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Women and change in Singapore

- Jiang, Xiaoli, Tan, Shin Koon

  • Authors: Jiang, Xiaoli , Tan, Shin Koon
  • Date: 2006
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: International Journal of Diversity in Organisations, Communities and Nations Vol. 5, no. 2 (2006), p. 99-104
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  • Description: It would appear that as Singapore entered the 21st century that have been marked improvements in its women's education attainment, labour force participation and related remuneration. Singaporean women are financially much more independent and are politically and socially more influential. Singaporean families are becoming smaller; women commit to marriage and give birth to their first child much later than previous generations. These changes have raised concerns about sustainability of the future Singaporean labour force for economic development and support for an aging population.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003002000

A case study of organisational culture and ideological issues in a joint venture in China

- Jiang, Xiaoli

  • Authors: Jiang, Xiaoli
  • Date: 2006
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Enterprising Culture Vol. 9 , no. 3 (2006), p. 313-330
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  • Description: This study utilises interviews to investigate issues within a joint venture (JV) in China. The findings demonstrate that the organisational culture of this JV was dominated by its former state-owned enterprise (SOE) culture. The culture was influenced by Chinese culture, particularly by Maoist ideology. This organisational culture appeared not to be compatible with the liberalist ideology of the capitalist market economy. This incompatibility had contributed to management difficulties and financial losses for the JV. Discontent existed between the Chinese staff/workers and Western expatriates. Changing the organisational culture by changing staff may assist the JV to survive in the market economy.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003003410

Childrens' self-concept in relation to the quality of school physical education programs

- Jiang, Xiaoli, Hawkins, Ken, Prosser, Laurie

Relationship between school physical activity and academic performance of children

- Jiang, Xiaoli, Prosser, Laurie

  • Authors: Jiang, Xiaoli , Prosser, Laurie
  • Date: 2008
  • Type: Journal article
  • Relation: International Journal of Learning Vol. 15, no. 3 (2008), p. 11-16
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  • Description: This paper investigated literature concerning the relationship between school physical activity and the academic performance of school children. Some of the past research has identified a positive relationship between physical activity and academic performances. However, several studies did not find that was the case. Further, the studies also had difficulties to ascertain if the association is causal and if so, the direction of the cause-effect. As a result several intervention programs have been conducted to answer the above problems. Some researchers allocated extra time for physical education, aerobic exercise or free play time and concluded that spending more time in physical education had some favorable effects on some of the academic achievement measures. However, some did not achieve positive outcomes. It would appear that most studies have a relatively short period of intervention program and there is an urgent need to conduct a longitudinal study. This paper alerts readers to and outlines the Commonwealth Institute Lifestyle of our Kids (LOOK) longitudinal study that commenced in 2005 in Canberra that seeks to address the shortcomings of the past research in this area.

Globalisation and China's Military Modernisation: Fear not China

- Jiang, Xiaoli, Gong, Yihong

  • Authors: Jiang, Xiaoli , Gong, Yihong
  • Date: 2010
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: The Global Studies Journal Vol. 3, no. 2 (2010), p. 195-206
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  • Description: China has one of the most powerful military forces in the world. However, a little over 100 years ago, the Chinese military was repeatedly defeated by Western colonial powers and Japan. These defeats motivated the Chinese to make dramatic changes to their military forces.

A case study of Chinese contingent self-esteem

- Jiang, Xiaoli

  • Authors: Jiang, Xiaoli
  • Date: 2002
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: Paper presented at the 2nd Biennial SELF Research Centre International Conference, Sydney : 6th - 8th August, 2002
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  • Description: The research reported here utilised in depth interviews to investigate the contingent element of self-esteem and its underlying reasons in one Chinese individual living in a collectivist orientated culture. The results suggest this individual demonstrated some characteristics of contingent self-esteem. This may be attributed to such influences as: parents and significant others, educational experiences and the collectivist culture. It reveals a connection between a highly controlling parenting style and education in a collective culture and the development of the contingent part of self-esteem. Both positive and negative effects are identified in relation to the development of the contingent part of self-esteem. The interviewee is revealed as a person who has a strong sense of discipline, obligation and responsibility to his family and society, and who simultaneously experiences a substantial mental challenge and stress, due to constant external social comparisons and evaluations of self.
  • Description: E1
  • Description: 2003000080

Student management in Chinese higher education institutions

- Jiang, Xiaoli, Ma, Xiaoping, Wu, Yumei

  • Authors: Jiang, Xiaoli , Ma, Xiaoping , Wu, Yumei
  • Date: 2009
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: International Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Change Management Vol. 9, no. 11 (2009), p. 45-58
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  • Description: This study investigated six Chinese higher education institutions in relation to management of their students. The results indicate Chinese higher education institutions place a greater emphasis on controlling students in order to achieve desired outcomes according to their national ideology and cultural values. Control measures are intended to ensure good class attendance, collective teamwork and discipline. Their student management focuses on extrinsic rewards and punishments to promote desirable moral values and ethics. A very comprehensive control system is in place to achieve these goals. Students are encouraged to manage fellow students. The research also identified that prestigious universities with a higher level of entry scores place less control measures on their students compared to their counterparts with lower entry scores. Chinese higher education management believes the measures to control students are designed to combat negative elements of human beings. This study provides an understanding into the reasons why current higher education management practices exist in China and offers some explanations from historical, political and social culture perspectives. The study will assist Western educators to better understand the challenges facing Chinese students studying abroad. © Common Ground.
  • Description: 2003007993

Children’s self-concept and participation in extra-curricular sport activities

- Jiang, Xiaoli, Prosser, Laurie, Hawkins, Ken

  • Authors: Jiang, Xiaoli , Prosser, Laurie , Hawkins, Ken
  • Date: 2004
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: Paper presented at Third International Biennial SELF Research Conference, Berlin, Germany : 4th July - 7th July, 2004
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  • Description: Multidimensional self-concept measurements have provided a vehicle for a comprehensive investigation of the relationship between participation in sport and the range of self-concept in children. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in levels of social, academic, physical and global self-concepts between participants and non-participants in extra-curricular sport. The research further investigated children’s self-concept in relation to their time commitment and the level of competition. A total of 1,499 4th- to 6th-grade students participated in the research. The Self-Description Questionnaire I (SDQ-I) and the Participation in Extra-Curricular Sport Activity Questionnaire were utilised in this study. Results indicated that children who participated in extra-curricular sport activities had significantly higher levels of self-concept than their non-participating counterparts in their total self-concept as well as in all the social, academic and physical sub-scales, except for reading. Furthermore, children who competed in sport at the municipal level had a significantly higher physical ability self-concept, but a lower reading self-concept than that of the children who competed locally. There was also a trend that children’s physical ability self-concept improved with an increase in their participation hours up to 13–15 hours per week and a less significant tendency that showed the reading self-concept scores decreasing with the increase in participation hours.
  • Description: E1
  • Description: 2003003413

Primary school education practices experienced by Chinese and Australian students

- Jiang, Xiaoli, Guan, Xinping

  • Authors: Jiang, Xiaoli , Guan, Xinping
  • Date: 2006
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: International Journal of Diversity in Organisations, Communities and Nations Vol. 6, no. 2 (2006), p. 23-34
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  • Description: This paper reveals differences in primary school education practices experienced by selected university students in China and Australia. This research utilised a case study approach and found the education experiences differed greatly between Chinese and Australian students. In addition, the paper analyses how these vastly diverse experiences on the part of students contribute to different worldviews in the context of collective and individualist cultures. An enriched in-depth understanding as to how education is served as a tool for preserving cultural and societal values may be an outcome of this research.
  • Description: 2003002003

The lifestyle of our kids (LOOK) project : Outline of methods

- Telford, Richard, Bass, Shona, Budge, Marc, Byrne, Donald, Carlson, John, Coles, David, Cunningham, Ross, Daly, Robin, Dunstan, David, English, Rowena, Fitzgerald, Robert, Eser, Prisca, Gravenmaker, Karen, Haynes, Wayne, Hickman, Peter, Javaid, Ahmad, Jiang, Xiaoli, Lafferty, Tony, McGrath, Mark, Martin, Mary Kay, Naughton, Geraldine, Potter, Julia, Potter, Stacey, Prosser, Laurie, Pyne, David, Reynolds, Graham, Saunders, Philo, Seibel, Markus, Shaw, Jonathan, Southcott, Emma, Srikusalanukul, Wichat, Stuckey, Darryl, Telford, Rohan, Thomas, Kerry, Tallis, Ken, Waring, Paul

China's domestic migration and crime: A case study of Shanghai

- Huang, Meiju, Jiang, Xiaoli

  • Authors: Huang, Meiju , Jiang, Xiaoli
  • Date: 2015
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: International Journal of Interdisciplinary Global Studies Vol. 8, no. 4 (2015), p. 15-24
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  • Description: After more than 35 years of economic reforms, China's urbanization has been increased from 17.92% in 1978 to 51.27% in 2011. A large number of migrants have moved from rural areas to large metropolitan cities, especially cities on the East coast and Southeast coast of China such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou, seeking employment and better lives. However, the massive increase in city size has brought many issues such as overpopulation, traffic congestion, and crime. It is commonly believed that the influx of rural migrants is associated with increased crime. However, very few comprehensive studies based on reliable crime records have been conducted in China. This paper investigates the available crime records in five districts of Shanghai between 2008 and 2012. It focuses on China's internal migration and associated crime rate using Shanghai as a case study. Analysis of China's historical, economic, social, and cultural factors is presented to interpret the outcomes of this investigation.

Physical education, obesity, and academic achievement : A 2-year longitudinal investigation of australian elementary school children

- Telford, Richard, Cunningham, Ross, Fitzgerald, Robert, Olive, Lisa, Prosser, Laurie, Jiang, Xiaoli, Telford, Rohan

  • Authors: Telford, Richard , Cunningham, Ross , Fitzgerald, Robert , Olive, Lisa , Prosser, Laurie , Jiang, Xiaoli , Telford, Rohan
  • Date: 2012
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: American Journal of Public Health Vol. 102, no. 2 (2012), p. 368-374
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  • Description: Objectives. We determined whether physical education (PE) taught by specialists contributed to academic development and prevention of obesity in elementary school children. Methods. Our 2-year longitudinal study involved 620 boys and girls initially in grade 3 in Australia, all receiving 150 minutes per week of PE. One group (specialist-taught PE; n=312) included 90 minutes per week of PE from visiting specialists; the other (common-practice PE; n=308) received all PE from generalist classroom teachers. Measurements included percentage of body fat (measured by dual-emission x-ray absorptiometry) and writing, numeracy, and reading proficiency (by government tests). Results. Compared with common-practice PE, specialist-taught PE was associated with a smaller increase in age-related percentage of body fat (P=.02). Specialist-taught PE was also associated with greater improvements in numeracy (P<.03) and writing (P=.13) scores. There was no evidence of a reading effect. Conclusions. The attenuated age-related increases in percentage of body fat and enhanced numeracy development among elementary school children receiving PE from specialists provides support for the role of PE in both preventive medicine and academic development.

A Comparison of academic staff management practices in Chinese and Australian Universities

- Jiang, Xiaoli, Xu, Xinhui, Ma, Xiaoping, Prosser, Laurie

  • Authors: Jiang, Xiaoli , Xu, Xinhui , Ma, Xiaoping , Prosser, Laurie
  • Date: 2007
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: The international journal of knowledge, culture & change management Vol. 7, no. 2 (2007), p. 39-47
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  • Description: This study investigated five Chinese higher education institutions in relation to management of academic staff. The study compared these practices with those used in three Australian universities. The results demonstrated that the Chinese universities provide more freedom to academic staff in terms of how staff spend their time at the university. However, there are more strict measures to control teaching staff’s punctuality in attending their classes and to have detailed planning and teaching documentation. There are also additional teaching evaluations at both school and university levels, together with student evaluation. Chinese higher education staff management places greater emphasis on extrinsic financial rewards to improve staff performance than do their Australian counterparts. The income of Chinese academic staff is performance based and closely connected to their teaching, supervision, research and management workload. This approach initially came from the West and is now adopted by Chinese higher education management, reflecting Chinese socialist principles regarding income distribution. This measure of distribution is a very important motivational factor designed to enhance staff performance. This study provides an understanding as to the reasons why differences exist in management practices in China and Australia and offers some explanations from historical, political and social culture perspectives. This research identifies both positive and negative aspects of the two systems and suggests that learning good management practices from each other may bring positive changes to the productivity of higher education in both countries.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003005411

How do children with different levels of self-concept perceive their school activities?

- Jiang, Xiaoli, Prosser, Laurie, Hawkins, Ken

  • Authors: Jiang, Xiaoli , Prosser, Laurie , Hawkins, Ken
  • Date: 2006
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: Paper presented at AARE 2005 International Education Research Conference, Sydney : p. 1-16
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  • Description: The study examined children's perceptions regarding their daily school activities. A total of 33 children aged 11 and 12 with different levels of self-concept were interviewed. The results showed that children's contentment regarding different school activities was based on fun, enjoyment and satisfaction of their curiosity. Results also showed that children with a high level of total self-concept experienced higher levels of contentment in some of their school subjects, significantly higher in two particularly demanding subjects - mathematics and project - than their counterparts with a low level of total of self-concept. Children with a high physical ability self-concept appeared to enjoy physical education and sports more than the other children. In addition, the children appeared to judge the level of importance of school subjects according to their educational, health or pragmatic value, both present and future. They were well aware of the educational value of schooling. However, the level of importance was reduced greatly in some children's eyes when the subjects carried little or not enough fun and enjoyment, particularly children with very low self-concept scores. This group appeared to be influenced by the intrinsic reward of the subjects rather than external benefits.
  • Description: E1
  • Description: 2003002013

Through turbulence to influence: China's olympic journey in the context of globalisation and nationalism

- Jiang, Xiaoli

  • Authors: Jiang, Xiaoli
  • Date: 2011
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: The International Journal of Sport Society Vol. 2, no. 4 (2011), p. 37-48
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  • Description: Over the last 100 years China’s Olympic movement has been through turbulent times. Olympic sports were introduced into China during the colonial period via Western missionaries and schools. It has been part of the globalisation of China. However, China’s globalisation experiences in the 19th and early 20th centuries were largely painful encounters. Foreign invasions and subsequent unequal treaties brought social upheavals, financial losses and humiliations on both individual and national self-esteem. The development of Olympic sports followed a similar path. The economic reforms over the last 30 years have not only brought China out of financial poverty, but have facilitated China’s re-emergence in the Olympic Games. China rejoined the Olympics in 1984. For the first time in history, China broke its zero record in Olympic gold medal tally by winning fifteen gold medals in the Los Angeles Games. In 2008, Beijing hosted a spectacular Olympic Games and became Number one in the gold medal count. The paper will analyse this part of Chinese history and the motivation for China’s achievement in the Olympic Games. It will explain the reasons for China’s determination in modernising its Olympic sport sector from historical and cultural perspectives. The paper will reveal the system and processes that the Chinese government has put in place for the modernisation of sport in preparation for Olympic Games participation.
  • Description: 2003009303

The development of healthcare in China in the context of social and economic transformations

- Gong, Yihong, Jiang, Xiaoli

  • Authors: Gong, Yihong , Jiang, Xiaoli
  • Date: 2013
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: The International Journal of Health, Wellness and Society Vol. 2, no. 3 (2013), p. 89-100
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  • Description: Healthcare in imperial China was predominantly covered by private practices using traditional Chinese medicine treatment. There were no national initiatives for health cover. Infant mortality was high, and life expectancy was very low. During the nationalist government era between 1911 and 1949, some public healthcare was established and hospitals similar to those in the West became available. Immunisation was accessible and infectious diseases were largely controlled. However, wars, poverty, and a severe shortage of trained doctors were prevalent. As a result, the child mortality rate remained high and people's life expectancy showed little improvement. After the 1949 Communist revolution, many changes were made by the Chinese government to improve the healthcare system. It was ideology driven. As a result of these changes, the life expectancy of the Chinese people has gradually increased. However, the economic reforms over the last 30 years have brought new challenges and opportunities to the healthcare system. The size of the Chinese population and increased inequality in the society are acute issues facing the government and the people. This paper reviews the development of the Chinese healthcare system and reveals social and economic changes in relation to this development. The paper seeks to provide an historical overview of the issues involved in the development of healthcare in China and to contribute to a better understanding of the Chinese healthcare system

Different contexts of physical activity in relation to children's self-concept

- Jiang, Xiaoli

  • Authors: Jiang, Xiaoli
  • Date: 1996
  • Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
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  • Description: "This study investigates children's self-concept in relation to the quality of school physical education and sports programs, the teaching by physical education specialists and participation in extra curricular sport activities."
  • Description: Doctor of Philosophy

Effect of pre-departure culture preparation courses on student learning during international fieldwork

- Jiang, Xiaoli

  • Authors: Jiang, Xiaoli
  • Date: 2016
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Creative Education Vol. 07, no. 09 (2016), p. 1237-1243
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  • Description: This paper examined the effect of two pre-departure culture preparation courses on student learning during their International Fieldwork in Asia. These courses are designed to develop Anglo- European origin Australian students’ knowledge, understanding and appreciation of Asian societies, cultures, etiquettes, education and political systems, together with Asian problem solving and living styles. The courses further foster student skills in intercultural communication with people from Asia. A group of students completed the training and travelled to China for fieldwork. Their evaluation and feedback, together with their written assignments, were collated and analyzed. Results indicated that the two courses are effective in assisting students’ cultural adaptation to the host country environment and engaging in higher culture learning during their fieldwork.

Making sense of changes in education social justice and equity for women in China

- Jiang, Xiaoli

  • Authors: Jiang, Xiaoli
  • Date: 2017
  • Type: Text , Book chapter
  • Relation: Global perspectives on gender and sexuality in education: Raising awareness, fostering equity, advancing justice Chapter 11 p. 219-238
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  • Description: This chapter reviews the historical background of the lowly status of Chi-nese women, the culture that deprived them of their rights to an education, and the subsequent inequality and social injustice. It investigates changes in education and improvements in social justice and equity for women over the last 100 years and reveals unique historical, social, and cultural contexts that promote the improvements. The impact of a collective and high power dis-tance Chinese culture and the effect of authoritarian style of government on Chinese women are elaborated. The chapter seeks to make sense from cul-tural perspectives as to why extraordinary changes for women have taken place in China, especially since 1949. In addition, it critiques the pitfalls of such culture and government policies that potentially jeopardize social jus-tice and equity for women. The new challenges facing Chinese women in education, equity, and social justice in a capitalist economy in the 21st century are also identified.
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