Masculinity might be more toxic than we think : The influence of gender roles on trait emotional manipulation
- Authors: Grieve, Rachel , March, Evita , Van Doorn, George
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 138, no. (2019), p. 157-162
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- Description: Previous research has established sex differences in emotional manipulation; specifically, men are more likely than women to engage in emotional manipulation. This study aimed to explicate these sex differences by investigating, for the first time, the influence of gender roles in the prediction of trait emotional manipulation. Participants were 435 females and 139 males (N = 574) who reported their levels of masculine and feminine gender roles, as well as primary and secondary psychopathy, trait emotional intelligence, and trait emotional manipulation. Separate regressions were conducted for each sex. As predicted, for both males and females, masculine gender roles positively predicted emotional manipulation. For males, no other predictors were significant, however there was evidence of statistical suppression for feminine gender roles. For females, low female gender roles, high primary and secondary psychopathy, and high emotional intelligence all significantly predicted emotional manipulation; the effect of emotional intelligence was via statistical suppression. This study represents an important first step in understanding the interplay between socialisation and emotional manipulation. Future research would benefit from using a longitudinal approach to determine whether emotional manipulation can be reduced through shifting gender roles.
The dark side of emotion at work: Emotional manipulation in everyday and work place contexts
- Authors: Hyde, Jane , Grieve, Rachel
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and individual differences Vol. 129, no. (2018), p. 108-113
- Full Text: false
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- Description: This study investigated whether self-reported willingness to emotionally manipulate (EM) day-to-day and willingness to manipulate at work are related constructs, by analysing the factor structures and relationships of the Trait EM Willingness in General and Work Scale, as well as considering gender effects. Respondents (567 employees 365 females, 199 males, 3 other) were asked how often they engaged in various manipulative behaviours in day-to-day and work contexts. Exploratory and Confirmatory factor analyses analysed split halves of the responses. Three factors emerged: Work-Related Malicious EM Willingness, General Malicious EM Willingness, and Disingenuousness (items reflecting insincerity and deceit), demonstrating a contextual influence on malicious EM. The three-factor structure fitted the data well and was reliable, however, discriminant validity was not evident as Work-Related and General Malicious EM Willingness were highly correlated. The correlations demonstrate the trait-like consistency of malicious manipulation. The model achieved better fit for the male data, indicating the superiority of items at measuring EM in males. Endorsement of malicious EM at work was higher in males, consistent with the masculine-agentic and feminine-communal traits in social role theory. These findings add to understanding of the dark side of emotion, and reveal another layer of complexity to this problematic work behaviour. •Explores nature of emotional manipulation willingness at work and in daily life.•Two types of EM Willingness were identified: malicious and disingenuousness.•Malicious EM appears to be influenced by context of workplace.•The three-factor model of EM achieved better fit for the male data.•People at work may use a variety of deceptive techniques to achieve their goals.