressant use were not associated with maternal HCC. Independently, higher maternal 3rd trimester maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms were associated with lower infant cortisol response at 12 months of age. A higher number of postpartum stressful events was associated with lower infant cortisol response. Lower infant stress reactivity was associated with higher externalizing symptoms at 12 months of age. Future studies are required to understand implications for later mental health.
Description:
Clusters may exist in different subspaces of a multidimensional dataset. Traditional full-space clustering algorithms have difficulty in identifying these clusters. Various subspace clustering algorithms have used different subspace search strategies. They require clustering to assess whether cluster(s) exist in a subspace. In addition, all of them perform clustering by measuring similarity between points in the given feature space. As a result, the subspace selection and clustering processes are tightly coupled. In this paper, we propose a new subspace clustering framework named CSSub (Clustering by Shared Subspaces). It enables neighbouring core points to be clustered based on the number of subspaces they share. It explicitly splits candidate subspace selection and clustering into two separate processes, enabling different types of cluster definitions to be employed easily. Through extensive experiments on synthetic and real-world datasets, we demonstrate that CSSub discovers non-redundant subspace clusters with arbitrary shapes in noisy data; and it significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art subspace clustering algorithms.
Description:
Rotary machines, and limaçon machines in particular, offer a better power to weight ratio compared to reciprocating machines; however, leakage due to improper apex and side sealing have prevented rotary machines from thriving. In this paper, a modelling approach is presented to analyse the vibration of apex seal during the machine operation and the power loss caused by the seal friction. The seal and spring are modelled as a spring-mass system in which the seal deformation is negligible. The seal-groove relative positions have then been categorised into nine different possible cases based on the number of contact points between the seal and the seal groove. A case study has been presented to demonstrate the reliability of the model.