Geohazard risk management for municipal planning in the Corangamite region, Victoria, Australia
- Dahlhaus, Peter, Miner, Anthony
- Authors: Dahlhaus, Peter , Miner, Anthony
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: Paper presented at The 10th international congress of the IAEG, Nottingham, UK : 6th September, 2006
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The Corangamite region covers an area of approximately 13,340 km2 and is located in south western Victoria, Australia. The population of approximately 400,000 persons is growing at 5.2% per year, and is served by nine municipalities within the region. The region's diverse range of landscapes and climatic conditions, result in a variety of geological hazards including landslides, soil erosion of all forms, coastal erosion, dryland salinity, potential acid sulphate soils, reactive soils and ground subsidence. These geohazards are increasingly recognised as a constraint on future urban development and a threat to the economic, social and environmental health of the region. Evaluation of the impacts of geological hazards by State government authorities, research institutions and consultants has been inconsistent, both in hazard identification and risk assessment methods. As a result, municipal planning authorities have lacked a consistent framework with which to assess the potential impacts from these hazards and those associated with new developments which may interact with the hazards. The use of risk assessment techniques for the management of landslides in Australia advanced significantly after the publication of the Australian Geomechanics Society's landslide risk management concepts and guidelines in 2000. These guidelines in turn were based on the Australian/New Zealand Standard on Risk Management. Similar risk management techniques have now been developed by the authors for the assessment of soil erosion and salinity for particular use by municipalities within the Corangamite region. A brief review of the nature and extent of landslides, salinity and erosion in the Corangamite region is detailed. The adopted methods of the risk management for each geohazard are described including a comparison of their applicability and an assessment of limitations with each method.
- Description: E1
- Description: 2003002055
- MacEwan, Richard, Dahlhaus, Peter, Fawcett, Jonathon
- Authors: MacEwan, Richard , Dahlhaus, Peter , Fawcett, Jonathon
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: Paper presented at 18th World Congress of Soil Science, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA : 9th-15th July 2006
- Full Text: false
- Description: Soil is the component in the landscape along with land use management and vegetation that determines all the partitioning of water balance components that affect surface hydrology (runoff to waterways and wetlands) and recharge to groundwater. Most soil and land degradation processes are hydrologically driven or depend on hydrological conditions. Conceptual models and quantification of erosion processes (wind erosion is a result of lack of moisture), land salinisation, acidification, nutrient loss and impacts of nutrient movement, all require an understanding of the role of hydrology specific to the landscape under consideration. In Australia, salinity is a major problem for agriculture in irrigated and rainfed (‘dryland agriculture) land and has significant economic impacts in urban areas too. A general water balance approach has been used to conceptualise the processes and the problem. Large scale clearing of treed landscapes in favour of annual crops and pastures has been seen as the major change in the water balance of Australian landscapes since settlement. This change in vegetation and water use is frequently cited as the most significant factor in causing land salinisation, which is attributed to increase in groundwater recharge, mobilisation of salts, groundwater rise and discharge. We provide three case studies for landscapes that require quite different conceptual models and all of which are in some degree counter to the developed conventional wisdom regarding increased salinity. These case studies illustrate the importance of developing an appropriate conceptual model of hydrological processes in the ‘critical zone', in particular for implementation of policy and practice in land management. Case 1. South Eastern Dundas Tablelands, Victoria. In this landscape the apparent degradation of land by salinity is the result of changed hydrological conditions but has not resulted from increased groundwater discharge or increased salt accumulation. We have evidence that groundwater recharge and discharge have not increased since clearing of the landscape during European settlement. Laboratory hydrological studies in large diameter cores from soil and regolith, interpretation of redoximorphic features and functional horizons in the field and analysis of historical records of streamflow support this hypothesis. We also show that the degradation of salt affected areas is due to fluctuating waterlogging and drying of the soil causing cyclic redox conditions and changes in soil chemistry. Case 2. Dissected Coastal Plain, Victoria. In this landscape, slowly permeable marine clay overlain by coastal sand deposits provides a classic ‘layer cake' picture of differentially permeable material. The unconsolidated nature of the clays and the relatively deep dissection that exists presents a landslide prone landscape and one that also shows the effects of salting in low areas. In this region we show that upward pressure from a deep (200 m) confined freshwater aquifer maintains saturation in the marine clay and that waterlogging, landslides and salinity result from hydrological dynamics of the upper few metres of regolith and soil. Evidence has been collected from field survey, groundwater studies, geotechnical measurements and regolith mineralogy. Case 3. Granite Uplands, Victoria. In this landscape we have interpreted redoximorphic features of functional horizons and measurement of shallow groundwater salinities in a toposequence. Our conceptual model is of a regional saline groundwater system discharging in springs relatively high in the landscape. We show the role of shallow throughflow of water in the soil in spreading salt from these point sources, simultaneously diluting the effect of salinity in local drainage lines but increasing the area of salt affected land upslope from the drainage lines. In each case study area we have been compelled to develop an understanding that fits the landscape realities. We have used empirical observations and interpretation of soil morphology, regolith and groundwater characteristics, laboratory studies, soil chemistry and hydro-chemistry to support our work. We stress the importance of this approach integrating the sciences of hydrology, pedology, chemistry and geology in coming to appropriate conclusions about land degradation processes, especially if we are to advise on land management investment and policy to tackle degradation.
- Description: 2003002070
The impact of landslides and erosion in the Corangamite region, Victoria, Australia
- Dahlhaus, Peter, Miner, Anthony, Feltham, W., Clarkson, Troy
- Authors: Dahlhaus, Peter , Miner, Anthony , Feltham, W. , Clarkson, Troy
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: Paper presented at the Geological Society of London 2006, Nottingham, United Kingdom : 6th September, 2006
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The Corangamite region in southwest Victoria, Australia is subject to a variety of geohazards, among which landslides and erosion have the most significant impact. Over the past fifty years, landslides have resulted in loss of life and many millions of dollars damage to municipal infrastructure and development. Soil erosion by water and wind has also impacted on the region's waterways and environment, threatening a diverse range of assets from urban water quality to Ramsar-listed wetlands. More assets are placed at risk each year, as the increasing regional population results in an acceleration of anthropogenic modifications to landscapes. A comprehensive GIS database was initiated by assembling all publicly available previous databases and reports documenting landslides and erosion in the 1,340 km2 region. New data were added by mapping occurrences which were visible on high-resolution ortho-corrected aerial photographs. The field-checking of the occurrences was assisted by the participation of the local community, municipal officers and catchment management coordinators. At present 2163 landslides and 2380 erosion sites have been identified, mapped and referenced in the database. It is believed that thousands more instances exist, but these cannot be identified at the aerial photo scale, or are obscured by dense vegetation. A spatial analysis has been undertaken to identify landscape parameters which correlate with the occurrences. Historical aerial photography was used in selected locations to identify the rates of erosion and landslide events. The inventory has been used to estimate the economic, social and environmental costs of landslides and soil erosion within the region, using documented instances of damage and the costs of remediation. Combined with the value of the assets and elements at risk, the potential likelihood of occurrence and associated consequences, these estimates are used to develop a strategy for the investment of public funds in remediation.
- Description: E1
- Description: 2003002058
- Miner, Anthony, Flentje, Phil, Mazengrab, Colin, Selkirk-Bell, Jennifer, Dahlhaus, Peter
- Authors: Miner, Anthony , Flentje, Phil , Mazengrab, Colin , Selkirk-Bell, Jennifer , Dahlhaus, Peter
- Date: 2008
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 10th International Symposium on Landslides and Engineered Slopes
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Techniques for landslide risk management in Australia have evolved considerably since the publication of the first formal process in 1985. The Australian Geomechanics Society recently published the next generation of updated landslide risk documents in 2007. The estimation of landslide likelihood is fundamental to the outcome of the landslide risk management process. However, experienced practitioners still regard this component as one of the most difficult and challenging aspects of the assessment as it requires information about the age of landslides, an understanding of landscape processes and the rate of slope evolution. Such information is difficult to obtain and is often not a core competency among practitioners undertaking landslide risk assessment. In order to provide insight into the methods of estimating and constraining landslide likelihood, a number of different geomorphological approaches are herewith reviewed through a series of selected Australian cases studies. Whilst the case studies highlight inherent limitations and uncertainties they also demonstrate how geomorphological studies can provide validation and constraints to a quantification of likelihood and ultimately risk.
Historic urban landscapes and visualising Ballarat : Citizen participation for sustainable urban planning and design
- Murphy, Angela, Dahlhaus, Peter, Thompson, Helen
- Authors: Murphy, Angela , Dahlhaus, Peter , Thompson, Helen
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Conference proceedings , Conference paper
- Relation: 3rd Annual Conference of Research@Locate, R@Loc 2016; Melbourne, Australia; 12th-14th April 2016; published in CEUR Workshop Proceedings
- Full Text:
- Description: Technological innovation has provided enhanced capacity for knowledge building, for connection and for improved infrastructure planning in the development of the modern city. In parallel to the building of technology supported urban planning and design capacity, a debate has emerged around the need to maximise citizen participation in urban planning. The role of identity, culture and social context has been assessed as being as integral to sustainability in urban planning as is infrastructure management. In 2011 UNESCO, through the mechanism of the recommendation for Historic Urban Landscapes (HUL), created an imperative for the overt recognition of the role of culture, place and identity in sustainable urban planning. The City of Ballarat, Victoria, was the first of a series of international cities to pilot HUL and commit to inclusive citizen based collaboration in urban planning. Through online technology, a platform for partnership building was established. Developed and supported through the Centre for eResearch and Digital Innovation at Federation University Australia, the HUL and Visualising Ballarat portals track the diversity of urban landscapes-from built environment to geomorphology to cultural identity-and facilitate their inclusion in planning and resource allocation. Crowdsourcing was promoted as pivotal in this process, while spatial innovation provided a means through which to bring to life the notion of distinctiveness, identity and place. Through mapping intangibles across complex and diverse groups within community, the potential for improving the quality and management of the planning process was found to be enhanced. Local Area Planning provided a mechanism for a conceptual alignment of past and present and the voice of community has gained a stronger (and more disruptive) voice in determining what communities' value within their lived environment. This shift was assessed as playing an important, and increasingly recognised, role in sustainable urban planning and design.
- Description: CEUR Workshop Proceedings
- Authors: Murphy, Angela , Dahlhaus, Peter , Thompson, Helen
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Conference proceedings , Conference paper
- Relation: 3rd Annual Conference of Research@Locate, R@Loc 2016; Melbourne, Australia; 12th-14th April 2016; published in CEUR Workshop Proceedings
- Full Text:
- Description: Technological innovation has provided enhanced capacity for knowledge building, for connection and for improved infrastructure planning in the development of the modern city. In parallel to the building of technology supported urban planning and design capacity, a debate has emerged around the need to maximise citizen participation in urban planning. The role of identity, culture and social context has been assessed as being as integral to sustainability in urban planning as is infrastructure management. In 2011 UNESCO, through the mechanism of the recommendation for Historic Urban Landscapes (HUL), created an imperative for the overt recognition of the role of culture, place and identity in sustainable urban planning. The City of Ballarat, Victoria, was the first of a series of international cities to pilot HUL and commit to inclusive citizen based collaboration in urban planning. Through online technology, a platform for partnership building was established. Developed and supported through the Centre for eResearch and Digital Innovation at Federation University Australia, the HUL and Visualising Ballarat portals track the diversity of urban landscapes-from built environment to geomorphology to cultural identity-and facilitate their inclusion in planning and resource allocation. Crowdsourcing was promoted as pivotal in this process, while spatial innovation provided a means through which to bring to life the notion of distinctiveness, identity and place. Through mapping intangibles across complex and diverse groups within community, the potential for improving the quality and management of the planning process was found to be enhanced. Local Area Planning provided a mechanism for a conceptual alignment of past and present and the voice of community has gained a stronger (and more disruptive) voice in determining what communities' value within their lived environment. This shift was assessed as playing an important, and increasingly recognised, role in sustainable urban planning and design.
- Description: CEUR Workshop Proceedings
The journey to a water sensitive city - a case study of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
- Ebbs, David, Kandra, Harpreet, Dahlhaus, Peter
- Authors: Ebbs, David , Kandra, Harpreet , Dahlhaus, Peter
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 37th Hydrology & Water Resources Symposium 2016: Water, Infrastructure and the Environment p. 107-114
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Water security is a vital part of ensuring a sustainable future. This is particularly true for many cities in Australia where relatively low rainfall, population growth and climate change places communities under water stress. The 'Water Sensitive City' is one in which water is drawn from a range of water supplies and that sustainably interacts with its surrounding environment. Every city has a unique water history in which the economic, environmental and social history have impacted on the development of water management. Tracking the evolution of water management of a city from its initial stages can provide information regarding the journey towards a Water Sensitive City. Water management in Ballarat has been tracked from the establishment of the first water supply to the city in the 1850's until 2015 using historical records from the local water authority. These records show that Ballarat generally followed the classical water development model with the introduction of water supply, sewerage and water treatment. Water use in Ballarat increased dramatically from 1941 until 1980, in line with increased standards of living as expected. However, after this time water use decreased despite continued population growth, and commercial water use decreased as a percentage of total use and external water use also declined. The reasons behind the decline in water use since 1980 may contain lessons that can be used in the establishment of Water Sensitive Cities.
Exploring a flow regime and its historical changes downstream of an urbanised catchment
- Ebbs, David, Dahlhaus, Peter, Barton, Andrew, Kandra, Harpreet
- Authors: Ebbs, David , Dahlhaus, Peter , Barton, Andrew , Kandra, Harpreet
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 10th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design: Creating water sensitive communities (WSUD 2018 & Hydropolis 2018), Perth, Western Australia p. 131-141
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The rapid growth of Ballarat's urban area, an inland city of approximately 100,000 people in south-eastern Australia, suggests that it is suitable for stormwater capture and reuse. With a threefold increase in the number of dwellings in recent decades, along with a 90% increase in their average size, it should follow that there is evidence of more flow being generated from the urban areas. However, while additional runoff from the growth of impervious areas may be occurring, the overall flow in the receiving river has dramatically reduced with a 60% decrease in the rainfall-runoff relationship since 1997. This reduction in river flow seems disproportionate to any association with the Millennium Drought which occurred during 1997 to 2009. The evidence of river flow has been complicated by other changes in the catchment. A change in the rainfall-runoff relationship has been identified in other similar catchments, and may lead to significant impacts on water resource management over the long term. To better understand the impacts on river flow downstream of an urbanised catchment, the flow has been partitioned into various components over time using the daily stream flow data available from 1957. Base flow, calculated as the stream flow after periods of four or more days without rain, has decreased. Transfers, predominantly from other catchments for use as potable supply and entering the river via the waste water treatment plant, have remained steady, but now make up the vast majority of dry weather flow. While climatic variations have impacted the river significantly the actual streamflow reduction has been twice that predicted by data from the Australian Water Resources Assessment. A significant increase in the number of small farm dams due to the expansion of peri-urban living around Ballarat explains a further portion of the flow reduction. This paper highlights multiple factors which influence river flow and demonstrates how increases in urbanised area do not necessarily create additional river flow at larger aggregate scales. The investigation therefore provides a cautionary tale around assumptions of stormwater harvesting and any perceived benefit to river flow, and provides insights into the importance of collecting water information of the correct type and scale to help inform future integrated urban water management efforts.
- Authors: Ebbs, David , Dahlhaus, Peter , Barton, Andrew , Kandra, Harpreet
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 10th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design: Creating water sensitive communities (WSUD 2018 & Hydropolis 2018), Perth, Western Australia p. 131-141
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The rapid growth of Ballarat's urban area, an inland city of approximately 100,000 people in south-eastern Australia, suggests that it is suitable for stormwater capture and reuse. With a threefold increase in the number of dwellings in recent decades, along with a 90% increase in their average size, it should follow that there is evidence of more flow being generated from the urban areas. However, while additional runoff from the growth of impervious areas may be occurring, the overall flow in the receiving river has dramatically reduced with a 60% decrease in the rainfall-runoff relationship since 1997. This reduction in river flow seems disproportionate to any association with the Millennium Drought which occurred during 1997 to 2009. The evidence of river flow has been complicated by other changes in the catchment. A change in the rainfall-runoff relationship has been identified in other similar catchments, and may lead to significant impacts on water resource management over the long term. To better understand the impacts on river flow downstream of an urbanised catchment, the flow has been partitioned into various components over time using the daily stream flow data available from 1957. Base flow, calculated as the stream flow after periods of four or more days without rain, has decreased. Transfers, predominantly from other catchments for use as potable supply and entering the river via the waste water treatment plant, have remained steady, but now make up the vast majority of dry weather flow. While climatic variations have impacted the river significantly the actual streamflow reduction has been twice that predicted by data from the Australian Water Resources Assessment. A significant increase in the number of small farm dams due to the expansion of peri-urban living around Ballarat explains a further portion of the flow reduction. This paper highlights multiple factors which influence river flow and demonstrates how increases in urbanised area do not necessarily create additional river flow at larger aggregate scales. The investigation therefore provides a cautionary tale around assumptions of stormwater harvesting and any perceived benefit to river flow, and provides insights into the importance of collecting water information of the correct type and scale to help inform future integrated urban water management efforts.
Losing stormwater: 60 years of urbanisation and reduced downstream flow
- Ebbs, David, Dahlhaus, Peter, Barton, Andrew, Kandra, Harpreet
- Authors: Ebbs, David , Dahlhaus, Peter , Barton, Andrew , Kandra, Harpreet
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 10th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design: Creating water sensitive communities (WSUD 2018 & Hydropolis 2018), 12-15 February 2018, Perth, Western Australia p. 142-151
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The potential for stormwater to supplement traditional water supplies from upstream catchments or groundwater is high, with claims that the quantity of additional runoff from impervious surfaces in a modern city in a temperate climate is greater than the total potable water demand. To ensure the success of Integrated Urban Water Management, it must consider the broad context of catchment management and the cumulative effect of all factors including river health. Ballarat, an inland city of approximately 100,000 people in south-eastern Australia, has many attributes necessary to potentially exploit stormwater. Given the doubling of population, tripling of residences and 90% increase in average residence size over the past 60 years, over which time flow data is available for the downstream waterway, it might be expected that the flow in the river downstream of the city within the catchment would reflect additional stormwater runoff. However, no increase in flow was detected between 1957 and 1996 while flow over the past 20 years has reduced by 60%. A water balance shows this decrease was not due to extractions as the stream has been a consistent net receiver of water from other catchments. Modelling data from the Australian Water Resources Assessment indicates that the reduction in streamflow is double what might be expected due to climatic variations. Between 1957 and 1996 there was no significant difference between modelled runoff and actual flow, however from 1997 onwards there is a significant divergence. While lower runoff may be expected during the period of drought, the rainfall-runoff relationship does not return to previous levels during latter years of rainfall. The effect is greater during higher flow months, which has significance when identifying potential additional water resources. Base flow has been reduced to the point where dry weather flow is reliant on waste water treatment plant and mine discharge. This study indicates that while impervious surfaces generate higher runoff which can cause environmental damage, making stormwater an attractive water source, consideration must be given to the impacts on the whole catchment when assessing alternative supply options.
- Authors: Ebbs, David , Dahlhaus, Peter , Barton, Andrew , Kandra, Harpreet
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 10th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design: Creating water sensitive communities (WSUD 2018 & Hydropolis 2018), 12-15 February 2018, Perth, Western Australia p. 142-151
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The potential for stormwater to supplement traditional water supplies from upstream catchments or groundwater is high, with claims that the quantity of additional runoff from impervious surfaces in a modern city in a temperate climate is greater than the total potable water demand. To ensure the success of Integrated Urban Water Management, it must consider the broad context of catchment management and the cumulative effect of all factors including river health. Ballarat, an inland city of approximately 100,000 people in south-eastern Australia, has many attributes necessary to potentially exploit stormwater. Given the doubling of population, tripling of residences and 90% increase in average residence size over the past 60 years, over which time flow data is available for the downstream waterway, it might be expected that the flow in the river downstream of the city within the catchment would reflect additional stormwater runoff. However, no increase in flow was detected between 1957 and 1996 while flow over the past 20 years has reduced by 60%. A water balance shows this decrease was not due to extractions as the stream has been a consistent net receiver of water from other catchments. Modelling data from the Australian Water Resources Assessment indicates that the reduction in streamflow is double what might be expected due to climatic variations. Between 1957 and 1996 there was no significant difference between modelled runoff and actual flow, however from 1997 onwards there is a significant divergence. While lower runoff may be expected during the period of drought, the rainfall-runoff relationship does not return to previous levels during latter years of rainfall. The effect is greater during higher flow months, which has significance when identifying potential additional water resources. Base flow has been reduced to the point where dry weather flow is reliant on waste water treatment plant and mine discharge. This study indicates that while impervious surfaces generate higher runoff which can cause environmental damage, making stormwater an attractive water source, consideration must be given to the impacts on the whole catchment when assessing alternative supply options.
Analysis of a combined circular–toppling slope failure in an open–pit
- Al Mandalawi, Maged, You, Greg, Dahlhaus, Peter, Dowling, Kim, Sabry, Mohannad
- Authors: Al Mandalawi, Maged , You, Greg , Dahlhaus, Peter , Dowling, Kim , Sabry, Mohannad
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 2nd GeoMEast International Congress and Exhibition on Sustainable Civil Infrastructures, Egypt 2018 - The official international congress of the Soil-Structure Interaction Group in Egypt, SSIGE 2018 p. 10-30
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Most studies of rock slope failures on open–pit mines have considered either toppling or circular failure stability analysis. By comparison, complex circular–toppling failure has received much less attention in the published literature. This paper presents a study using a range of methods to investigate a failure that occurred in July 2008 in Handlebar Hill, an open–pit base metal mine, near Mt Isa, Australia. Circular failure is the typical slope failure mechanism in slopes with low–strength rocks, although direct/flexural toppling of jointed columns can also occur. The study reviews circular–toppling failure mechanisms in the context of the local geotechnical and geo–hydrological conditions, which include the interaction between fault contacts and the existing deformed rocks. General limit equilibrium methods are used to evaluate the sensitivity of slope models to rock strength parameters and the trigger mechanisms. Finite element methods are used to assess the failure mechanisms and slope displacement, and a kinematic approach is used to evaluate structurally controlled slope instability mechanisms. The results demonstrate that the most credible failure mechanism was shearing along a circular path through the upper weaker rocks (leached Magazine Shale) that in turn initiated secondary block toppling, and the progressive nature of the slope failure mechanism. The use of conventional and numerical techniques for back–analysis of the combined circular–toppling failure provided key insights into the failure mechanisms and factors controlling slope instability. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Modelling and analyses of rock bridge fracture and step-path failure in open-pit mine rock slope
- Al Mandalawi, Maged, You, Greg, Dahlhaus, Peter, Dowling, Kim, Sabry, Mays
- Authors: Al Mandalawi, Maged , You, Greg , Dahlhaus, Peter , Dowling, Kim , Sabry, Mays
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 2nd GeoMEast International Congress and Exhibition on Sustainable Civil Infrastructures, Egypt 2018 - The official international congress of the Soil-Structure Interaction Group in Egypt, SSIGE 2018, 24-28 November 2018 p. 198-226
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Rock Bridge fracturing and coalescence with pre-existing discontinuities in rock mass due to the initiation, propagation and interaction of these fractures refers to instability mode of step-path failure. Step-path failure is a typical type of instable mode of man-made and natural rock slopes. The continuum finite element method was applied to work on deeper insight into the propagation of tensile cracks which developing in the intact rock bridges that can finally coalesce to form step-path failure. In this paper, based on the intact rock fracturing hypothesis, two selected slope simulations from the Handlebar Hill open - pit mine near Mt. Isa in Queensland, Australia, modeled the process of fracturing and step-path failure through different pre-existing discontinuities. The empirical models of Bobet and Einstein (1998) and the progressively cracks development are observed within crack initiation, propagation and coalescence in the intact rock bridges. Proposed slope models of the mine included four joint-net distributions through the rock masses considering the geometry of structures (dip angles, spacing, lengths and orientation) illustrated the extension cracks from the flaw tips and propagated to the slope surface. Modes of intact rock bridges fracturing (shear, tensile and a combination of shear and tensile) have been observed. Tensile fracture is usually generated when the rock bridge angle is sub-vertical. Shear fracture can be initiated in less steep rock bridge angles. A combination of shear and tensile failure is normally generated in slopes with. Slope with explicit large-scale structures of steeper dip angles increased the yielding. Larger structures show much higher potential for yielding as the tensile stresses increasing. Major joint plane spacing resulted in less potential for relative deformations between neighboring structures and consequently reduced slope instability. The changes of length and spacing have more influence on slope stability than a change in the dip angle of the structures. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Online Farm Trials (OFT) – the past, present and future
- Robinson, Nathan, Dahlhaus, Peter, Feely, Paul, Light, Kate, MacLeod, Andrew
- Authors: Robinson, Nathan , Dahlhaus, Peter , Feely, Paul , Light, Kate , MacLeod, Andrew
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: Proceedings of the 19th Australian Society of Agronomy Conference,25-29 August 2019, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Online Farm Trials (OFT) (www.farmtrials.com.au) is a free web-based resource and trial discovery system that contains more than 7,100 trials from 76 different organisations from across Australia. Since its inception in 2013, OFT has developed via a collaborative approach with grower groups, research organisations, agricultural experts and grains industry organisations. This ensures the outcomes are highly relevant, practical and beneficial for growers. Users can view, analyse and export grains research data as well as compare trials based upon historical, geographic and crop-specific search filters. Current developments include seasonally relevant collections of trials to highlight priority topics and aid on-farm decision making. To meet the future needs of industry stakeholders, system developments are planned to include expanded trial research information access, foster innovation through publishing and promoting active trials and enhance trial data standards and quality. **Please note that there are multiple Federation University authors for this article, including the name of the first 5 and also including “Rob Milne, Julie Parker, Helen Thompson, Judi Walters and Ben Wills" is provided in this record**
- Authors: Robinson, Nathan , Dahlhaus, Peter , Feely, Paul , Light, Kate , MacLeod, Andrew
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: Proceedings of the 19th Australian Society of Agronomy Conference,25-29 August 2019, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Online Farm Trials (OFT) (www.farmtrials.com.au) is a free web-based resource and trial discovery system that contains more than 7,100 trials from 76 different organisations from across Australia. Since its inception in 2013, OFT has developed via a collaborative approach with grower groups, research organisations, agricultural experts and grains industry organisations. This ensures the outcomes are highly relevant, practical and beneficial for growers. Users can view, analyse and export grains research data as well as compare trials based upon historical, geographic and crop-specific search filters. Current developments include seasonally relevant collections of trials to highlight priority topics and aid on-farm decision making. To meet the future needs of industry stakeholders, system developments are planned to include expanded trial research information access, foster innovation through publishing and promoting active trials and enhance trial data standards and quality. **Please note that there are multiple Federation University authors for this article, including the name of the first 5 and also including “Rob Milne, Julie Parker, Helen Thompson, Judi Walters and Ben Wills" is provided in this record**
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