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Adaptability of expert visual anticipation in baseball batting

- Müller, Sean, Fadde, Peter, Harbaugh, Allen

  • Authors: Müller, Sean , Fadde, Peter , Harbaugh, Allen
  • Date: 2017
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Sports Sciences Vol. 35, no. 17 (2017), p. 1682-1690
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  • Description: By manipulating stimulus variation in terms of opponent pitcher actions, this study investigated the capability of expert (n = 30) and near-expert (n = 95) professional baseball batters to adapt anticipation skill when using the video simulation temporal occlusion paradigm. Participants watched in-game footage of two pitchers, one after the other, that was temporally occluded at ball release and various points during ball flight. They were required to make a written prediction of pitch types and locations. Per cent accuracy was calculated for pitch type, for pitch location, and for type and location combined. Results indicated that experts and near-experts could adapt their anticipation to predict above guessing level across both pitchers, but adaptation to the left-handed pitcher was poorer than the right-handed pitcher. Small-to-moderate effect sizes were found in terms of superior adaptation by experts over near-experts at the ball release and early ball flight occlusion conditions. The findings of this study extend theoretical and applied knowledge of expertise in striking sports. Practical application of the instruments and findings are discussed in terms of applied researchers, practitioners and high-performance staff in professional sporting organisations. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Use of pitcher game footage to measure visual anticipation and its relationship to baseball batting statistics

- Morris-Binelli, Khaya, Müller, Sean, Fadde, Peter

  • Authors: Morris-Binelli, Khaya , Müller, Sean , Fadde, Peter
  • Date: 2018
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Motor Learning and Development Vol. 6, no. 2 (2018), p. 197-208
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  • Description: Professional baseball batters' (N = 105) visual anticipation of pitch type and location were measured using a video-based temporal occlusion test and correlated with their baseball batting statistics. Participants watched in-game footage of skilled baseball pitchers that was temporally occluded at the point of ball release, and at 80 ms and 200 ms after ball release. Participants made written predictions of pitch type and location. Results indicated there was a significant positive correlation between anticipation of combined pitch type and location 80 ms after ball release with slugging percentage (r = .21). There was a significant negative correlation between anticipation of pitch type alone 200 ms after ball release and strikeouts (r = -.28), indicating higher prediction is associated with fewer incorrect swing choices. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between anticipation of pitch type alone 200 ms after ball release and on-base percentage (r = .23) as well as walk-to-strikeout ratio (r = .25). These small relationships are consistent to the batting statistics we predicted and can be due to the range of competitive levels in the leagues the participants had played. The findings further theoretical and applied knowledge of the role visual anticipation contributes to baseball batting game performance. The findings also suggest that game footage can be used to assess and potentially to train visual anticipation skill, which is highly valuable for athletes and high performance support staff in sporting organizations. © 2018 Human Kinetics, Inc.

The relationship between visual anticipation and baseball batting game statistics

- Müller, Sean, Fadde, Peter

  • Authors: Müller, Sean , Fadde, Peter
  • Date: 2016
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Applied Sport Psychology Vol. 28, no. 1 (2016), p. 49-61
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  • Description: Visual anticipation of pitch type in single-A minor league baseball batters (N = 34) was measured using video-based temporal occlusion and correlated with real-world batting statistics. Anticipation of overall pitch type at front-foot impact was significantly correlated with base-on-balls percentage (r =.35), whereas anticipation of fastball/change-up combination at ball release was significantly correlated with base-on-balls percentage (r =.37) and on-base percentage (r =.37). Findings indicate that anticipation is likely one component of baseball batting performance. This helps consolidate a recent expert anticipation model of striking sports. Application of occlusion methodology to player develop programs is discussed. © 2016, Copyright © Association for Applied Sport Psychology.

Attributes of expert anticipation should inform the design of virtual reality simulators to accelerate learning and transfer of skill

- Müller, Sean, Dekker, Evan, Morris-Binelli, Khaya, Piggott, Benjamin, Hoyne, Gerard, Christensen, Wayne, Fadde, Peter, Zaichkowsky, Leonard, Brenton, John, Hambrick, David

  • Authors: Müller, Sean , Dekker, Evan , Morris-Binelli, Khaya , Piggott, Benjamin , Hoyne, Gerard , Christensen, Wayne , Fadde, Peter , Zaichkowsky, Leonard , Brenton, John , Hambrick, David
  • Date: 2023
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Sports Medicine Vol. 53, no. 2 (2023), p. 301-309
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  • Description: Expert sport performers cope with a multitude of visual information to achieve precise skill goals under time stress and pressure. For example, a major league baseball or cricket batter must read opponent variations in actions and ball flight paths to strike the ball in less than a second. Crowded playing schedules and training load restrictions to minimise injury have limited opportunity for field-based practice in sports. As a result, many sports organisations are exploring the use of virtual reality (VR) simulators. Whilst VR synthetic experiences can allow greater control of visual stimuli, immersion to create presence in an environment, and interaction with stimuli, compared to traditional video simulation, the underpinning mechanisms of how experts use visual information for anticipation have not been properly incorporated into its content design. In themes, this opinion article briefly explains the mechanisms underpinning expert visual anticipation, as well as its learning and transfer, with a view that this knowledge can better inform VR simulator content design. In each theme, examples are discussed for improved content design of VR simulators taking into consideration its advantages and limitations relative to video simulation techniques. Whilst sport is used as the exemplar, the points discussed have implications for skill learning in other domains, such as military and law enforcement. It is hoped that our paper will stimulate improved content design of VR simulators for future research and skill enhancement across several domains. © 2022, The Author(s). Correction to: Sports Medicine https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01735-7, Page 1: The affiliation for Evan Dekker, which previously read: 2Academic Services and Support Directorate, University Drive, Mt. Helen, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia has now been updated to read: Academic Services and Support Directorate, Federation University, University Drive, Mt. Helen, Ballarat, VIC 3350, Australia. The original article has been corrected.
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