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A blockchain model for fair data sharing in deregulated smart grids

- Samuel, Omaji, Javaid, Nadeem, Awais, Muhammad, Ahmed, Zeeshan, Imran, Muhammad, Guizani, Mohsen

  • Authors: Samuel, Omaji , Javaid, Nadeem , Awais, Muhammad , Ahmed, Zeeshan , Imran, Muhammad , Guizani, Mohsen
  • Date: 2019
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM 2019, Waikoloa 9-13 December 2019
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  • Description: The emergence of smart home appliances has generated a high volume of data on smart meters belonging to different customers. However, customers can not share their data in deregulated smart grids due to privacy concern. Although, these data are important for the service provider in order to provide an efficient service. To encourage the customers' participation, this paper proposes an access control mechanism by fairly compensating customers for their participation in data sharing via blockchain using the concept of differential privacy. We addressed the computational issues of existing ethereum blockchain by proposing a proof of authority consensus protocol through the Pagerank mechanism in order to derive the reputation scores. Experimental results show the efficiency of the proposed model to minimize privacy risk, and maximize aggregator's profit. In addition, gas consumption, as well as the cost of the computational resources, is reduced. © 2019 IEEE.

A blockchain based privacy-preserving system for electric vehicles through local communication

- Yahaya, Adamu, Javaid, Nadeem, Khalid, Rabiya, Imran, Muhammad, Naseer, Nidal

A blockchain-based decentralized energy management in a P2P trading system

- Khalid, Rabiya, Javaid, Nadeem, Javaid, Sakeena, Imran, Muhammad, Naseer, Nidal

  • Authors: Khalid, Rabiya , Javaid, Nadeem , Javaid, Sakeena , Imran, Muhammad , Naseer, Nidal
  • Date: 2020
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2020, Dublin, Ireland, 7 to 11 June, IEEE International Conference on Communications Vol. 2020-June
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  • Description: Local energy generation and peer to peer (P2P) energy trading in the local market can reduce energy consumption cost, emission of harmful gases (as renewable energy sources (RESs) are used to generate energy at user's premises) and increase smart grid resilience. In this paper, to implement a hybrid P2P energy trading market, a blockchain-based solution is proposed. A blockchain-based system is fully decentralized and it allows the market members to interact with each other and trade energy without involving any third party. Smart contracts play a very important role in the blockchain-based energy trading market. They contain all the necessary rules for energy trading. We have proposed three smart contracts to implement the hybrid electricity trading market. The market members interact with main smart contract which requests P2P smart contract and prosumer to grid (P2G) smart contract for further processing. The main objectives of this paper are to propose a model to implement an efficient hybrid energy trading market while reducing cost and peak to average ratio (PAR) of electricity. © 2020 IEEE.

A novel cooperative link selection mechanism for enhancing the robustness in scale-free IoT networks

- Khan, Muhammad, Javaid, Nadeem, Javaid, Sakeena, Khalid, Adia, Nasser, Nidal, Imran, Muhammad

  • Authors: Khan, Muhammad , Javaid, Nadeem , Javaid, Sakeena , Khalid, Adia , Nasser, Nidal , Imran, Muhammad
  • Date: 2020
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 16th IEEE International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference, IWCMC 2020, Limassol, Cyrprus, 15 to 19 June 2020, 2020 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, IWCMC 2020 p. 2222-2227
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  • Description: In today's world, Internet of Things (IoT) helps people in many fields by enabling smart city projects in health monitoring, smart parking, industrial optimization, home energy management, etc. Daily life objects are connected with the Internet to allow access to their owners to keep an eye on their surroundings. The IoT network is comprised of nodes that are smart enough to perform any function and provide benefits to the people. However, any fault in the network opens up the risk of leaking personal information. The aim is to develop a scale-free network, which controls the effects of malicious attacks and consequently improves the network robustness. In this paper, our prime focus is to mitigate the effect of malicious nodes by providing a robust strategy to maintain the network stability. In this regard, we propose a topology named as a Cooperation based Edge Swap (CES) for improving the network robustness in the scale-free network. The CES uses the edge/link selection mechanism by involving the cooperation using a Rayleigh fading to swap the network topology for improving the network robustness. The simulations' outcome depicts the performance of the CES in terms of improving the network robustness. © 2020 IEEE.

Efficient data trading and storage in internet of vehicles using consortium blockchain

- Sadiq, Ayesha, Javaid, Nadeem, Samuel, Omaji, Khalid, Adia, Haider, Noman, Imran, Muhammad

Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer for buffer-aided cooperative relaying systems

- Nasir, Hina, Javaid, Nadeem, Imran, Muhammad, Shoaib, Muhammad, Anwar, Mehmoon

  • Authors: Nasir, Hina , Javaid, Nadeem , Imran, Muhammad , Shoaib, Muhammad , Anwar, Mehmoon
  • Date: 2018
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 14th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference, IWCMC 2018, Limassol, 25-28 June 2018 p. 845-849
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  • Description: This paper explored cooperative relaying in the presence of energy constrained relays with data storage facility. The relays depend only on the source signal to harvest energy and forward signal to the destination. The relay is selected according to the instantaneous strength of the wireless link. The strongest link among all links on both sides i.e., source-relay and relaydestination links is selected for relay to receive or transmit data, respectively. Two protocols are used for energy harvesting and information transfer namely: 'power splitting based relaying' and 'time switching based relaying'. We evaluate the outage probability performance of the presented scheme using Monte Carlo simulations. The results show that TSR performs better than PSR protocol. © 2018 IEEE.

Cloud based secure service providing for IoTs using blockchain

- Rehman, Mubariz, Javaid, Nadeem, Awais, Muhammad, Imran, Muhammad, Naseer, Nidal

  • Authors: Rehman, Mubariz , Javaid, Nadeem , Awais, Muhammad , Imran, Muhammad , Naseer, Nidal
  • Date: 2019
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM 2019, Waikoloa, 9-13 December 2019
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  • Description: Internet of Things (IoTs) is widely growing domain of the modern era. With the advancement in technologies, the use of IoTs devices also increases. However, security risks regarding service provisioning and data sharing also increases. There are many existing security approaches. However, these approaches are not suitable for IoTs devices due to their limited storage and computation resources. These secure approaches also require a specific hardware. With the invention of blockchain technologies, many security risks are eliminated. Blockchain also supports data sharing mechanism. In this paper, we proposed a secure service providing mechanism for IoTs using blockchain. We introduced cloud nodes for maintaining the validity states of edge service providers. The edge node reputation is considered as a service rating given by end users. Incentive is given to edge servers after validation of service codes. Incentive is in the form of cryptocurrency. Incentive and edge node reputation values are stored in cloud node and are updated with respect to time. Smart contract is proposed to check the validity state of the edge servers. Smart contract is also used for the comparison and verification of the service codes provided by edge servers. In our proposed system, we perform service authentication at both cloud and edge server layer. Moreover, Proof of Authority (PoA) is used as a consensus mechanism. PoA enhanced overall performance of our proposed system. By experimental analysis, it is shown that our proposed model is suitable for resource constrained devices. © 2019 IEEE.

Region based cooperative routing in underwater wireless sensor networks

- Javaid, Nadeem, Hussain, Sheraz, Ahmad, Ashfaq, Imran, Muhammad, Khan, Abid, Guizani, Mohsen

  • Authors: Javaid, Nadeem , Hussain, Sheraz , Ahmad, Ashfaq , Imran, Muhammad , Khan, Abid , Guizani, Mohsen
  • Date: 2017
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Network and Computer Applications Vol. 92, no. (2017), p. 31-41
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  • Description: Cooperative routing is an appealing challenge in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). In this paper, we propose a region based cooperative routing protocol (RBCRP) for amplify and forward (AF) technique over Rayleigh faded channels in UWSNs. The source node sends the sensed signal to the destination and available relay nodes. At the destination node, bit error rate (BER) is checked on the basis of which, either positive or negative acknowledgement (ACK or NACK) is sent to the source and relay nodes. We also use mobile sinks (MSs) and energy harvesting techniques to further prolong the network lifetime and maximize the throughput. Our derived mathematical equations for the SNR gain and outage probability are verified by simulations. Results show that RBCRP performs better than the existing incremental best relay technique (IBRT) in terms of throughput, network lifetime and outage probability. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd

An effective solution to the optimal power flow problem using meta-heuristic algorithms

- Aurangzeb, Khursheed, Shafiq, Sundas, Alhussein, Musaed, Pamir, Javaid, Nadeem, Imran, Muhammad

  • Authors: Aurangzeb, Khursheed , Shafiq, Sundas , Alhussein, Musaed , Pamir , Javaid, Nadeem , Imran, Muhammad
  • Date: 2023
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Frontiers in Energy Research Vol. 11, no. (2023), p.
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  • Description: Financial loss in power systems is an emerging problem that needs to be resolved. To tackle the mentioned problem, energy generated from various generation sources in the power network needs proper scheduling. In order to determine the best settings for the control variables, this study formulates and solves an optimal power flow (OPF) problem. In the proposed work, the bird swarm algorithm (BSA), JAYA, and a hybrid of both algorithms, termed as HJBSA, are used for obtaining the settings of optimum variables. We perform simulations by considering the constraints of voltage stability and line capacity, and generated reactive and active power. In addition, the used algorithms solve the problem of OPF and minimize carbon emission generated from thermal systems, fuel cost, voltage deviations, and losses in generation of active power. The suggested approach is evaluated by putting it into use on two separate IEEE testing systems, one with 30 buses and the other with 57 buses. The simulation results show that for the 30-bus system, the minimization in cost by HJBSA, JAYA, and BSA is 860.54 $/h, 862.31, $/h and 900.01 $/h, respectively, while for the 57-bus system, it is 5506.9 $/h, 6237.4, $/h and 7245.6 $/h for HJBSA, JAYA, and BSA, respectively. Similarly, for the 30-bus system, the power loss by HJBSA, JAYA, and BSA is 9.542 MW, 10.102 MW, and 11.427 MW, respectively, while for the 57-bus system, the value of power loss is 13.473 MW, 20.552, MW and 18.638 MW for HJBSA, JAYA, and BSA, respectively. Moreover, HJBSA, JAYA, and BSA cause reduction in carbon emissions by 4.394 ton/h, 4.524, ton/h and 4.401 ton/h, respectively, with the 30-bus system. With the 57-bus system, HJBSA, JAYA, and BSA cause reduction in carbon emissions by 26.429 ton/h, 27.014, ton/h and 28.568 ton/h, respectively. The results show the outperformance of HJBSA. Copyright © 2023 Aurangzeb, Shafiq, Alhussein, Pamir, Javaid and Imran.

Electricity theft detection using pipeline in machine learning

- Anwar, Mubbashra, Javaid, Nadeem, Khalid, Adia, Imran, Muhammad, Shoaib, Muhammad

  • Authors: Anwar, Mubbashra , Javaid, Nadeem , Khalid, Adia , Imran, Muhammad , Shoaib, Muhammad
  • Date: 2020
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 16th IEEE International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference, IWCMC 2020, Limassol, Cyprus, 15 to 19 June 2020, 2020 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, IWCMC 2020 p. 2138-2142
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  • Description: Electricity theft is the primary cause of electrical power loss that significantly affects the revenue loss and the quality of electrical power. Nevertheless, the existing methods for the detection of this criminal behavior of theft are diversified and complicated since the imbalanced nature of the dataset, and high dimensionality of time-series data make it challenging to extract meaningful information. This paper addresses these problems by developing a novel electricity theft detection model, integrating three algorithms in a pipeline. The proposed method first applies the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) for balancing the dataset, secondly integration of kernel function and principal component analysis (KPCA) for the feature extraction from high dimensional time-series data, and support vector machine (SVM) for the classification. Besides, the performance of the proposed pipeline is measured using a comprehensive list of performance metrics. Extensive experiments are performed by using real electricity consumption data, and results show that the proposed method outperforms other methods in terms of theft detection. © 2020 IEEE.

Modeling induction and routing to monitor hospitalized patients in multi-hop mobility-aware body area sensor networks

- Javaid, Nadeem, Ahmad, Ashfaq, Tauqir, Anum, Imran, Muhammad, Guizani, Mohsen, Khan, Zahoor, Qasim, Umar

  • Authors: Javaid, Nadeem , Ahmad, Ashfaq , Tauqir, Anum , Imran, Muhammad , Guizani, Mohsen , Khan, Zahoor , Qasim, Umar
  • Date: 2016
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Eurasip Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking Vol. 2016, no. 1 (2016), p.
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  • Description: In wireless body area sensor networks (WBASNs), energy efficiency is an area of extreme significance. At first, we present a mathematical model for a non-invasive inductive link which is used to recharge the battery of an implanted biomedical device (pacemaker). Afterwards, we propose a distance-aware relaying energy-efficient (DARE) and mutual information-based DARE (MI-DARE) routing protocols for multihop mobility-aware body area sensor networks (MM-BASNs). Both the routing protocols and the non-invasive inductive link model are tested with the consideration of eight patients in a hospital unit under different topologies, where the vital signs of each patient are monitored through seven on-body sensors and an implanted pacemaker. To reduce energy consumption of the network, the sensors communicate with a sink via an on-body relay which is fixed on the chest of each patient. The behavior (static/mobile) and position of the sink are changed in each topology, and the impact of mobility due to postural changes of the patient(s) arms, legs, and head is also investigated. The MI-DARE protocol further prolongs the network lifetime by minimizing the number of transmissions. Simulation results show that the proposed techniques outperform contemporary schemes in terms of the selected performance metrics. © 2016, Javaid et al.

Congestion control in wireless sensor networks based on support vector machine, grey wolf optimization and differential evolution

- Kazmi, Hafiza, Javaid, Nadeem, Imran, Muhammad, Outay, Fatma

  • Authors: Kazmi, Hafiza , Javaid, Nadeem , Imran, Muhammad , Outay, Fatma
  • Date: 2019
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 2019 Wireless Days, WD 2019, Manchester, 24 to 26 April 2019 Vol. 2019-April
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  • Description: Transmission rate is one of the contributing factors in the performance of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Congested network causes reduced network response time, queuing delay and more packet loss. To address this issue, we have proposed a transmission rate control method. The current node in a WSN adjusts its transmission rate based on the traffic loading information gained from the downstream node. Multi classification is used to control the congestion using Support Vector Machine (SVM). In order to get less miss classification error, Differential Evolution (DE) and Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithms are used to tune the SVM parameters. The comparative analysis has shown that the proposed approaches DE-SVM and GWO-SVM are more proficient than the other classification techniques in terms of classification error. © 2019 IEEE.

A blockchain-based privacy-preserving mechanism with aggregator as common communication point

- Yahaya, Adamu, Javaid, Nadeem, Khalid, Rabiya, Imran, Muhammad, Guizani, Mohsen

  • Authors: Yahaya, Adamu , Javaid, Nadeem , Khalid, Rabiya , Imran, Muhammad , Guizani, Mohsen
  • Date: 2020
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2020, Dublin, Ireland, 7 to 11 June, IEEE International Conference on Communications Vol. 2020-June
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  • Description: The high penetration of renewable energy resources into the distributed system and their intermittent behavior of the non-dispatchable generation causes issues of demand supply mismatch and serious security and privacy concerned in the system. It is believed that incorporating blockchain will reduce costs, enhance data security, and improve the system efficiency. However, privacy issues are not completely eliminated and can hinder the wide applications of blockchain. In the study, we present a Reputation Based Starvation Free Energy Allocation Policy (Reputation-SFEAP) in a decentralized and distributed blockchain-based energy trading; while keeping Aggregator as Common Communication Point. In addition, Identity-Based encryption (ID-Based encryption) technique is added that improves transactional information privacy. According to the research analysis, it is observed that the proposed system model has optimal and fair energy allocation algorithms, which prevent all the energy users from energy starvation and share the available energy accordingly. Moreover, the incorporated encryption system has greater security-privacy level, which protects passive attacker and disguises attacker from penetration. © 2020 IEEE.

Efficient data gathering in 3D linear underwater wireless sensor networks using sink mobility

- Akbar, Mariam, Javaid, Nadeem, Khan, Ayesha, Imran, Muhammad, Shoaib, Muhammad, Vasilakos, Athanasios

  • Authors: Akbar, Mariam , Javaid, Nadeem , Khan, Ayesha , Imran, Muhammad , Shoaib, Muhammad , Vasilakos, Athanasios
  • Date: 2016
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Sensors (Switzerland) Vol. 16, no. 3 (2016), p.
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  • Description: Due to the unpleasant and unpredictable underwater environment, designing an energy-efficient routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) demands more accuracy and extra computations. In the proposed scheme, we introduce a mobile sink (MS), i.e., an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), and also courier nodes (CNs), to minimize the energy consumption of nodes. MS and CNs stop at specific stops for data gathering; later on, CNs forward the received data to the MS for further transmission. By the mobility of CNs and MS, the overall energy consumption of nodes is minimized. We perform simulations to investigate the performance of the proposed scheme and compare it to preexisting techniques. Simulation results are compared in terms of network lifetime, throughput, path loss, transmission loss and packet drop ratio. The results show that the proposed technique performs better in terms of network lifetime, throughput, path loss and scalability. © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Secure energy trading for electric vehicles using consortium blockchain and k-nearest neighbor

- Ashfaq, Tehreem, Javaid, Nadeem, Javed, Muhammad, Imran, Muhammad, Haider, Noman, Nasser, Nidal

DE-RUSBoost : an efficient electricity theft detection scheme with additive communication layer

- Mujeeb, Sana, Javaid, Nadeem, Khalid, Rabiya, Imran, Muhammad, Naseer, Nidal

  • Authors: Mujeeb, Sana , Javaid, Nadeem , Khalid, Rabiya , Imran, Muhammad , Naseer, Nidal
  • Date: 2020
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications, ICC 2020, Dublin, Ireland, 7 to 11 June, IEEE International Conference on Communications Vol. 2020-June
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  • Description: Modern power grids depend on the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) for consumption monitoring, energy management and billing. However, AMIs are vulnerable to electricity theft cyber attacks due to addition of communication layer. Electricity theft is one of the major Non-Technical Losses (NTLs) in the electricity distribution systems that has become a global concern, recently. Although the machine learning techniques are widely used for Electricity Theft Detection (ETD) in literature, some significant challenges need to be address. (i) The consumption data is usually unlabeled, there should be proper method to label the data. (ii) The fair consumers significantly outnumber the fraudulent consumers, which negatively impacts the performance of classification algorithm. (iii) The performance of classifier must be validated using proper performance evaluation measures. In this paper, an enhanced ETD model is proposed that is an optimized classifier Differential Evaluation Random Under Sampling Boosting (DE-RUSBoost) is used for classification. Proposed classifier DE-RUSBoost is optimized using a metaheuristic optimization algorithm named Differential Evaluation (DE). The proposed method is evaluated on a real-world dataset, i.e., State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) datasets. DE-RUSBoost achieves the highest accuracy of 96% and low false detection rate of 0.004. The proposed method outperforms its counterparts in terms of accuracy and false detection rate. © 2020 IEEE.

Exploiting energy efficient routing protocols for void hole alleviation in IoT enabled underwater WSN

- Awais, Muhammad, Javaid, Nadeem, Naseer, Nidal, Imran, Muhammad

  • Authors: Awais, Muhammad , Javaid, Nadeem , Naseer, Nidal , Imran, Muhammad
  • Date: 2019
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 15th IEEE International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference, IWCMC 2019, Tangier, 24 to 28 June 2019 p. 1797-1802
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  • Description: In recent times, different routing protocols have been proposed in the Internet of Things enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (IoT-UWSNs) to explore the underwater environment for different purposes, i.e., scientific and military purposes. However, high Energy Consumption (EC), End to End (E2E) delay, low Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and minimum network lifetime make the energy efficient communication a challenging task in Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN). The high E2E delay, EC and reliable data delivery are the critical issues, which play an important role to enhance the network throughput. So, this paper presents two energy efficient routing protocols namely: Shortest Path-Collision avoidance Based Energy Efficient Routing (SP-CBE2R) protocol and Improved-Collision avoidance Based Energy Efficient Routing (Im-CBE2R) protocol. At this end, both routing protocols minimize the probability of void hole occurrence and in return minimizes the EC and E2E delay. In both routing protocols, courier nodes are positioned at different strategic locations to keep the greedy forwarding continuous. The proposed routing protocols are also analyzed by varying the Packet Size (PS) and Data Rate (DR). Additionally, various simulations have been performed to authenticate the proposed routing protocols. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocols outperform the baseline routing protocols in counterparts. © 2019 IEEE.

TFPMS : transactions filtering pattern matching scheme for vehicular networks based on blockchain

- Iftikhar, Muhammad, Javaid, Nadeem, Javaid, Sakeena, Imran, Muhammad, Nasser, Nidal

  • Authors: Iftikhar, Muhammad , Javaid, Nadeem , Javaid, Sakeena , Imran, Muhammad , Nasser, Nidal
  • Date: 2020
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 16th IEEE International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference, IWCMC 2020, Limassol, Cyprus, 15 to 19 June 2020, 2020 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, IWCMC 2020 p. 2128-2132
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  • Description: An Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) aims to achieve efficiency of traffic by minimizing its problems, such as traffic congestion, road accidents, etc. It is not only limited to control traffic congestion but also enhances the safety and comfort of the commuters. For road traffic safety and efficient infrastructure usage, vehicles need to communicate with each other to disseminate information related to traffic. However, vehicles cannot directly communicate with each other and other infrastructure because of privacy and security concerns. In the proposed work, blockchain is implemented on Road Side Units (RSUs) that are used to provide reliable communication between vehicles. Furthermore, cloud and edge servers are used to tackle the storage issue. We proposed a Transactions Filtering Pattern Matching Scheme (TFPMS) to filter the transactions before sending them to the blockchain network. In this way, it saves storage space and reduces computational overhead of blockchain. Moreover, we are exploiting consortium blockchain to implement our proposed scheme. Simulations are performed based on the number of transactions and cost to achieve high-quality data sharing between vehicles, which result in a reduction in storage overhead as compared to the existing schemes. © 2020 IEEE.

Conditional anonymity enabled blockchain-based ad dissemination in vehicular ad-hoc network

- Javed, Muhammad, Jamal, Abid, Javaid, Nadeem, Haider, Noman, Imran, Muhammad

  • Authors: Javed, Muhammad , Jamal, Abid , Javaid, Nadeem , Haider, Noman , Imran, Muhammad
  • Date: 2020
  • Type: Text , Conference paper
  • Relation: 16th IEEE International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference, IWCMC 2020, Limassol, Cyprus, 15 to 19 June 2020, 2020 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, IWCMC 2020 p. 2149-2153
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  • Description: I. Absract Advertisement sharing in vehicular network through vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication is a fascinating in-vehicle service for advertisers and the users due to multiple reasons. It enable advertisers to promote their product or services in the region of their interest. Also the users get to receive more relevant ads. Usually, users tend to contribute in dissemination of ads if their privacy is preserved and if some incentive is provided. Recent researches have focused on enabling both of the parameters for the users by developing fair incentive mechanism which preserves privacy by using Zero-Knowledge Proof of Knowledge (ZKPoK) [2]. However, the anonymity provided by ZKPoK can introduce internal attacker scenarios in the network due to which authenticated users can disseminate fake ads in the network without payment. As the existing scheme uses certificate-less cryptography, due to which malicious users cannot be removed from the network. In order to resolve these challenges, we employed conditional anonymity and introduced Monitoring Authority (MA) in the system. In our proposed scheme, the pseudonyms are assigned to the vehicles while their real identities are stored in Certification Authority (CA) in encrypted form. The pseudonyms are updated after a pre-defined time threshold to prevent behavioural privacy leakage. We performed security and performance analysis to show the efficiency of our proposed system. © 2020 IEEE.

Electricity theft detection for energy optimization using deep learning models

- Pamir, Javaid, Nadeem, Javed, Muhammad, Houran, Mohamad, Almasoud, Abdullah, Imran, Muhammad

  • Authors: Pamir , Javaid, Nadeem , Javed, Muhammad , Houran, Mohamad , Almasoud, Abdullah , Imran, Muhammad
  • Date: 2023
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Energy Science and Engineering Vol. 11, no. 10 (2023), p. 3575-3596
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  • Description: The rapid increase in nontechnical loss (NTL) has become a principal concern for distribution system operators (DSOs) over the years. Electricity theft makes up a major part of NTL. It causes losses for the DSOs and also deteriorates the quality of electricity. The introduction of advanced metering infrastructure along with the upgradation of the traditional grids to the smart grids (SGs) has helped the electric utilities to collect the electricity consumption (EC) readings of consumers, which further empowers the machine learning (ML) algorithms to be exploited for efficient electricity theft detection (ETD). However, there are still some shortcomings, such as class imbalance, curse of dimensionality, and bypassing the automated tuning of hyperparameters in the existing ML-based theft classification schemes that limit their performances. Therefore, it is essential to develop a novel approach to deal with these problems and efficiently detect electricity theft in SGs. Using the salp swarm algorithm (SSA), gate convolutional autoencoder (GCAE), and cost-sensitive learning and long short-term memory (CSLSTM), an effective ETD model named SSA–GCAE–CSLSTM is proposed in this work. Furthermore, a hybrid GCAE model is developed via the combination of gated recurrent unit and convolutional autoencoder. The proposed model comprises five submodules: (1) data preparation, (2) data balancing, (3) dimensionality reduction, (4) hyperparameters' optimization, and (5) electricity theft classification. The real-time EC data provided by the state grid corporation of China are used for performance evaluations via extensive simulations. The proposed model is compared with two basic models, CSLSTM and GCAE–CSLSTM, along with seven benchmarks, support vector machine, decision tree, extra trees, random forest, adaptive boosting, extreme gradient boosting, and convolutional neural network. The results exhibit that SSA–GCAE–CSLSTM yields 99.45% precision, 95.93% F1 score, 92.25% accuracy, and 71.13% area under the receiver operating characteristic curve score, and surpasses the other models in terms of ETD. © 2023 The Authors. Energy Science & Engineering published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.