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This research was performed as a part of PhD research which was supported in part by the Iraqi Government and the Australian Research Training Program.
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This work was supported by the Beyond Blue Victorian Centre of Excellence in Depression and Anxiety. Prof Andrea Driscoll was supported by a Heart Foundation Future Leader fellowship 100472 from the National Heart Foundation of Australia.
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Murat Yucel has received funding from Monash University , and Australian Government funding bodies such as the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC; including Fellowship #APP1117188 ), the Australian Research Council (ARC), and the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science. He has also received philanthropic donations from the David Winston Turner Endowment Fund, Wilson Foundation, as well as payment from law firms in relation to court and/or expert witness reports. The funding sources had no role in the design, management, data analysis, presentation, or interpretation and write-up of the data.
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As an important means of achieving sustainable development, eco-industrial parks have been given great significance at every level of Chinese governments, and as a result, they have made great strides in China. The increasing pressures of resource constraints and the need for environmental protection have made the achievement of optimal sustainable development performance crucial. Managers of eco-industrial park administrative committees, as decision makers and executors, have a pivotal role in the design, plan, and organization for the sustainable development of eco-industrial parks. Furthermore managers' environmental awareness is important when organizing environmental practices in their eco-industrial parks. This paper seeks to establish the value of the effects of managers' environmental awareness on the relationships between environmental practices and sustainable development performance by presenting an analysis of Chinese eco-industrial park projects. Using an empirical study, this paper first identifies the key environmental practices, directed by managers, which impact the sustainable development performance of Chinese eco-industrial parks. The moderating effect of managers' environmental awareness on the relationships between environmental practices and sustainable development performance is then developed. Our results show that instituting environmental norms for eco-industrial park enterprises, building industrial symbiosis, and providing guidance to key enterprises play significant roles in producing sustainable development performance for eco-industrial parks. Managers' environmental awareness is helpful in driving and transforming environmental practices into sustainable development performance. Our results also provide assistance for designing and implementing environmental practices for sustainable development, recruiting managers with higher environmental awareness, and training managers to improve their environmental awareness so that eco-industrial parks can achieve sustainable development performance.
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The crystalline domain changes and lamellar structure observations of sorbitol-plasticized starch nanocomposite had been investigated via synchrotron. Strong interactions were found between amylose-sorbitol, resulting in reduced inter-helix spacing of the starch polymer. Achievable dspacing of nanoclay was confirmed to be correlated to the moisture content (mc) within the nanocomposites. SAXS diffraction patterns changed from circular (high mc samples) to elliptical (low mc samples), indicating the formation of long periodic structure and increased heterogeneities of the electron density within the samples. Two different domains sized at around 90 Ã… and 350 Ã… were found for the low mc samples. However, only the ~90 Ã… domain was observed in high mc samples. Formation of the 380 Ã… domain is attributed to the retrogradation behaviour in the absence of water molecules. Meanwhile, the nucleation effect of nanoclay is another factor leading to the emergence of the larger crystalline domain.
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Climates of the last two millennia have been the focus of numerous studies due to the availability of high-resolution palaeoclimate records and the occurrence of divergent periods of climate, commonly referred to as the 'Medieval Climatic Anomaly' and 'The Little Ice Age'. The majority of these studies are centred in the Northern Hemisphere and, in comparison, the Southern Hemisphere is relatively under-studied. In Australia, there are few high-resolution, palaeoclimate studies spanning a millennium or more and, consequently, knowledge of long-term natural climate variability is limited for much of the continent. South-eastern Australia, which recently experienced a severe, decade-long drought, is one such region.Results are presented of investigations from two crater lakes in the south-east of mainland Australia. Fluctuations in lake-water conductivity, a proxy for effective moisture, are reconstructed at sub-decadal resolution over the past 1500 years using a statistically robust, diatom-conductivity transfer function. These data are interpreted in conjunction with diatom autecology. The records display coherent patterns of change at centennial scale, signifying that both lakes responded to regional-scale climate forcing, though the nature of that response varied between sites due to differing lake morphometry. Both sites provide evidence for a multi-decadal drought, commencing ca 650 AD, and a period of variable climate between ca 850 and 1400 AD. From ca 1400-1880 AD, coincident with the timing of the 'Little Ice Age', climates of the region are characterised by high effective moisture and a marked reduction in inter-decadal variability. The records provide context for climates of the historical period and reveal the potential for more extreme droughts and more variable climate than that experienced since European settlement of the region ca 170 years ago.
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The current study examined the measurement and structural invariance of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977) across ratings provided by older adult men (. n=. 573) and women (. n=. 605). Ratings were modeled in terms of the original four-factor oblique model: a simple structure with correlated factors for Depressed Affect, Positive Affect, Somatic Symptoms, and Interpersonal Difficulties. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis supported full measurement and structural invariance, and no sex difference for the four latent factors. These findings indicate good support for measurement and structural invariance of CES-D ratings across older adult men and women. The psychometric and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Rotational resistance is an important sports surface property in optimising both performance and safety for participants. Despite various attempts to create valid devices to measure the rotational traction, the Studded Boot Apparatus (SBA) originally developed in 1975 is still used in the synthetic turf standards of many governing bodies of sport. In addition to validity limitations, poor operator reliability of the SBA has been reported and it was postulated that the manual nature of the device contributed significantly to this result. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present data on the automation of the SBA and to discuss the reliability and validity issues of the device. An automated version of the SBA was developed called the UB Turf Tester (UBTT) and data was collected by ten inexperienced operators using the original SBA and the UBTT. Testing was undertaken on a synthetic turf and each operator completed ten trials with each device. Despite a slightly greater peak traction value for the UBTT, there was no significant difference between the peak traction for the two devices, F 1,2 = 0.341, p = 0.57. Greater reliability was found between operators for the UB Turf Tester. Given that the SBA is still commonly used to comply with standards, achieving the highest level of intra- and inter-operator reliability is both desirable and invaluable. However, the research on the validity of the device also needs to continue. Interestingly, limitations of the device were identified when it was first developed but very few adaptations have been implemented since then. Undoubtedly, the interaction between the human and the surface is a complex phenomenon but the weight force, the level of penetration, the pattern, shape and position of the cleats and the possibility of measuring rotational stiffness rather than peak traction all require further discussion and investigation.
Description:
Rotational resistance is an important sports surface property in optimising both performance and safety for participants. Despite various attempts to create valid devices to measure the rotational traction, the Studded Boot Apparatus (SBA) originally developed in 1975 is still used in the synthetic turf standards of many governing bodies of sport. In addition to validity limitations, poor operator reliability of the SBA has been reported and it was postulated that the manual nature of the device contributed significantly to this result. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present data on the automation of the SBA and to discuss the reliability and validity issues of the device. An automated version of the SBA was developed called the UB Turf Tester (UBTT) and data was collected by ten inexperienced operators using the original SBA and the UBTT. Testing was undertaken on a synthetic turf and each operator completed ten trials with each device. Despite a slightly greater peak traction value for the UBTT, there was no significant difference between the peak traction for the two devices, F 1,2 = 0.341, p = 0.57. Greater reliability was found between operators for the UB Turf Tester. Given that the SBA is still commonly used to comply with standards, achieving the highest level of intra- and inter-operator reliability is both desirable and invaluable. However, the research on the validity of the device also needs to continue. Interestingly, limitations of the device were identified when it was first developed but very few adaptations have been implemented since then. Undoubtedly, the interaction between the human and the surface is a complex phenomenon but the weight force, the level of penetration, the pattern, shape and position of the cleats and the possibility of measuring rotational stiffness rather than peak traction all require further discussion and investigation.
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The denaturation kinetics of whey protein isolate (WPI), in the presence and absence of lactose and trehalose, was quantified in a convective air-drying environment. Single droplets of WPI, WPI-lactose and WPI-trehalose were dried in conditioned air (2.5% RH, 0.5 m/s air velocity) at two temperatures (65°C and 80°C) for 500 s. The initial solid concentration of these solutions was 10% (w/v) in all the samples. Approximately 68% of WPI was denatured when it was dried in the absence of sugars. Addition of 20% trehalose prevented the irreversible denaturation of WPI at both temperatures. Thirty percent lactose was required to prevent denaturation of WPI at 65°C and the same amount of lactose protected only 70% of WPI from denaturation at 80°C. The secondary structures of WPI were found to be altered by the drying-induced stresses, even in the presence of 20% trehalose and 30% lactose.
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In this study, a novel and enhanced soil-structure model is developed adopting the direct analysis method using FLAC 2D software to simulate the complex dynamic soil-structure interaction and treat the behaviour of both soil and structure with equal rigour simultaneously. To have a better judgment on the inelastic structural response, three types of mid-rise moment resisting building frames, including 5, 10, and 15 storey buildings are selected in conjunction with three soil types with the shear wave velocities less than 600m/s, representing soil classes Ce, De and Ee, according to Australian Standards. The above mentioned frames have been analysed under two different boundary conditions: (i) fixed-base (no soil-structure interaction) and (ii) flexible-base (considering soil-structure interaction). The results of the analyses in terms of structural displacements and drifts for the above mentioned boundary conditions have been compared and discussed. It is concluded that considering dynamic soil-structure interaction effects in seismic design of moment resisting building frames resting on soil classes De and Ee is essential.
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The last 50. years of research into infections in Australia and New Zealand caused by larvae of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, have significantly advanced our understanding of this blowfly and its primary host, the sheep. However, apart from some highly effective drugs it could be argued that no new control methodologies have resulted. This review addresses the major areas of sheep blowfly research over this period describing the significant outcomes and analyses, and what is still required to produce new commercial control technologies. The use of drugs against this fly species has been very successful but resistance has developed to almost all current compounds. Integrated pest management is becoming basic to control, especially in the absence of mulesing, and has clearly benefited from computer-aided technologies. Biological control has more challenges but natural and perhaps transformed biopesticides offer possibilities for the future. Experimental vaccines have been developed but require further analysis of antigens and formulations to boost protection. Genetic technologies may provide potential for long-term control through more rapid indirect selection of sheep less prone to flystrike. Finally in the future, genetic analysis of the fly may allow suppression and perhaps eradication of blowfly populations or identification of new and more viable targets for drug and vaccine intervention. Clearly all these areas of research offer potential new controls but commercial development is perhaps inhibited by the success of current chemical insecticides and certainly requires a significant additional injection of resources.
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The derivatization of thiamin vitamers to their respective thiochrome by ferricyanide to facilitate fluorescence detection following separation by HPLC provides a powerful analytical tool. However the polyphenolic compounds in red wine readily interact with ferricyanide, reducing the effectiveness of ferricyanide oxidation in the derivatization of thiamin. We describe a method to facilitate the removal of polyphenolic compounds that interfere with the ferricyanide derivatization of thiamin. Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone afforded the total removal of phenolic compounds from red wines and allowed a spike recovery of thiamin vitamers (101% for thiamin; 104% for TMP; and 100% for TDP) in a wide range of red wines. This research found that Merlot styles of red wine contained the highest concentration of total thiamin (29.01 ng/mL) while Pinot Noir wines contained the lowest total concentration (8.27 ng/mL).
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The dynamic stress and electric displacement intensity factors of impermeable cracks in homogeneous piezoelectric materials and interface cracks in piezoelectric bimaterials are evaluated by extending the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM). In this method, a piezoelectric plate is divided into polygons. Each polygon is treated as a scaled boundary finite element subdomain. Only the boundaries of the subdomains need to be discretized with line elements. The dynamic properties of a subdomain are represented by the high order stiffness and mass matrices obtained from a continued fraction solution, which is able to represent the high frequency response with only 3-4 terms per wavelength. The semi-analytical solutions model singular stress and electric displacement fields in the vicinity of crack tips accurately and efficiently. The dynamic stress and electric displacement intensity factors are evaluated directly from the scaled boundary finite element solutions. No asymptotic solution, local mesh refinement or other special treatments around a crack tip are required. Numerical examples are presented to verify the proposed technique with the analytical solutions and the results from the literature. The present results highlight the accuracy, simplicity and efficiency of the proposed technique.
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As an individual difference variable assessing the extent to which attitudes towards past, present and future influence behavior, time perspective is a potentially useful construct. However, its development and utility has been compromised by measurement issues. Recently, a short form of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), the SZTPI-15 has been suggested to yield valid and reliable scores. Using three independent samples from America, Australia, and the United Kingdom, the present study tested the psychometric properties of SZPTI-15 scores. Confirmatory factor analyses did not support the 5-factor structure and internal consistency estimates for four of the subscales were low. Fit indices obtained from exploratory structural equation modeling were better, suggesting that permitting items to load on multiple factors improved model fit. Correlations with variables shown to be related to ZTPI factors broadly supported the concurrent validity of the SZTPI-15. Results suggest that further psychometric examination of SZTPI-15 scores is required.