Efficacy of various complex and contrast set protocols acute responses and chronic muscle power development.
- Authors: Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Thesis
- Full Text:
- Description: PhD
- Description: "The complex and contrast methods are two separate, but related approaches to resistance training that present intriguing options for coaches who are seeking to enhance an athletes explosive lower body movement. This intrigue is caused by the post-activation potentiation (PAP) phenomenon, which provides the physiological underpinning for these training methods. Exploitation of the PAP response is believed to elicit acute responses, and ultimately chronic adaptations in an individuals explosive force producing ability to an extent that is greater than can be obtained through conventional training methods. However, evidence to support the use of these training methods is derived from investigations that have reported acute increases in performance within a single session and not over an extended period of time. Additionally, the complex method of training, in which sets of a heavy resistance exercise (conditioning action) are performed prior to sets of a lighter explosive exercise has not been investigated as extensively as the contrast method, in which heavy and light exercises are alternated in a set-by-set fashion, leading to question which method is more effective. Furthermore, it is currently not understood if a static or dynamic conditioning action is more effective in complex or contrast methods, and how a change in body position from seated to standing acutely effects explosive lower body movement. Therefore, four studies were designed to address these current gaps in the literature." "The first study sought to determine the reliability of the explosive force variables of jump height (JH), peak bar velocity (BV), peak force (PF), and peak power (PP) obtained from a countermovement jump (CMJ) test." "The second study of the thesis examined the acute responses to five different unconventional resistance training methods which attempted to capitalise on a PAP response and one conventional session where CMJs were performed without any influence from a previous conditioning action." "The third investigation of this thesis was a nine-week training study in which participants were randomly assigned to two training interventions, conventional (n = 11) or complex (n = 9)." "Due to the dramatic improvements observed in CMJ height, that were not observed in other variables, it was questioned whether the specific instructions provided to participants during training and testing throughout the study to jump for maximal height had any influence on these results. This question led to the design of a fourth study. Though not directly related to complex or contrast training, this investigation into the effects of instructions on CMJ variables has scope to alter the way this test is conducted both in research and in a practical setting.
- Authors: Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Thesis
- Full Text:
- Description: PhD
- Description: "The complex and contrast methods are two separate, but related approaches to resistance training that present intriguing options for coaches who are seeking to enhance an athletes explosive lower body movement. This intrigue is caused by the post-activation potentiation (PAP) phenomenon, which provides the physiological underpinning for these training methods. Exploitation of the PAP response is believed to elicit acute responses, and ultimately chronic adaptations in an individuals explosive force producing ability to an extent that is greater than can be obtained through conventional training methods. However, evidence to support the use of these training methods is derived from investigations that have reported acute increases in performance within a single session and not over an extended period of time. Additionally, the complex method of training, in which sets of a heavy resistance exercise (conditioning action) are performed prior to sets of a lighter explosive exercise has not been investigated as extensively as the contrast method, in which heavy and light exercises are alternated in a set-by-set fashion, leading to question which method is more effective. Furthermore, it is currently not understood if a static or dynamic conditioning action is more effective in complex or contrast methods, and how a change in body position from seated to standing acutely effects explosive lower body movement. Therefore, four studies were designed to address these current gaps in the literature." "The first study sought to determine the reliability of the explosive force variables of jump height (JH), peak bar velocity (BV), peak force (PF), and peak power (PP) obtained from a countermovement jump (CMJ) test." "The second study of the thesis examined the acute responses to five different unconventional resistance training methods which attempted to capitalise on a PAP response and one conventional session where CMJs were performed without any influence from a previous conditioning action." "The third investigation of this thesis was a nine-week training study in which participants were randomly assigned to two training interventions, conventional (n = 11) or complex (n = 9)." "Due to the dramatic improvements observed in CMJ height, that were not observed in other variables, it was questioned whether the specific instructions provided to participants during training and testing throughout the study to jump for maximal height had any influence on these results. This question led to the design of a fourth study. Though not directly related to complex or contrast training, this investigation into the effects of instructions on CMJ variables has scope to alter the way this test is conducted both in research and in a practical setting.
The effect of including a series of isometric conditioning contractions to the rowing warm-up on 1,000-m rowing ergometer time trial performance
- Feros, Simon, Young, Warren, Rice, Anthony, Talpey, Scott
- Authors: Feros, Simon , Young, Warren , Rice, Anthony , Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2012
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 26, no. 12 (2012), p. 3326-3334
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The effect of including a series of isometric conditioning contractions to the rowing warm-up on 1,000-m rowing ergometer time trial performance. J Strength Cond Res 26(12): 3326-3334, 2012- Rowing requires strength, power, and strength-endurance for optimal performance. A rowing-based warm-up could be enhanced by exploiting the postactivation potentiation (PAP) phenomenon, acutely enhancing power output at the beginning of a race where it is needed most. Minimal research has investigated the effects of PAP on events of longer duration (i.e. 1,000-m rowing). The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of PAP on 1,000-m rowing ergometer performance through the use of 2 different warm-up procedures: (a) a rowing warm-up combined with a series of isometric conditioning contractions, known as the potentiated warm-up (PW), and (b) a rowing warm-up only (NW). The isometric conditioning contractions in the PW were performed by "pulling" an immovable handle on the rowing ergometer, consisting of 5 sets of 5 seconds (2 seconds at submaximal intensity, and 3 seconds at maximal intensity), with a 15-second recovery between sets. The 1,000-m rowing ergometer time trial was performed after each warm-up condition, whereby mean power output, mean stroke rate, and split time were assessed every 100 m. Ten Australian national level rowers served as the subjects and performed both conditions in a counterbalanced order on separate days. The PW reduced 1,000-m time by 0.8% (p > 0.05). The PW improved mean power output by 6.6% (p < 0.01) and mean stroke rate by 5.2% (p < 0.01) over the first 500 m; resulting in a reduction of 500-m time by 1.9% (p < 0.01), compared with the NW. It appears that the inclusion of isometric conditioning contractions to the rowing warm-up enhance short-term rowing ergometer performance (especially at the start of a race) to a greater extent than a rowing warm-up alone. © 2012 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
- Description: 2003010579
- Authors: Feros, Simon , Young, Warren , Rice, Anthony , Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2012
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 26, no. 12 (2012), p. 3326-3334
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The effect of including a series of isometric conditioning contractions to the rowing warm-up on 1,000-m rowing ergometer time trial performance. J Strength Cond Res 26(12): 3326-3334, 2012- Rowing requires strength, power, and strength-endurance for optimal performance. A rowing-based warm-up could be enhanced by exploiting the postactivation potentiation (PAP) phenomenon, acutely enhancing power output at the beginning of a race where it is needed most. Minimal research has investigated the effects of PAP on events of longer duration (i.e. 1,000-m rowing). The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of PAP on 1,000-m rowing ergometer performance through the use of 2 different warm-up procedures: (a) a rowing warm-up combined with a series of isometric conditioning contractions, known as the potentiated warm-up (PW), and (b) a rowing warm-up only (NW). The isometric conditioning contractions in the PW were performed by "pulling" an immovable handle on the rowing ergometer, consisting of 5 sets of 5 seconds (2 seconds at submaximal intensity, and 3 seconds at maximal intensity), with a 15-second recovery between sets. The 1,000-m rowing ergometer time trial was performed after each warm-up condition, whereby mean power output, mean stroke rate, and split time were assessed every 100 m. Ten Australian national level rowers served as the subjects and performed both conditions in a counterbalanced order on separate days. The PW reduced 1,000-m time by 0.8% (p > 0.05). The PW improved mean power output by 6.6% (p < 0.01) and mean stroke rate by 5.2% (p < 0.01) over the first 500 m; resulting in a reduction of 500-m time by 1.9% (p < 0.01), compared with the NW. It appears that the inclusion of isometric conditioning contractions to the rowing warm-up enhance short-term rowing ergometer performance (especially at the start of a race) to a greater extent than a rowing warm-up alone. © 2012 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
- Description: 2003010579
The acute effects of conventional, complex, and contrast protocols on lower-body power
- Talpey, Scott, Young, Warren, Saunders, Natalie
- Authors: Talpey, Scott , Young, Warren , Saunders, Natalie
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 28, no. 2 (February 2014 2014), p. 361-366
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Talpey, SW, Young, WB, and Saunders, N. The acute effects of conventional, complex, and contrast protocols on lowerbody power. J Strength Cond Res 28(2): 361-366, 2014- This study compared conventional, complex, and contrast protocols on peak power (PP) output. Static vs. dynamic contractions were also manipulated to determine the effect of these confounding variables. Eighteen recreationally trained men [age, 21.1 ± 3.3 years; body mass, 81.7 ± 15.9 kg; height, 182.8 ± 6.2 cm; 5 repetition maximum (5RM) half back squat, 119.2 ± 25.4 kg; 5RM/BW, 1.5 ± 0.2 kg] involved in sports including Australian Rules football, basketball, soccer, and rugby participated in this investigation. Five protocols were executed in a randomized order, a conventional protocol in which 3 sets of 4 countermovement jumps (CMJs) were performed 2 minutes apart. Contrast protocols using a heavy resistance conditioning action of either 4 repetitions with a 5RM load or a 5-second static back squat were alternated with sets of 4 CMJs. Complex conditions with 3 sets of 4 repetitions of a 5RM back squat or a 5-second static back squat were performed before the 3 sets of CMJs. In all conditions, 4 minutes of rest followed sets of heavy resistance exercises and 2 minutes of rest followed each set of CMJs. Individual set means and a total session mean were calculated from each CMJ performed during the session. Results showed that the conventional protocol produced significantly greater PP than all conditions except for the dynamic complex and the static contrast. Results suggest that the use of the complex and contrast protocols used in this investigation should not be used for acute increases in lower-body PP in recreationally trained individuals.
- Authors: Talpey, Scott , Young, Warren , Saunders, Natalie
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 28, no. 2 (February 2014 2014), p. 361-366
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Talpey, SW, Young, WB, and Saunders, N. The acute effects of conventional, complex, and contrast protocols on lowerbody power. J Strength Cond Res 28(2): 361-366, 2014- This study compared conventional, complex, and contrast protocols on peak power (PP) output. Static vs. dynamic contractions were also manipulated to determine the effect of these confounding variables. Eighteen recreationally trained men [age, 21.1 ± 3.3 years; body mass, 81.7 ± 15.9 kg; height, 182.8 ± 6.2 cm; 5 repetition maximum (5RM) half back squat, 119.2 ± 25.4 kg; 5RM/BW, 1.5 ± 0.2 kg] involved in sports including Australian Rules football, basketball, soccer, and rugby participated in this investigation. Five protocols were executed in a randomized order, a conventional protocol in which 3 sets of 4 countermovement jumps (CMJs) were performed 2 minutes apart. Contrast protocols using a heavy resistance conditioning action of either 4 repetitions with a 5RM load or a 5-second static back squat were alternated with sets of 4 CMJs. Complex conditions with 3 sets of 4 repetitions of a 5RM back squat or a 5-second static back squat were performed before the 3 sets of CMJs. In all conditions, 4 minutes of rest followed sets of heavy resistance exercises and 2 minutes of rest followed each set of CMJs. Individual set means and a total session mean were calculated from each CMJ performed during the session. Results showed that the conventional protocol produced significantly greater PP than all conditions except for the dynamic complex and the static contrast. Results suggest that the use of the complex and contrast protocols used in this investigation should not be used for acute increases in lower-body PP in recreationally trained individuals.
Association between leg power and sprinting technique with 20-m sprint performance in elite junior australian football players
- Young, Warren, Grace, Steve, Talpey, Scott
- Authors: Young, Warren , Grace, Steve , Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching Vol. 9, no. 5 (2014), p. 1153-1160
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The main purpose of this study was to determine the association between leg power and sprint technique with 20-m sprint performance. Seventy-seven elite junior Australian Rules football players were assessed on a 20-m sprint test, a countermovement jump (CMJ) and a two bound test, and on a new method of quantifying sprint technique from simple video recordings. Technique assessment involved rating 14 points on a scale from 1-5. Players were median-split into faster and slower groups based on their 20-m times, and they were compared for differences in leg power and technique. The faster group was significantly better (p<0.05) in the two-bound test (5.2%) and the technique score (8.2%), but not in the CMJ (p>0.05). A multiple regression indicated that the two-bound test and technique accounted for 37.7% of the variance associated with the 20-m sprint time (p<0.05). It was concluded that the technique assessment tool captured some important characteristics of 20-m sprint performance and could potentially be used to profile or monitor athletes. Further the two-bound test is a more relevant test for developing athletes because of its specificity to sprinting, compared to the CMJ.
- Authors: Young, Warren , Grace, Steve , Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching Vol. 9, no. 5 (2014), p. 1153-1160
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The main purpose of this study was to determine the association between leg power and sprint technique with 20-m sprint performance. Seventy-seven elite junior Australian Rules football players were assessed on a 20-m sprint test, a countermovement jump (CMJ) and a two bound test, and on a new method of quantifying sprint technique from simple video recordings. Technique assessment involved rating 14 points on a scale from 1-5. Players were median-split into faster and slower groups based on their 20-m times, and they were compared for differences in leg power and technique. The faster group was significantly better (p<0.05) in the two-bound test (5.2%) and the technique score (8.2%), but not in the CMJ (p>0.05). A multiple regression indicated that the two-bound test and technique accounted for 37.7% of the variance associated with the 20-m sprint time (p<0.05). It was concluded that the technique assessment tool captured some important characteristics of 20-m sprint performance and could potentially be used to profile or monitor athletes. Further the two-bound test is a more relevant test for developing athletes because of its specificity to sprinting, compared to the CMJ.
Collecting health and exposure data in Australian olympic combat sports : Feasibility study utilizing an electronic system
- Bromley, Sally, Drew, Michael, Talpey, Scott, McIntosh, Andrew, Finch, Caroline
- Authors: Bromley, Sally , Drew, Michael , Talpey, Scott , McIntosh, Andrew , Finch, Caroline
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Medical Internet Research Vol. 20, no. 10 (2018), p. 1-11
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Electronic methods are increasingly being used to manage health-related data among sporting populations. Collection of such data permits the analysis of injury and illness trends, improves early detection of injuries and illnesses, collectively referred to as health problems, and provides evidence to inform prevention strategies. The Athlete Management System (AMS) has been employed across a range of sports to monitor health. Australian combat athletes train across the country without dedicated national medical or sports science teams to monitor and advocate for their health. Employing a Web-based system, such as the AMS, May provide an avenue to increase the visibility of health problems experienced by combat athletes and deliver key information to stakeholders detailing where prevention programs May be targeted. Objective: The objectives of this paper are to (1) report on the feasibility of utilizing the AMS to collect longitudinal injury and illness data of combat sports athletes and (2) describe the type, location, severity, and recurrence of injuries and illnesses that the cohort of athletes experience across a 12-week period. Methods: We invited 26 elite and developing athletes from 4 Olympic combat sports (boxing, judo, taekwondo, and wrestling) to participate in this study. Engagement with the AMS was measured, and collected health problems (injuries or illnesses) were coded using the Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (version 10.1) and International Classification of Primary Care (version 2). Results: Despite >160 contacts, athlete engagement with online tools was poor, with only 13% compliance across the 12-week period. No taekwondo or wrestling athletes were compliant. Despite low overall engagement, a large number of injuries or illness were recorded across 11 athletes who entered data—22 unique injuries, 8 unique illnesses, 30 recurrent injuries, and 2 recurrent illnesses. The most frequent injuries were to the knee in boxing (n=41) and thigh in judo (n=9). In this cohort, judo players experienced more severe, but less frequent, injuries than boxers, yet judo players sustained more illnesses than boxers. In 97.0% (126/130) of cases, athletes in this cohort continued to train irrespective of their health problems. Conclusions: Among athletes who reported injuries, many reported multiple conditions, indicating a need for health monitoring in Australian combat sports. A number of factors May have influenced engagement with the AMS, including access to the internet, the design of the system, coach views on the system, previous experiences with the system, and the existing culture within Australian combat sports. To increase engagement, there May be a requirement for sports staff to provide relevant feedback on data entered into the system. Until the Barriers are addressed, it is not feasible to implement the system in its current form across a larger cohort of combat athletes.
- Authors: Bromley, Sally , Drew, Michael , Talpey, Scott , McIntosh, Andrew , Finch, Caroline
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Medical Internet Research Vol. 20, no. 10 (2018), p. 1-11
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Electronic methods are increasingly being used to manage health-related data among sporting populations. Collection of such data permits the analysis of injury and illness trends, improves early detection of injuries and illnesses, collectively referred to as health problems, and provides evidence to inform prevention strategies. The Athlete Management System (AMS) has been employed across a range of sports to monitor health. Australian combat athletes train across the country without dedicated national medical or sports science teams to monitor and advocate for their health. Employing a Web-based system, such as the AMS, May provide an avenue to increase the visibility of health problems experienced by combat athletes and deliver key information to stakeholders detailing where prevention programs May be targeted. Objective: The objectives of this paper are to (1) report on the feasibility of utilizing the AMS to collect longitudinal injury and illness data of combat sports athletes and (2) describe the type, location, severity, and recurrence of injuries and illnesses that the cohort of athletes experience across a 12-week period. Methods: We invited 26 elite and developing athletes from 4 Olympic combat sports (boxing, judo, taekwondo, and wrestling) to participate in this study. Engagement with the AMS was measured, and collected health problems (injuries or illnesses) were coded using the Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (version 10.1) and International Classification of Primary Care (version 2). Results: Despite >160 contacts, athlete engagement with online tools was poor, with only 13% compliance across the 12-week period. No taekwondo or wrestling athletes were compliant. Despite low overall engagement, a large number of injuries or illness were recorded across 11 athletes who entered data—22 unique injuries, 8 unique illnesses, 30 recurrent injuries, and 2 recurrent illnesses. The most frequent injuries were to the knee in boxing (n=41) and thigh in judo (n=9). In this cohort, judo players experienced more severe, but less frequent, injuries than boxers, yet judo players sustained more illnesses than boxers. In 97.0% (126/130) of cases, athletes in this cohort continued to train irrespective of their health problems. Conclusions: Among athletes who reported injuries, many reported multiple conditions, indicating a need for health monitoring in Australian combat sports. A number of factors May have influenced engagement with the AMS, including access to the internet, the design of the system, coach views on the system, previous experiences with the system, and the existing culture within Australian combat sports. To increase engagement, there May be a requirement for sports staff to provide relevant feedback on data entered into the system. Until the Barriers are addressed, it is not feasible to implement the system in its current form across a larger cohort of combat athletes.
Physical qualities predict change-of-direction speed but not defensive agility in Australian rules football
- Young, Warren, Miller, Ian, Talpey, Scott
- Authors: Young, Warren , Miller, Ian , Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 29, no. 1 (2015), p. 206-212
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description:
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between selected physical qualities, change-ofdirection (COD) speed, and defensive agility performance in Australian Rules football players. Twenty-four male communitylevel players were assessed on sprint acceleration (10-m time), maximum strength (3 repetition-maximum half squat), leg power (countermovement jump), reactive strength (drop jump), and a single COD speed test and a defensive agility test. Change-of-direction speed was correlated with reactive strength (r = 20.645, p = 0.001) and sprint acceleration (r = 0.510, p = 0.011). Multiple regression indicated that the combined physical qualities explained 56.7% of the variance associated with COD speed (adjusted R
2 = 0.567, p ≤ 0.05). Participants were median split into faster and slower COD speed groups, and these were compared by independent t-tests. The faster group was significantly better (p ≤ 0.05) on the sprint acceleration and reactive strength tests (large effect size). The correlations between physical qualities and agility were trivial to small (r = -0.101 to 0.123, p > 0.05) and collectively explained only 14.2% of the variance associated with agility performance (adjusted R2 = -0.142, p > 0.05). When faster and slower agility groups were compared, there were trivial to moderate differences (p > 0.05) in all physical qualities. It was concluded that reactive strength and sprint acceleration are important for COD speed, but the physical qualities assessed are not associated with defensive agility performance. For agility tasks similar to those in this study, sprint and resistance training should not be emphasized, and training other factors, such as the development of sportspecific technique and cognitive skill, is recommended. © 2015 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
- Authors: Young, Warren , Miller, Ian , Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 29, no. 1 (2015), p. 206-212
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description:
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between selected physical qualities, change-ofdirection (COD) speed, and defensive agility performance in Australian Rules football players. Twenty-four male communitylevel players were assessed on sprint acceleration (10-m time), maximum strength (3 repetition-maximum half squat), leg power (countermovement jump), reactive strength (drop jump), and a single COD speed test and a defensive agility test. Change-of-direction speed was correlated with reactive strength (r = 20.645, p = 0.001) and sprint acceleration (r = 0.510, p = 0.011). Multiple regression indicated that the combined physical qualities explained 56.7% of the variance associated with COD speed (adjusted R
2 = 0.567, p ≤ 0.05). Participants were median split into faster and slower COD speed groups, and these were compared by independent t-tests. The faster group was significantly better (p ≤ 0.05) on the sprint acceleration and reactive strength tests (large effect size). The correlations between physical qualities and agility were trivial to small (r = -0.101 to 0.123, p > 0.05) and collectively explained only 14.2% of the variance associated with agility performance (adjusted R2 = -0.142, p > 0.05). When faster and slower agility groups were compared, there were trivial to moderate differences (p > 0.05) in all physical qualities. It was concluded that reactive strength and sprint acceleration are important for COD speed, but the physical qualities assessed are not associated with defensive agility performance. For agility tasks similar to those in this study, sprint and resistance training should not be emphasized, and training other factors, such as the development of sportspecific technique and cognitive skill, is recommended. © 2015 National Strength and Conditioning Association.
Changes in lower body muscular performance following a season of NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse
- Talpey, Scott, Axtell, Robert, Gardner, Elizabeth, James, Lachlan
- Authors: Talpey, Scott , Axtell, Robert , Gardner, Elizabeth , James, Lachlan
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Sports Vol. 7, no. 1 (2019), p. 1-12
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The tactical and technical components of training become a primary emphasis, leaving less time for targeted development of physical qualities that underpin performance during the competition phase of a training program. A deemphasis on physical preparation during the in-season training phase may make athletes more susceptible to injury and decrease performance on the field. Two weeks prior to the start and one week following the conclusion of the 16-week collegiate lacrosse season, lower body force production was assessed in eight National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Men's Lacrosse athletes. Lower body force production capabilities were determined via the performance of countermovement jumps (CMJ) and drop jumps (DJ) performed on a force plate and isokinetic strength testing of the quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups across three velocities. Isokinetic strength of the hamstrings and the hamstring to quadriceps strength ratio were maintained or increased over the course of the competition phase of training. Relative peak force obtained from the CMJ and the reactive strength index from the DJ decreased significantly over the season. The maintenance of isokinetic strength and the decrease in CMJ and DJ performance may indicate the presence of neuromuscular fatigue that accumulated over the course of the season.
- Authors: Talpey, Scott , Axtell, Robert , Gardner, Elizabeth , James, Lachlan
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Sports Vol. 7, no. 1 (2019), p. 1-12
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The tactical and technical components of training become a primary emphasis, leaving less time for targeted development of physical qualities that underpin performance during the competition phase of a training program. A deemphasis on physical preparation during the in-season training phase may make athletes more susceptible to injury and decrease performance on the field. Two weeks prior to the start and one week following the conclusion of the 16-week collegiate lacrosse season, lower body force production was assessed in eight National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Men's Lacrosse athletes. Lower body force production capabilities were determined via the performance of countermovement jumps (CMJ) and drop jumps (DJ) performed on a force plate and isokinetic strength testing of the quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups across three velocities. Isokinetic strength of the hamstrings and the hamstring to quadriceps strength ratio were maintained or increased over the course of the competition phase of training. Relative peak force obtained from the CMJ and the reactive strength index from the DJ decreased significantly over the season. The maintenance of isokinetic strength and the decrease in CMJ and DJ performance may indicate the presence of neuromuscular fatigue that accumulated over the course of the season.
The effects of sprint training and the Nordic hamstring exercise on eccentric hamstring strength and sprint performance in adolescent athletes
- Freeman, Brock, Young, Warren, Talpey, Scott, Smyth, Andrew, Pane, Calvin, Carlon, Todd
- Authors: Freeman, Brock , Young, Warren , Talpey, Scott , Smyth, Andrew , Pane, Calvin , Carlon, Todd
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness Vol. 59, no. 7 (2019), p. 1119-1125
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: BACKGROUND. Hamstring strain injuries (HSI) are among the most common injuries in field-based team sports with a high-speed running component. The implementation of the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) is a well-documented method of improving eccentric hamstring strength to mitigate the risk of HSI occurrence. Sprint training is specific to the injury mechanism and is thought to activate the hamstrings through maximal eccentric contractions. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of sprint training and the NHE on eccentric hamstring strength and sprint performance. METHODS. Twenty-eight participants (mean +/- SD age=16.21 +/- 1.34 years; height=1.75m +/- 0.10m; body mass=68.5kg +/- 12.1kg) completed an eccentric hamstring strength assessment and 40m sprint to assess acceleration and maximum speed. Participants were randomly allocated to either a NHE training or sprint training group. Two sessions per week for four-weeks of training was performed with baseline testing procedures repeated in the week following the intervention. Perceptions of soreness were recorded following the warm-up in each training session. RESULTS. Both the NHE (effect size=0.39, P<0.05) and sprint training (effect size=0.29, P<0.05) groups displayed significant gains in eccentric hamstring strength. The NHE group reported trivial improvements in sprint performance, whilst the sprint training group experienced a moderate improvement, specifically in maximum speed (ES=0.83 Moderate). Sprint training also produced greater perceptions of soreness than the NHE following a four-week training intervention, specifically before the start of the last session (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS. These findings indicate that sprint training had a beneficial effect for both eccentric hamstring strength and sprint performance, whilst also producing greater soreness than the NHE following the final training session. It was concluded that a four-week block of maximum speed training may have both an injury prevention and performance enhancement benefit.
- Authors: Freeman, Brock , Young, Warren , Talpey, Scott , Smyth, Andrew , Pane, Calvin , Carlon, Todd
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness Vol. 59, no. 7 (2019), p. 1119-1125
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: BACKGROUND. Hamstring strain injuries (HSI) are among the most common injuries in field-based team sports with a high-speed running component. The implementation of the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) is a well-documented method of improving eccentric hamstring strength to mitigate the risk of HSI occurrence. Sprint training is specific to the injury mechanism and is thought to activate the hamstrings through maximal eccentric contractions. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of sprint training and the NHE on eccentric hamstring strength and sprint performance. METHODS. Twenty-eight participants (mean +/- SD age=16.21 +/- 1.34 years; height=1.75m +/- 0.10m; body mass=68.5kg +/- 12.1kg) completed an eccentric hamstring strength assessment and 40m sprint to assess acceleration and maximum speed. Participants were randomly allocated to either a NHE training or sprint training group. Two sessions per week for four-weeks of training was performed with baseline testing procedures repeated in the week following the intervention. Perceptions of soreness were recorded following the warm-up in each training session. RESULTS. Both the NHE (effect size=0.39, P<0.05) and sprint training (effect size=0.29, P<0.05) groups displayed significant gains in eccentric hamstring strength. The NHE group reported trivial improvements in sprint performance, whilst the sprint training group experienced a moderate improvement, specifically in maximum speed (ES=0.83 Moderate). Sprint training also produced greater perceptions of soreness than the NHE following a four-week training intervention, specifically before the start of the last session (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS. These findings indicate that sprint training had a beneficial effect for both eccentric hamstring strength and sprint performance, whilst also producing greater soreness than the NHE following the final training session. It was concluded that a four-week block of maximum speed training may have both an injury prevention and performance enhancement benefit.
Research priorities of international sporting federations and the IOC research centres
- Finch, Caroline, Talpey, Scott, Bradshaw, Ashley, Soligard, Torbjorn, Engebretsen, Lars
- Authors: Finch, Caroline , Talpey, Scott , Bradshaw, Ashley , Soligard, Torbjorn , Engebretsen, Lars
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine Vol. 2, no. 1 (2016), p. e000168
- Relation: http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1058737
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: BACKGROUND/AIM: To be fully effective, the prevention of injury in sport and promotion of athlete's health needs to be both targeted and underpinned by scientific evidence. This study aimed to identify the research priorities of International Sporting Federation (ISFs) compared to the current research focus of the International Olympic Committee Research Centres (IOC-RCs). METHODS: Online survey of ISF Medical Chairpersons (n=22, 69% response) and IOC-RC Directors (n=7, 78% response). Open-ended responses relating to injury/illness priorities and specific athlete targets were thematically coded. Ratings were given of the need for different research types according to the Translating Research into Injury Prevention Practice (TRIPP) Framework stages. Results are presented as the frequency of ISFs and IOC-RCs separately. RESULTS: Both ISFs and IOC-RFs prioritised research into concussion (27%, 72%, respectively), competitive overuse (23%, 43%) and youth (41%, 43%). The ISFs also ranked catastrophic injuries (14%), environmental factors (18%), elite athletes (18%) and Paralympic athletes (14%) as important. The IOC-RCs gave higher priority to preventing respiratory illness (43%), long-term health consequences of injury (43%) and recreational athletes (43%). There was a trend towards ISFs valuing TRIPP stage 5/6 research more highly and for the IOC-RCs to value TRIPP stage 1/2 research. CONCLUSIONS: There are clear opportunities to better link the priorities and actions of the ISFs and IOC-RCs, to ensure more effective practice-policy-research partnerships for the benefit of all athletes. Setting a mutually-agreed research agenda will require further active engagement between researchers and broader ISF representatives.
- Authors: Finch, Caroline , Talpey, Scott , Bradshaw, Ashley , Soligard, Torbjorn , Engebretsen, Lars
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine Vol. 2, no. 1 (2016), p. e000168
- Relation: http://purl.org/au-research/grants/nhmrc/1058737
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: BACKGROUND/AIM: To be fully effective, the prevention of injury in sport and promotion of athlete's health needs to be both targeted and underpinned by scientific evidence. This study aimed to identify the research priorities of International Sporting Federation (ISFs) compared to the current research focus of the International Olympic Committee Research Centres (IOC-RCs). METHODS: Online survey of ISF Medical Chairpersons (n=22, 69% response) and IOC-RC Directors (n=7, 78% response). Open-ended responses relating to injury/illness priorities and specific athlete targets were thematically coded. Ratings were given of the need for different research types according to the Translating Research into Injury Prevention Practice (TRIPP) Framework stages. Results are presented as the frequency of ISFs and IOC-RCs separately. RESULTS: Both ISFs and IOC-RFs prioritised research into concussion (27%, 72%, respectively), competitive overuse (23%, 43%) and youth (41%, 43%). The ISFs also ranked catastrophic injuries (14%), environmental factors (18%), elite athletes (18%) and Paralympic athletes (14%) as important. The IOC-RCs gave higher priority to preventing respiratory illness (43%), long-term health consequences of injury (43%) and recreational athletes (43%). There was a trend towards ISFs valuing TRIPP stage 5/6 research more highly and for the IOC-RCs to value TRIPP stage 1/2 research. CONCLUSIONS: There are clear opportunities to better link the priorities and actions of the ISFs and IOC-RCs, to ensure more effective practice-policy-research partnerships for the benefit of all athletes. Setting a mutually-agreed research agenda will require further active engagement between researchers and broader ISF representatives.
The effect of swimming volume and intensity on changes in supraspinatus tendon thickness
- Porter, Kirsten, Talpey, Scott, Pascoe, Deborah, Blanch, Peter, Walker, Helen, Shield, Anthony
- Authors: Porter, Kirsten , Talpey, Scott , Pascoe, Deborah , Blanch, Peter , Walker, Helen , Shield, Anthony
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Physical Therapy in Sport Vol. 47, no. (2021), p. 173-177
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objectives: To compare the change in supraspinatus tendon thickness (STT) following a high volume (HV) and high intensity (HI) swimming practice in shoulders of elite swimmers. Design: Cohort Study. Setting: Non-clinical, state swim team training facility. Participants: A convenience sample of eight non-injured state and national level swimmers from a regional swim team were recruited for this study. Main outcome measures: Ultrasound measures of STT were collected in response to the two swimming practice sessions. Measures were taken prior to each swim practice; immediately after practice; 6-hours post practice and 24-hours post practice. Results: A significant increase in STT resulted from both the HI and HV (p < 0.05) practice immediately post practice. For the HI practice, the STT remained significantly thicker than pre-practice measures at the 6-hour post practice test (p < 0.05) however no longer significant 24-hours post practice. The difference in the change in STT between the HI and HV practice was significantly different immediately post practice and 6-hours post practice (p < 0.05) however no longer significant 24-hour post practice. Conclusion: Ultrasound measures of STT following different swimming volumes and intensities may provide information on shoulder tendon loads. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
- Authors: Porter, Kirsten , Talpey, Scott , Pascoe, Deborah , Blanch, Peter , Walker, Helen , Shield, Anthony
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Physical Therapy in Sport Vol. 47, no. (2021), p. 173-177
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objectives: To compare the change in supraspinatus tendon thickness (STT) following a high volume (HV) and high intensity (HI) swimming practice in shoulders of elite swimmers. Design: Cohort Study. Setting: Non-clinical, state swim team training facility. Participants: A convenience sample of eight non-injured state and national level swimmers from a regional swim team were recruited for this study. Main outcome measures: Ultrasound measures of STT were collected in response to the two swimming practice sessions. Measures were taken prior to each swim practice; immediately after practice; 6-hours post practice and 24-hours post practice. Results: A significant increase in STT resulted from both the HI and HV (p < 0.05) practice immediately post practice. For the HI practice, the STT remained significantly thicker than pre-practice measures at the 6-hour post practice test (p < 0.05) however no longer significant 24-hours post practice. The difference in the change in STT between the HI and HV practice was significantly different immediately post practice and 6-hours post practice (p < 0.05) however no longer significant 24-hour post practice. Conclusion: Ultrasound measures of STT following different swimming volumes and intensities may provide information on shoulder tendon loads. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
Development of muscle mass : How much is optimum for performance?
- Young, Warren, Talpey, Scott, Bartlett, Rogan, Lewis, Mitchell, Mundy, Stephanie, Smyth, Andrew, Welsh, Tim
- Authors: Young, Warren , Talpey, Scott , Bartlett, Rogan , Lewis, Mitchell , Mundy, Stephanie , Smyth, Andrew , Welsh, Tim
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Strength and Conditioning Journal Vol. 41, no. 3 (2019), p. 47-50
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Training for muscle hypertrophy can be expected to induce some increase in total body mass, and this can have positive or negative consequences for athletic performance. Positive effects may be increased strength, increased resistance to being pushed aside, and greater momentum when running, whereas possible negative effects may be reduced capacity to accelerate, decelerate, change direction, and jump. These possible effects of gaining muscle and total body mass suggest that strength and conditioning coaches should give thoughtful consideration to the amount of hypertrophy training prescribed throughout an athletes's development and should be determined by the specific needs of the athlete.
- Description: TRAINING FOR MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY CAN BE EXPECTED TO INDUCE SOME INCREASE IN TOTAL BODY MASS, AND THIS CAN HAVE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE. POSITIVE EFFECTS MAY BE INCREASED STRENGTH, INCREASED RESISTANCE TO BEING PUSHED ASIDE, AND GREATER MOMENTUM WHEN RUNNING, WHEREAS POSSIBLE NEGATIVE EFFECTS MAY BE REDUCED CAPACITY TO ACCELERATE, DECELERATE, CHANGE DIRECTION, AND JUMP. THESE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF GAINING MUSCLE AND TOTAL BODY MASS SUGGEST THAT STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING COACHES SHOULD GIVE THOUGHTFUL CONSIDERATION TO THE AMOUNT OF HYPERTROPHY TRAINING PRESCRIBED THROUGHOUT AN ATHLETE'S DEVELOPMENT AND SHOULD BE DETERMINED BY THE SPECIFIC NEEDS OF THE ATHLETE.
- Authors: Young, Warren , Talpey, Scott , Bartlett, Rogan , Lewis, Mitchell , Mundy, Stephanie , Smyth, Andrew , Welsh, Tim
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Strength and Conditioning Journal Vol. 41, no. 3 (2019), p. 47-50
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Training for muscle hypertrophy can be expected to induce some increase in total body mass, and this can have positive or negative consequences for athletic performance. Positive effects may be increased strength, increased resistance to being pushed aside, and greater momentum when running, whereas possible negative effects may be reduced capacity to accelerate, decelerate, change direction, and jump. These possible effects of gaining muscle and total body mass suggest that strength and conditioning coaches should give thoughtful consideration to the amount of hypertrophy training prescribed throughout an athletes's development and should be determined by the specific needs of the athlete.
- Description: TRAINING FOR MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY CAN BE EXPECTED TO INDUCE SOME INCREASE IN TOTAL BODY MASS, AND THIS CAN HAVE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE. POSITIVE EFFECTS MAY BE INCREASED STRENGTH, INCREASED RESISTANCE TO BEING PUSHED ASIDE, AND GREATER MOMENTUM WHEN RUNNING, WHEREAS POSSIBLE NEGATIVE EFFECTS MAY BE REDUCED CAPACITY TO ACCELERATE, DECELERATE, CHANGE DIRECTION, AND JUMP. THESE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF GAINING MUSCLE AND TOTAL BODY MASS SUGGEST THAT STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING COACHES SHOULD GIVE THOUGHTFUL CONSIDERATION TO THE AMOUNT OF HYPERTROPHY TRAINING PRESCRIBED THROUGHOUT AN ATHLETE'S DEVELOPMENT AND SHOULD BE DETERMINED BY THE SPECIFIC NEEDS OF THE ATHLETE.
Sprinting and hamstring strain injury : beliefs and practices of professional physical performance coaches in Australian football
- Freeman, Brock, Talpey, Scott, James, Lachlan, Young, Warren
- Authors: Freeman, Brock , Talpey, Scott , James, Lachlan , Young, Warren
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Physical Therapy in Sport Vol. 48, no. (2021), p. 12-19
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish beliefs and practices of physical performance coaches regarding sprinting and Hamstring Strain Injury (HSI) in Australian Rules football. Designs: Delphi-validated questionnaire. Setting: Online. Participants: Eighteen high-performance managers of the Australian Football League. Main outcome measures: Descriptive statistics were collected to establish experience; central themes were established for the analyses of the beliefs and practices. Results: Nine (50%) physical performance coaches responded to an invitation to complete the questionnaire. Participants held an undergraduate degree and had 9.2 ± 4.3 years of experience. Accelerations (n = 9), maximum speed sprints (n = 9) and running with hip flexion (n = 7) were the most common activities associated with HSI. Coaches believed sprinting, eccentric strength training and proper periodisation were effective strategies to reduce HSI risk. There's a disparity between beliefs and practices when using GPS to monitor sprinting, however, all coaches reported regular exposure to sprint training across both pre and in-season. Overstriding (n = 9) and pelvic instability (n = 6) were identified as key flaws in running mechanics. Conclusions: This information can be used to improve training strategies, whilst these findings indicate further investigations into sprint training and running mechanics for HSI risk reduction. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
- Authors: Freeman, Brock , Talpey, Scott , James, Lachlan , Young, Warren
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Physical Therapy in Sport Vol. 48, no. (2021), p. 12-19
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish beliefs and practices of physical performance coaches regarding sprinting and Hamstring Strain Injury (HSI) in Australian Rules football. Designs: Delphi-validated questionnaire. Setting: Online. Participants: Eighteen high-performance managers of the Australian Football League. Main outcome measures: Descriptive statistics were collected to establish experience; central themes were established for the analyses of the beliefs and practices. Results: Nine (50%) physical performance coaches responded to an invitation to complete the questionnaire. Participants held an undergraduate degree and had 9.2 ± 4.3 years of experience. Accelerations (n = 9), maximum speed sprints (n = 9) and running with hip flexion (n = 7) were the most common activities associated with HSI. Coaches believed sprinting, eccentric strength training and proper periodisation were effective strategies to reduce HSI risk. There's a disparity between beliefs and practices when using GPS to monitor sprinting, however, all coaches reported regular exposure to sprint training across both pre and in-season. Overstriding (n = 9) and pelvic instability (n = 6) were identified as key flaws in running mechanics. Conclusions: This information can be used to improve training strategies, whilst these findings indicate further investigations into sprint training and running mechanics for HSI risk reduction. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
Agile ageing – A modifiable vital sign to mitigate the risk of falls in older adults?
- Ogilvie, Madeleine, Wallen, Matthew, Talpey, Scott
- Authors: Ogilvie, Madeleine , Wallen, Matthew , Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Medical Hypotheses Vol. 148, no. (2021), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Falls prevention in older adults is a targeted priority because a fall can lead to disability, institutionalisation and presents a signficant financial burden. Falls are multifactoral in nature however, impairments in both physical and cognitive functioning have been linked to their occurrence. Currently, testing and exercise training for falls prevention focuses on physical qualities such as balance and strength. Agility is a unique physical quality that couples an individuals perceptual cognitive ability with the ability to produce a quick and accurate movement. Agility is relatively well understood in a sporting context however, its application to falls prevention has been minimal. Because a fall may occur while an individual is perceiving information from the dynamic environment around them while attempting to execute a rapid and accurate movement it is hypothesised that concepts and methods used to assess and train agility in athlete populations can be use to improve practices related to the screening and training to mitigate the risk of a fall in an older adult. © 2021
- Authors: Ogilvie, Madeleine , Wallen, Matthew , Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Medical Hypotheses Vol. 148, no. (2021), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Falls prevention in older adults is a targeted priority because a fall can lead to disability, institutionalisation and presents a signficant financial burden. Falls are multifactoral in nature however, impairments in both physical and cognitive functioning have been linked to their occurrence. Currently, testing and exercise training for falls prevention focuses on physical qualities such as balance and strength. Agility is a unique physical quality that couples an individuals perceptual cognitive ability with the ability to produce a quick and accurate movement. Agility is relatively well understood in a sporting context however, its application to falls prevention has been minimal. Because a fall may occur while an individual is perceiving information from the dynamic environment around them while attempting to execute a rapid and accurate movement it is hypothesised that concepts and methods used to assess and train agility in athlete populations can be use to improve practices related to the screening and training to mitigate the risk of a fall in an older adult. © 2021
A systematic review on fitness testing in adult male basketball players : tests adopted, characteristics reported and recommendations for practice
- Morrison, Matthew, Martin, David, Talpey, Scott, Scanlan, Aaron, Delaney, Jace, Halson, Shona, Weakley, Jonathon
- Authors: Morrison, Matthew , Martin, David , Talpey, Scott , Scanlan, Aaron , Delaney, Jace , Halson, Shona , Weakley, Jonathon
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: Sports Medicine Vol. 52, no. 7 (2022), p. 1491-1532
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: As basketball match-play requires players to possess a wide range of physical characteristics, many tests have been introduced in the literature to identify talent and quantify fitness in various samples of players. However, a synthesis of the literature to identify the most frequently used tests, outcome variables, and normative values for basketball-related physical characteristics in adult male basketball players is yet to be conducted. Objective: The primary objectives of this systematic review are to (1) identify tests and outcome variables used to assess physical characteristics in adult male basketball players across all competition levels, (2) report a summary of anthropometric, muscular power, linear speed, change-of-direction speed, agility, strength, anaerobic capacity, and aerobic capacity in adult male basketball players based on playing position and competition level, and (3) introduce a framework outlining recommended testing approaches to quantify physical characteristics in adult male basketball players. Methods: A systematic review of MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify relevant studies. To be eligible for inclusion, studies were required to: (1) be original research articles; (2) be published in a peer-reviewed journal; (3) have full-text versions available in the English language; and (4) include the primary aim of reporting tests used and/or the physical characteristics of adult (i.e., ≥ 18 years of age) male basketball players. Additionally, data from the top 10 draft picks who participated in the National Basketball Association combined from 2011–12 to 2020–21 were extracted from the official league website to highlight the physical characteristics of elite 19- to 24-year-old basketball players. Results: A total of 1684 studies were identified, with 375 being duplicates. Consequently, the titles and abstracts of 1309 studies were screened and 231 studies were eligible for full-text review. The reference list of each study was searched, with a further 59 studies identified as eligible for review. After full-text screening, 137 studies identified tests, while 114 studies reported physical characteristics in adult male basketball players. Conclusions: Physical characteristics reported indicate a wide range of abilities are present across playing competitions. The tests and outcome variables reported in the literature highlight the multitude of tests currently being used. Because there are no accepted international standards for physical assessment of basketball players, establishing normative data is challenging. Therefore, future testing should involve repeatable protocols that are standardised and provide outcomes that can be monitored across time. Recommendations for testing batteries in adult male basketball players are provided so improved interpretation of data can occur. Clinical Trial Registration: This review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews and allocated registration number CRD42020187151 on 28 April, 2020. © 2022, The Author(s).
- Authors: Morrison, Matthew , Martin, David , Talpey, Scott , Scanlan, Aaron , Delaney, Jace , Halson, Shona , Weakley, Jonathon
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: Sports Medicine Vol. 52, no. 7 (2022), p. 1491-1532
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: As basketball match-play requires players to possess a wide range of physical characteristics, many tests have been introduced in the literature to identify talent and quantify fitness in various samples of players. However, a synthesis of the literature to identify the most frequently used tests, outcome variables, and normative values for basketball-related physical characteristics in adult male basketball players is yet to be conducted. Objective: The primary objectives of this systematic review are to (1) identify tests and outcome variables used to assess physical characteristics in adult male basketball players across all competition levels, (2) report a summary of anthropometric, muscular power, linear speed, change-of-direction speed, agility, strength, anaerobic capacity, and aerobic capacity in adult male basketball players based on playing position and competition level, and (3) introduce a framework outlining recommended testing approaches to quantify physical characteristics in adult male basketball players. Methods: A systematic review of MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify relevant studies. To be eligible for inclusion, studies were required to: (1) be original research articles; (2) be published in a peer-reviewed journal; (3) have full-text versions available in the English language; and (4) include the primary aim of reporting tests used and/or the physical characteristics of adult (i.e., ≥ 18 years of age) male basketball players. Additionally, data from the top 10 draft picks who participated in the National Basketball Association combined from 2011–12 to 2020–21 were extracted from the official league website to highlight the physical characteristics of elite 19- to 24-year-old basketball players. Results: A total of 1684 studies were identified, with 375 being duplicates. Consequently, the titles and abstracts of 1309 studies were screened and 231 studies were eligible for full-text review. The reference list of each study was searched, with a further 59 studies identified as eligible for review. After full-text screening, 137 studies identified tests, while 114 studies reported physical characteristics in adult male basketball players. Conclusions: Physical characteristics reported indicate a wide range of abilities are present across playing competitions. The tests and outcome variables reported in the literature highlight the multitude of tests currently being used. Because there are no accepted international standards for physical assessment of basketball players, establishing normative data is challenging. Therefore, future testing should involve repeatable protocols that are standardised and provide outcomes that can be monitored across time. Recommendations for testing batteries in adult male basketball players are provided so improved interpretation of data can occur. Clinical Trial Registration: This review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews and allocated registration number CRD42020187151 on 28 April, 2020. © 2022, The Author(s).
Considerations in the development of a postgraduate strength and conditioning program : insights From Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand
- James, Lachlan, Lidums, Maris, Grant, Mary, Talpey, Scott, Comfort, Paul, Suchomel, Timothy, Gastin, Paul, Driller, Matthew
- Authors: James, Lachlan , Lidums, Maris , Grant, Mary , Talpey, Scott , Comfort, Paul , Suchomel, Timothy , Gastin, Paul , Driller, Matthew
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Strength and Conditioning Journal Vol. 43, no. 5 (Oct 2021), p. 116-122
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Aspiring and established strength and conditioning professionals are increasingly seeking opportunities to further their knowledge to gain a competitive advantage within the highly competitive profession. Postgraduate degree programs in the discipline are therefore becoming a popular option for academic institutions to meet the demands of the workforce and marketplace. The purpose of this article is to bring together experienced practitioners and applied academics to offer considerations for the prospective strength and conditioning postgraduate student. Furthermore, this piece can be considered by academics that are responsible for the development of such programs. Future students are encouraged to reflect on their strengths and weaknesses, current and intended career trajectory, and work-life circumstances. Students' needs and wants, industry demands, and teaching and learning processes must be well understood by academics responsible for developing these programs. Finally, factors such as coursework and research content, authentic teaching and learning tasks, professional practice, and accreditation requirements represent key considerations of a successful postgraduate strength and conditioning program.
- Authors: James, Lachlan , Lidums, Maris , Grant, Mary , Talpey, Scott , Comfort, Paul , Suchomel, Timothy , Gastin, Paul , Driller, Matthew
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Strength and Conditioning Journal Vol. 43, no. 5 (Oct 2021), p. 116-122
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Aspiring and established strength and conditioning professionals are increasingly seeking opportunities to further their knowledge to gain a competitive advantage within the highly competitive profession. Postgraduate degree programs in the discipline are therefore becoming a popular option for academic institutions to meet the demands of the workforce and marketplace. The purpose of this article is to bring together experienced practitioners and applied academics to offer considerations for the prospective strength and conditioning postgraduate student. Furthermore, this piece can be considered by academics that are responsible for the development of such programs. Future students are encouraged to reflect on their strengths and weaknesses, current and intended career trajectory, and work-life circumstances. Students' needs and wants, industry demands, and teaching and learning processes must be well understood by academics responsible for developing these programs. Finally, factors such as coursework and research content, authentic teaching and learning tasks, professional practice, and accreditation requirements represent key considerations of a successful postgraduate strength and conditioning program.
Countermovement jump variables not tensiomyography can distinguish between sprint and endurance focused track cyclists
- Lewis, Mitchell, Young, Warren, Knapstein, Luke, Lavender, Andrew, Talpey, Scott
- Authors: Lewis, Mitchell , Young, Warren , Knapstein, Luke , Lavender, Andrew , Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Biology of Sport Vol. 39, no. 1 (2022), p. 67-72
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This study investigated the reliability and discriminative ability of tensiomyography and countermovement jump variables as measures of a muscles contractile properties in a cohort of elite endurance and sprint track cyclists. Tensiomyography was performed on the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles in sprint track cyclists (N = 8) and endurance track cyclists (N = 8). Additionally, the participants completed a countermovement jump on a force plate. Tensiomyography measurements obtained from the RF displayed greater reliability (ICC = 0.879–0.997) than VL (ICC = 0.746–0.970). Radial muscle belly displacement (Dm), contraction time (Tc) and delay time (Td) demonstrated the most reliable TMG measurements. Only two variables displayed acceptable coefficient of variation (RF Td = 8.89, VL Td = 6.88), other variables presented as unacceptable. The TMG variables were unable to discriminate between endurance and sprint track cyclists whilst the CMJ variables could. Due to the high variability in measurements and its inability to distinguish between sprint and endurance based track cyclists TMG should be used cautiously in this athlete population and if available the CMJ is a more appropriate assessment of leg muscle function. © 2022 Institute of Sport. All rights reserved.
- Authors: Lewis, Mitchell , Young, Warren , Knapstein, Luke , Lavender, Andrew , Talpey, Scott
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Biology of Sport Vol. 39, no. 1 (2022), p. 67-72
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This study investigated the reliability and discriminative ability of tensiomyography and countermovement jump variables as measures of a muscles contractile properties in a cohort of elite endurance and sprint track cyclists. Tensiomyography was performed on the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles in sprint track cyclists (N = 8) and endurance track cyclists (N = 8). Additionally, the participants completed a countermovement jump on a force plate. Tensiomyography measurements obtained from the RF displayed greater reliability (ICC = 0.879–0.997) than VL (ICC = 0.746–0.970). Radial muscle belly displacement (Dm), contraction time (Tc) and delay time (Td) demonstrated the most reliable TMG measurements. Only two variables displayed acceptable coefficient of variation (RF Td = 8.89, VL Td = 6.88), other variables presented as unacceptable. The TMG variables were unable to discriminate between endurance and sprint track cyclists whilst the CMJ variables could. Due to the high variability in measurements and its inability to distinguish between sprint and endurance based track cyclists TMG should be used cautiously in this athlete population and if available the CMJ is a more appropriate assessment of leg muscle function. © 2022 Institute of Sport. All rights reserved.
The occurrence of different vertical jump types in basketball competition and their relationship with lower-body speed-strength qualities
- Talpey, Scott, Smyth, Andrew, O'Grady, Mathew, Morrison, Matthew, Young, Warren
- Authors: Talpey, Scott , Smyth, Andrew , O'Grady, Mathew , Morrison, Matthew , Young, Warren
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Strength and Conditioning Vol. 1, no. 1 (2021), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Jumps occur frequently in basketball and can be executed from a single-leg take-off following a run-up or bilaterally from a standing start. Understanding the type of jumps performed in competition and how different muscular qualities influence their performance, informs training prescription. Firstly, to quantify the occurrence of different jump types performed in competition an analysis of 15 semi-professional basketball games was undertaken. Secondly, to understand the influence of muscular qualities on performance of different jump types, Semi-professional male basketball players (N=17) performed jump tests standing vertical jump, running vertical jumps with a double leg take-off (RVJ2) and a single leg take-off (RVJ1) and tests of lower-body speed-strength reactive strength index (RSI) from a drop jump, counter movement jump (CMJ) and squat jump. A stationary approach was employed for 69%, a running approach for 26% and a one-step approach for 5%. RVJ1 displayed non-significant (P=0.07) moderate correlation with jump height attained from the CMJ (r=0.439) and a very large (r =.806) significant (P<0.01) correlation with RSI. Most jumps were executed from a stationary start with a bilateral take-off while a run-up occurred prior to a substantial proportion of jumps. Jumps with a single-leg take-off from a run-up strongly correlate with RSI.
- Authors: Talpey, Scott , Smyth, Andrew , O'Grady, Mathew , Morrison, Matthew , Young, Warren
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Strength and Conditioning Vol. 1, no. 1 (2021), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Jumps occur frequently in basketball and can be executed from a single-leg take-off following a run-up or bilaterally from a standing start. Understanding the type of jumps performed in competition and how different muscular qualities influence their performance, informs training prescription. Firstly, to quantify the occurrence of different jump types performed in competition an analysis of 15 semi-professional basketball games was undertaken. Secondly, to understand the influence of muscular qualities on performance of different jump types, Semi-professional male basketball players (N=17) performed jump tests standing vertical jump, running vertical jumps with a double leg take-off (RVJ2) and a single leg take-off (RVJ1) and tests of lower-body speed-strength reactive strength index (RSI) from a drop jump, counter movement jump (CMJ) and squat jump. A stationary approach was employed for 69%, a running approach for 26% and a one-step approach for 5%. RVJ1 displayed non-significant (P=0.07) moderate correlation with jump height attained from the CMJ (r=0.439) and a very large (r =.806) significant (P<0.01) correlation with RSI. Most jumps were executed from a stationary start with a bilateral take-off while a run-up occurred prior to a substantial proportion of jumps. Jumps with a single-leg take-off from a run-up strongly correlate with RSI.
Can systemic myokine response to an acute exercise bout predict high and low responders to resistance training?
- Bell, Leo, Wallen, M., Talpey, Scott, O'Brien, B.
- Authors: Bell, Leo , Wallen, M. , Talpey, Scott , O'Brien, B.
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Medical Hypotheses Vol. 160, no. (2022), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Resistance training is performed to increase muscle strength and mass. Associated benefits relate to improvements in physical performance as well as reduced risk of mortality. However, the exercise response to resistance training is largely variable. This may be attributed to individual physiological phenotype and flawed methods of standardised training. Recent efforts have been made to identify biomarkers which delineate between high and low responders to resistance training. Myokines associated with exercise-induced muscle secretome are biomarkers that potentially differentiate between individuals that experience large or small increases in muscle mass. However, the repeatability of these biomarkers in response to standardised resistance training is understudied. Therefore, this research seeks to address the inter and intra-reliability of myokines associated with resistance exercise, and if they confidently predict high and low responders to individually standardised resistance training. Development of a screening tool which reliably identifies individual trainability can have potential implications for personalised exercise physiology. © 2022
- Authors: Bell, Leo , Wallen, M. , Talpey, Scott , O'Brien, B.
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Medical Hypotheses Vol. 160, no. (2022), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Resistance training is performed to increase muscle strength and mass. Associated benefits relate to improvements in physical performance as well as reduced risk of mortality. However, the exercise response to resistance training is largely variable. This may be attributed to individual physiological phenotype and flawed methods of standardised training. Recent efforts have been made to identify biomarkers which delineate between high and low responders to resistance training. Myokines associated with exercise-induced muscle secretome are biomarkers that potentially differentiate between individuals that experience large or small increases in muscle mass. However, the repeatability of these biomarkers in response to standardised resistance training is understudied. Therefore, this research seeks to address the inter and intra-reliability of myokines associated with resistance exercise, and if they confidently predict high and low responders to individually standardised resistance training. Development of a screening tool which reliably identifies individual trainability can have potential implications for personalised exercise physiology. © 2022
Does the warm-up effect subsequent post activation performance enhancement?
- O'Grady, Mathew, Young, Warren, Talpey, Scott, Behm, David
- Authors: O'Grady, Mathew , Young, Warren , Talpey, Scott , Behm, David
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Journal of Sport and Exercise Science Vol. 5, no. 4 (SESN 2021), p.
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- Reviewed:
- Description: The purpose of the following study was first to identify an optimal warm-up to maximise countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, and second to investigate whether a conditioning activity (CA) of half-squats could potentiate CMJ performance above that of the optimal warm-up. Sixteen resistance trained males were recruited for the study. Participants performed six different warm-up volumes over six sessions. Warm-ups consisted of submaximal running, dynamic stretching and practice CMJs. After the warmup, participants rested for four minutes before performing three CMJs on a force platform. The warm-up which resulted in the best CMJ relative peak power (RPP) was considered to be that individual’s optimal warm-up. Participants attended another testing session where they performed their optimum warm-up followed by a pre-CMJ test. Participants then performed a CA of four half-squats with a 5RM load followed by post-CMJ tests after fourand eight-minutes recovery. No CMJ variable displayed significant improvements at either four or eight minutes recovery after the CA when compared to the pre-test. However, when everyone’s optimum recovery period was considered, CMJ height significantly improved by 5.2% (p = 0.009) when compared with pre-CMJ performance. If the optimum recovery period is considered, a half-squat CA can further mprove CMJ height above that of a general warm-up alone
- Authors: O'Grady, Mathew , Young, Warren , Talpey, Scott , Behm, David
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Journal of Sport and Exercise Science Vol. 5, no. 4 (SESN 2021), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The purpose of the following study was first to identify an optimal warm-up to maximise countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, and second to investigate whether a conditioning activity (CA) of half-squats could potentiate CMJ performance above that of the optimal warm-up. Sixteen resistance trained males were recruited for the study. Participants performed six different warm-up volumes over six sessions. Warm-ups consisted of submaximal running, dynamic stretching and practice CMJs. After the warmup, participants rested for four minutes before performing three CMJs on a force platform. The warm-up which resulted in the best CMJ relative peak power (RPP) was considered to be that individual’s optimal warm-up. Participants attended another testing session where they performed their optimum warm-up followed by a pre-CMJ test. Participants then performed a CA of four half-squats with a 5RM load followed by post-CMJ tests after fourand eight-minutes recovery. No CMJ variable displayed significant improvements at either four or eight minutes recovery after the CA when compared to the pre-test. However, when everyone’s optimum recovery period was considered, CMJ height significantly improved by 5.2% (p = 0.009) when compared with pre-CMJ performance. If the optimum recovery period is considered, a half-squat CA can further mprove CMJ height above that of a general warm-up alone
Maximal and submaximal intensity isometric knee extensions induce an underestimation of time estimates with both younger and older adults : a randomized crossover trial
- Graham, Andrew, Gardner, Hayley, Chaabene, Helmi, Talpey, Scott, Alizadeh, Shahab, Behm, David
- Authors: Graham, Andrew , Gardner, Hayley , Chaabene, Helmi , Talpey, Scott , Alizadeh, Shahab , Behm, David
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Vol. 22, no. 3 (2023), p. 405-415
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Our perception of time plays a critical role in nearly all daily activities and especially in sports. There are no studies that have investigated and compared time perception during exercise in young and older adults. Thus, this study aimed to compare the effects of exercise on time perception between younger and older adult populations. Thirty-three recreationally active participants were recruited and assigned to either the younger (university students, 9 males and 10 females) or older adults (>60 years, 8 males and 6 females). All participants completed four exercise conditions over two sessions on separate days: approximately 30-seconds of knee extensors 100%, 60% and 10% of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and control (no contractions). Prospective time perception was estimated (at 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-seconds) at the beginning of each session and while performing the exercise. A main effect for condition (p < 0.001, d = 1.06) with subsequent post-hoc tests indicated participants significantly underestimated (estimated time was shorter than chronological time) time in all three exercise conditions compared to the control. There were no significant age group differences. In conclusion, exercise underestimated time estimates regardless of intensity or age. This questions the postulated intensity-dependent relationship between exercise and time perception. While older adults were expected to be less accurate in their time estimates, they may have been able to adopt alternative strategies for agerelated changes in their internal clock, resulting in no significant age group differences. © 2023, Journal of Sport Science and Medicine. All rights reserved.
- Authors: Graham, Andrew , Gardner, Hayley , Chaabene, Helmi , Talpey, Scott , Alizadeh, Shahab , Behm, David
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Sports Science and Medicine Vol. 22, no. 3 (2023), p. 405-415
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Our perception of time plays a critical role in nearly all daily activities and especially in sports. There are no studies that have investigated and compared time perception during exercise in young and older adults. Thus, this study aimed to compare the effects of exercise on time perception between younger and older adult populations. Thirty-three recreationally active participants were recruited and assigned to either the younger (university students, 9 males and 10 females) or older adults (>60 years, 8 males and 6 females). All participants completed four exercise conditions over two sessions on separate days: approximately 30-seconds of knee extensors 100%, 60% and 10% of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and control (no contractions). Prospective time perception was estimated (at 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-seconds) at the beginning of each session and while performing the exercise. A main effect for condition (p < 0.001, d = 1.06) with subsequent post-hoc tests indicated participants significantly underestimated (estimated time was shorter than chronological time) time in all three exercise conditions compared to the control. There were no significant age group differences. In conclusion, exercise underestimated time estimates regardless of intensity or age. This questions the postulated intensity-dependent relationship between exercise and time perception. While older adults were expected to be less accurate in their time estimates, they may have been able to adopt alternative strategies for agerelated changes in their internal clock, resulting in no significant age group differences. © 2023, Journal of Sport Science and Medicine. All rights reserved.