Technology and older women : considerations regarding their use and misuse
- Authors: Heine, Chyrisse , Feldman, Susan
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Frontiers in Public Health Vol. 10, no. (2022), p.
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- Description: Health and wellbeing are inextricably linked to an individual's capacity for continued meaningful engagement and connection with the world around them. Technological innovations designed to maximize the quality of life for older women range from sophisticated bio-medical interventions to ordinary day-to-day communication devices. Many innovations can ensure a higher quality of life for older women and support and care as required. In this article, we consider: (1) The range of appropriate technologies currently available for older women, their families and communities. (2) The way technology contributes to the maintenance of optimum physical health and wellbeing for older women. (3) The significant challenges and considerations associated with the incorporation of technologies into their daily lives. Copyright © 2022 Heine and Feldman.
The effect of human amnion epithelial cells on lung development and inflammation in preterm lambs exposed to antenatal inflammation
- Authors: Papagianis, Paris , Ahmadi-Noorbakhsh, Siavash , Lim, Rebecca , Wallace, Euan , Polglase, Graeme , Pillow, J. Jane , Moss, Timothy
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: PloS one Vol. 16, no. 6 (2021), p. e0253456-e0253456
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- Description: Lung inflammation and impaired alveolarization are hallmarks of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We hypothesize that human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) are anti-inflammatory and reduce lung injury in preterm lambs born after antenatal exposure to inflammation. Pregnant ewes received either intra-amniotic lipopolysaccharide (LPS, from E.coli 055:B5 4mg) or saline (Sal) on day 126 of gestation. Lambs were delivered by cesarean section at 128 d gestation (term ~150 d). Lambs received intravenous hAECs (LPS/hAECs: n = 7 30x10.sup.6 cells) or equivalent volumes of saline (LPS/Sal, n = 10 or Sal/Sal, n = 9) immediately after birth. Respiratory support was gradually de-escalated, aimed at early weaning from mechanical ventilation towards unassisted respiration. Lung tissue was collected 1 week after birth. Lung morphology was assessed and mRNA levels for inflammatory mediators were measured. Respiratory support required by LPS/hAEC lambs was not different to Sal/Sal or LPS/Sal lambs. Lung tissue:airspace ratio was lower in the LPS/Sal compared to Sal/Sal lambs (P<0.05), but not LPS/hAEC lambs. LPS/hAEC lambs tended to have increased septation in their lungs versus LPS/Sal (P = 0.08). Expression of inflammatory cytokines was highest in LPS/hAECs lambs. Postnatal administration of a single dose of hAECs stimulates a pulmonary immune response without changing ventilator requirements in preterm lambs born after intrauterine inflammation.
Balance in writing a life : some issues in biography
- Authors: Hamilton, Helen
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Collegian Vol. 27, no. 6 (2020), p. 585-588
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- Description: Background: Biographers aim to create a balanced interpretation of an individual life, both in the narrative of the life and the portrayal of the circumstances in which it was lived. Problem and method: Factors that may distort balance in the account of a life are identified in a review of selected literature of experienced biographers. Findings: Biographical evidence, the biographer's relationship with the protagonist and ethical and privacy matters and are discussed in relation to the quality, adequacy and accessibility of records; maintaining distance from the protagonist; keeping the life in perspective; selecting an appropriate approach and dealing with private or intimate matters. Conclusion: Partiality in the form of prejudice or bias and inaccuracy to the point of being untruthful, are threats to creating a balanced narrative. The credibility of a biography depends upon its honesty. © 2020
'Inequality is not a problem': How (Some) economists responded to Thomas Piketty
- Authors: King, John
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Analyse & Kritik Vol. 41, no. 2 (2019), p. 359-374
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- Description: Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century makes hardly any reference to the ethics of inequality. Surprisingly, this is an omission shared by most of his critics. In this paper I investigate the literature on which he and his reviewers might have drawn and speculate on the reasons why they did not. I outline the four 'views of society' and the related issues in moral philosophy that were presented by Michael Schneider in his book on the distribution of wealth. I then summarise the criticisms of Piketty made by those few reviewers who did show some interest in ethical questions and examine the slightly earlier and quite different case against reducing inequality made by one of these critics, N. Gregory Mankiw. I consider the economic, political and social costs of inequality identified in a book-length study of Piketty's work by Steven Pressman, and conclude by reflecting on the reasons for the widespread neglect of moral philosophy by mainstream economists.
Depression across pregnancy and the postpartum, antidepressant use and the association with female sexual function
- Authors: Galbally, Megan , Watson, Stuart , Permezel, Michael , Lewis, Andrew
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Psychological Medcine Vol. 49, no. 9 (2019), p. 1490-1499
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- Description: There is an established relationship between depression and sexual functioning in women. However, there is limited research examining the relationship between perinatal depression and sexual functioning. This study draws on the Mercy Pregnancy and Emotional Wellbeing Study and reports on 211 women recruited in early pregnancy and followed to 12 months postpartum. Women were assessed for depression using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV, repeated measurement of depressive symptoms using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and sexual functioning using the Female Sexual Functioning Inventory. Data were also collected on antidepressant use, mode of delivery, history of childhood trauma, breastfeeding and partner support. Women showed a decline in sexual functioning over pregnancy and the first 6 months postpartum, which recovered by 12 months. For women with depression, sexual functioning was lower throughout pregnancy and continued to be lower at 6 months postpartum than those without depression. Ongoing depressive symptoms at 12 months were also associated with lower sexual functioning. Sexual functioning was not predicted by mode of delivery, antidepressant use or childhood trauma. Breastfeeding predicted lower sexual functioning only at 6 months. Higher partner support predicted higher female sexual functioning. Pregnancy and the postpartum are a time of reduced sexual functioning for women however, women with depression are more likely to have lower levels of sexual functioning and this was not predicted by antidepressant use. In women with perinatal depression, consideration of the impact on sexual functioning should be an integral part of care.
Grey gardens and the problem of objectivity : Notes on the ethics of observational documentary
- Authors: Abbott, Mathew
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Projections Vol. 13, no. 2 (2019), p. 108-122
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- Description: This article turns to the Maysles brothers’ 1975 film Grey Gardens to problematize the philosophical assumptions at work in debates about objectivity and direct cinema. With a suitable picture of documentary objectivity we can avoid endorsing the claim that no film can be objective or the corollary that only documentaries that reflexively acknowledge the biases of their makers can succeed aesthetically or ethically. Against critics who have attacked Grey Gardens for its problematic claims to objectivity as well as theorists defending it for how it undermines objectivity, I argue that the film’s objective treatment of its subjects is part of its aesthetic and ethical achievement. In the context of observational documentary, being objective does not mean taking a purely dispassionate stance toward one’s subjects, but treating them without prejudice or moralism and letting them reveal themselves.
Who owns this data? using dialogic reflection to examine an ethically important moment
- Authors: McDonough, Sharon , Brandenburg, Robyn
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Reflective Practice Vol. 20, no. 3 (2019), p. 355-366
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- Description: There has been growing use of reflective practice as a means for examining ethically important moments that occur during research. Reflective practice enables researchers to be alert to the unfolding of these ethically important moments and to consider how they will respond to them. In this paper, we use dialogic reflection to explore an ethically important moment that occurred during one of our research projects. We present our dialogic reflective conversation as a means of exploring the ethical issues associated with data ownership. We draw on this conversation to describe a framework for dialogic reflection that provides researchers with a process for engaging in reflection on their practice as ethical researchers.
Critically reflecting on the Australian association of social workers code of ethics : Learning from a social work field placement
- Authors: Patil, Tejaswini , Ennis, Gretchen
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: British Journal of Social Work Vol. 48, no. 5 (2018), p. 1370-1387
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- Description: When a student experienced a personally challenging situation during field placement, she and her field supervisor worked through the scenario together, using a process of critical reflection. Many ideas and assumptions were unsettled for both, and aspects of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW) Code of Ethics were questioned. Using critical reflection as a pedagogical tool, we reflect on how discourses affect our practice. We demonstrate this by undertaking a political reading of the AASW Code of Ethics. Our analysis exposes tensions between the core social work value of ‘respect for persons’ and the practice responsibility of social workers to undertake culturally competent, safe and sensitive practice. We suggest that the Code of Ethics is predominantly embedded in Kantian philosophy and limits our ability to practise in culturally sensitive ways, as it denies the impact that knowledge and power have on our work with Indigenous communities specifically, and all non-Western peoples more broadly.
Human-aligned artificial intelligence is a multiobjective problem
- Authors: Vamplew, Peter , Dazeley, Richard , Foale, Cameron , Firmin, Sally , Mummery, Jane
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Ethics and Information Technology Vol. 20, no. 1 (2018), p. 27-40
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- Description: As the capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) systems improve, it becomes important to constrain their actions to ensure their behaviour remains beneficial to humanity. A variety of ethical, legal and safety-based frameworks have been proposed as a basis for designing these constraints. Despite their variations, these frameworks share the common characteristic that decision-making must consider multiple potentially conflicting factors. We demonstrate that these alignment frameworks can be represented as utility functions, but that the widely used Maximum Expected Utility (MEU) paradigm provides insufficient support for such multiobjective decision-making. We show that a Multiobjective Maximum Expected Utility paradigm based on the combination of vector utilities and non-linear action–selection can overcome many of the issues which limit MEU’s effectiveness in implementing aligned AI. We examine existing approaches to multiobjective AI, and identify how these can contribute to the development of human-aligned intelligent agents. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
From birth to death : The life of the standards board for England
- Authors: Lawton, Alan , Macaulay, Michael
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Public Administration Review Vol. 77, no. 5 (2017), p. 720-729
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- Description: Organizations wax and wane, and some cease to exist altogether. The Standards Board for England was abolished after a 10-year life. Created to regulate the ethical behavior of local politicians in England, the ethics of politics was undermined by the politics of ethics. This article analyzes the life of the Standards Board initially through the lens of a life-cycle approach to organizations but finds that a problem-cluster approach provides a sharper picture. Over its lifetime, the Standards Board faced a number of crises; its failure to resolve these crises and an unfavorable political climate led to its demise. © 2017 by The American Society for Public Administration
Institutional isomorphism and whistle-blowing intentions in public sector institutions
- Authors: Pillay, Soma , Reddy, P. , Morgan, Damian
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Public Management Review Vol. 19, no. 4 (2017), p. 423-442
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- Description: Over the years the new institutionalism in public sector analysis has contributed significantly to our understanding of the dynamics of public sector institutions. While it has moved research away from behavioural explanations to recognizing political and cultural contexts, the focus on public sector institutions has been minimal. This research examines, by self-report questionnaire from employees in two government organizations, how institutional mechanisms shape whistle-blowing intentions within the context of a developing country. Despite the country context, findings from this study are encouraging in that participants’ intentions to blow the whistle were found, generally, to be strong. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Performing colonisation : the manufacture of Black female bodies in tourism research
- Authors: Lee, Emma , Tebrakunna Country
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Annals of Tourism Research Vol. 66, no. (2017), p. 95-104
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- Description: This paper is an Indigenous contribution to the epistemic decolonisation of tourism research. To understand how western privilege operates within research I highlight the rise of, what I term here, Establishment men and their use of performance theory and universalisms to both mask and enable harms against Black female bodies. I then introduce an innovative Indigenous methodology in storytelling to consider the depth and richness of contributions away from colonising and linear narratives and towards positive touristic encounters. Finally, I then give an overview of the types and use of ethics to prevent future harms to Black female bodies and establish a pathway towards equity in tourism research. © 2017
Re-visiting an old topic with a new approach: the case of ethical clothing
- Authors: Magnuson, Bryce , Reimers, Vaughan , Chao, Chih‐Wei (Fred)
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management Vol. 21, no. 3 (2017), p. 400-418
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- Description: Purpose: A recent study by Reimers et al. (2016) suggests that the attitude-behaviour gap, as it applies to ethical clothing, may be due to academics having defined it differently to the way that consumers do. The purpose of this paper is to serve as a direct follow-up to that study by employing their consumer-based definition in order to help identify the clothing attributes that influence the purchase of ethical clothing. Design/methodology/approach: A consumer household sample in combination with a quantitative survey approach was used to collect the data, while structural equation modelling was used to analyse it. Findings: In spite of the ethical clothing context, only two of the four ethical clothing dimensions were found to influence consumer attitudes. In contrast, all three conventional dimensions were found to be significant. Originality/value: Ethical clothing has typically been operationalised using just two of these four dimensions. Ironically, one of the two dimensions often overlooked by academics, slow fashion, had one of the strongest influences on consumer attitudes. In addition, the cost of buying ethical clothing has often been defined in unidimensional terms; typically price. This study adopted a broader conceptualisation, defining it in terms of price, time and effort, and found it to serve as a salient influence over consumers’ attitudes to ethical clothing. © 2017, © Emerald Publishing Limited.
Ethics and the development of relationally motivated leadership
- Authors: Mummery, Jane , Nolton, Marnie
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Ethics and Leadership Chapter 5 p.51-63
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- Description: Neoliberalism would have us believe that we should each be someone who (a) accepts full responsibility for her life achievements and trajectory and is (b) able to rationally weigh choices objectively- consider risks, respond to incentives, etc - in order to maked the decisions that would best fulfil her desires. With this focus on the searching out and seizing opportunities for personal advancement , repsonsibility for success is considered to lie entirely with each individual as does failure. In this chapter -drawing on our combined 15 years plus of experience in teaching in applied ethics, risk management, and governance in Australian higher education institutions at undergraduated and post graduate levels- we wish to examine the process of engaging students in a process of values renegotiation. This is a process, which promotes and supports their shift from the indivualist orientation of neoliberalism to a relational virtues-based understanding of ethics, personal motivation, and leadership.
iDARE Creative arts research approaches to ethics: new ways to address situated practices in action
- Authors: Bolt, Barbara , MacNeill, Kate , McPherson, Megan , Barrett, Estelle , Ednie-Brown, Pia , Miller, Sarah , Sierra, Marie , Wilson, Carole
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Conference proceedings
- Relation: 12th Biennial Quality in Postgraduate Research Conference (QPR 2016),Adelaide, SA ; 20th-22nd April 2016 pp.98-105;
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- Description: As a 'new' research discipline, the creative arts challenges ethics understandings within the context of its emergent research methodologies and the interactive and polyvalent nature of knowledge produced this mode of research. In this paper we focus on a current learning and teaching project that attends to ethical know-how in creative practice research in order to address the gaps between institutional research knowhow and the practices of creative practitioners in the world. Graduate creative practice researchers working in the university are required to observe the University's Code of Conduct for Research and adhere to the guidelines provided by the National Statement, however, practicing artists working in the community are not similarly constrained. Once creative practice PhD graduates leave the university, they are no longer required to gain ethics clearance for their work but use their own developed sense of ethics to make 'judgment calls.' Ethical know-how is situated, contextual, and a mainstay of all professional practices in action. In order to address the disjuncture between institutional ethics and compliance, what we call 'know-what,' and the ethical know-how required in the real world by artists, this paper sets out the principles and an approach to developing ethical know-how. Through a case study that adapts real world art practice to the research context of the Academy, this essay demonstrates how institutional know-what can be brought into play with ethical know-how. We propose that 'the hypothetical' enables us to shift perceptions and practice around ethics. This approach raises issues specific to the creative arts disciplines and prepares our graduate researchers to become ethical and innovative practitioners in the real world.
The academic conceptualisation of ethical clothing : Could it account for the attitude behaviour gap?
- Authors: Reimers, Vaughan , Magnuson, Bryce , Chao, Chih‐Wei (Fred)
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management Vol. 20, no. 4 (2016), p. 383-399
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- Description: Purpose: Despite supposed widespread consumer support for ethical clothing, it still often fails to translate into actual purchase. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether the way in which academics have defined and measured ethical clothing could account for this. Design/methodology/approach: An over reliance on convenience sampling and the use of student samples has also been touted as a possible reason for this attitude-behaviour gap. To address this, this study employed a consumer household sample. It also used a quantitative survey approach to collect its data and structural equation modelling to analyse it. Findings: In contrast to the way in which academics have conceptualised the construct, consumer perceptions of ethical clothing were found to be influenced by four dimensions: environmental responsibility, employee welfare, animal welfare and slow fashion attributes. Originality/value: Ethical clothing has typically been operationalised using just two of these four dimensions. Ironically, one of the two dimensions often overlooked by academics – animal welfare – had the strongest influence on consumer perceptions. Previous academic efforts had never employed more than three dimensions, and yet the results of this study suggest that all four must be present if an item of clothing is to be regarded as “ethical”. © 2016, © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Ethical considerations when using online datasets for research purposes
- Authors: Kopp, Christian , Layton, Robert , Gondal, Iqbal , Sillitoe, Jim
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Automating Open Source Intelligence: Algorithms for OSINT p. 131-157
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- Description: The Internet has become an important community communications platform, supporting a range of programs and virtual environments. While there are many ways in which people choose to develop personal interactions over the Internet, one of the most popular manifestations is the creation and maintenance of social relationships using social and dating websites. In this chapter, the collection and use of data from such sites is assessed from an ethical frame, and key concepts such as informed consent, information, comprehension, and voluntariness are outlined.
Institutional isomorphism and whistleblowing intentions in public sector institutions
- Authors: Pillay, Soma , Reddy, P. , Morgan, Damian
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: Waves and winds of strategic leadership for sustainable competitiveness, 14th European Academy of Managment Conference (EURAM 2014); Valencia, Spain; 4th-7th June 2014
- Full Text: false
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- Description: Over the years the new institutionalism in public sector analysis has contributed significantly to our understanding of the dynamics of public sector institutions. While it has moved research away from behavioural explanations to recognizing political and cultural contexts, the focus on public sector institutions has been minimal. This research examines, by self-report questionnaire from employees in two government organizations, how institutional mechanisms shape whistle-blowing intentions within the context of a developing country. Despite the country context, findings from this study are encouraging in that participants’ intentions to blow the whistle were found, generally, to be strong.
Conclusion : Ethics in youth sport : Policy and pedagogical applications
- Authors: Light, Richard , Harvey, Stephen
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Ethics in youth sport : Policy and pedagogical applications Conclusions p. 203-210
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- Description: The chapters in this volume are written on a range of topics related to the ethical practice of youth sport from different perspectives, and by authors from different cultural settings, but there are some clear common themes that emerge from them. They all suggest that sport has great potential as a medium for fostering children's positive social, moral and ethical development, but confirm previous warnings that this development is not automatically achieved by mere engagement in sport (Siedentop et al. 2004). Many chapters in this book remind us of the countless recurrences of negative issues in youth sport, such as cheating, negative coaching, physical, sexual and emotional abuse, and player/spectator violence. These practices present a constant threat to the ethical practice of youth sport and we must acknowledge that, in part, these may be attributable to an adult-centric verison of youth sport with an overemphasis on winning, particularly by over-zealous adults such as coaches and parents.
Ethics in youth sport : Policy and pedagogical applications
- Authors: Harvey, Stephen , Light, Richard
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Book
- Relation: Routledge studies in physical education and youth sport
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- Description: The influence of professional, adult sport on youth sport is now a global concern. Children are involved in high-stakes competitive sport at national and international levels at an increasingly young age. In addition, the use of sport as a medium for positive youth development by governments and within the community has fuelled ambitious targets for young people's participation in sport at all levels. In this important study of ethical issues in and around youth sport, leading international experts argue for the development of strong ethical codes for the conduct of youth sport, and for effective policy and pedagogical applications to ensure that the positive benefits of sport are optimized and the negative aspects diminished.