Estimating the effects of energy imbalance on changes in body weight in children
- Authors: Swinburn, Boyd , Jolley, Damien , Kremer, Peter , Salbe, Arline , Ravussin, Eric
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Vol. 83, no. 4 (2006), p. 859-863
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- Description: Background: Estimating changes in weight from changes in energy balance is important for predicting the effect of obesity prevention interventions. Objective: The objective was to develop and validate an equation for predicting the mean weight of a population of children in response to a change in total energy intake (TEI) or total energy expenditure (TEE). Design: In 963 children with a mean (+/- SD) age of 8.1 +/- 2.8 y (range: 4-18 y) and weight of 31.5 +/- 17.6 kg, TEE was measured by using doubly labeled water. Log weight (dependent variable) and log TEE (independent variable) were analyzed in a linear regression model with height, age, and sex as covariates. It was assumed that points of dynamic balance, called "settling points," occur for populations wherein energy is in balance (TEE = TEI), weight is stable (ignoring growth), and energy flux (EnFlux) equals TEE. Results: TEE (or EnFlux) explained 74% of the variance in weight. The unstandardized regression coefficient was 0.45 (95% CI: 0.38, 0.51; R-2 = 0.86) after including covariates. Conversion into proportional chances (time, to time,) gave the equation (weight(2)/weight(1)) = (EnFlux(2)/EnFlux(1))(0-45). In 3 longitudinal studies (n = 212; mean follow-up of 3.4 y), the equation predicted the mean follow-up measured weight to within 0.5%. Conclusions: The relation of EnFlux with weight was positive, which implied that a high TEI (rather than low physical activity and low TEE) was the main determinant of high body weight. Two populations of children with a 10% difference in mean EnFlux Would have a 4.5% difference in mean weight.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003002879
Efficacy of treatments for depression in children and adolescents
- Authors: Carr, Victoria , Boyd, Candice
- Date: 2003
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Behaviour Change Vol. 20, no. 2 (2003), p. 103-108
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- Description: Depression is a highly complex mental disorder that for many years was believed to be absent in children and adolescents. It is now accepted that depression not only exists in this age group, but also is a major mental health problem (Weller & Weller, 2000a). Research suggests that the prevalence of depression in Australian children and adolescents is around 14% (Boyd, Kostanski, Gullone, Ollendick, & Shek, 2000). As depression appears to be highly prevalent, it is essential that efficacious treatments are identified, and that effective treatment strategies are established that best alleviate depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. In light of this need, this article details the criteria used to identify depression in children and adolescents, and examines the available evidence for the use of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of depression in children and adolescents.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003000489
Relationships between body fatness, small-screen sedentary activity and regionality among schoolchildren in Victoria, Australia
- Authors: Aucote, Helen , Cooper, Andrew
- Date: 2009
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Australian Journal of Rural Health Vol. 17, no. 3 (2009), p. 141-146
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- Description: Objective: To examine the difference in body fatness and engagement in small-screen activities across children living in different degrees of regionality, and to examine the relationship between child body fatness and small-screen activities. Design: Cross-sectional study design. Participants: Grade 5-6 schoolchildren (n = 393) from central and metropolitan Victoria, and a parent/guardian of each child (n = 393). Main outcome measures: Parents completed a questionnaire on their child's engagement in television (TV) viewing and video game playing (VGP). Children's weight and height were measured by a researcher. Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) was calculated and adjusted for age and sex. Regionality (metropolitan, population > 100000; regional, 100000 > population < 20000; and rural, population < 10000) and socioeconomic status (socioeconomic indexes for areas: index of disadvantage) were assigned according to school attended. Results: BMI did not differ across regionality or sex. Boys engaged in more VGP than girls, and metropolitan children engaged in more VGP than rural and regional children. TV viewing did not differ across sex or regionality. VGP did not predict BMI, and TV viewing did not predict girls' BMI. Three to four per cent of the variance in boys' BMI was predicted by TV viewing. Conclusions: Boys and metropolitan children engage in more VGP. Boys', but not girls', BMI is related to TV viewing. Interventions designed to decrease engagement in TV viewing should be targeting boys. © 2009 The Author Journal compilation © 2009 National Rural Health Alliance Inc.
Can community-based childhood obesity prevention programs reduce the socioeconomic status (SES) gradient with body mass index (BMI)?
- Authors: Sanigorski, Andrea , Bell, Colin , Kremer, Peter , Swinburn, Boyd
- Date: 2007
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Obesity Vol. 31, no. (May 2007), p. S38-S38
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- Description: C1
The Emotion Regulation Index for Children and Adolescents (ERICA : A psychometric investigation)
- Authors: MacDermott, Sean , Gullone, Eleonora , Allen, Sabura , King, Neville , Tonge, Bruce
- Date: 2009
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment Vol. , no. (2009), p.
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- Description: There is increased recognition of the importance of children learning how to regulate emotions in a functional and adaptive manner for healthy psychological development. However, there is a paucity of tools for assessing emotion regulation during the middle childhood and adolescent years. This study reports on the psychometric evaluation of the 16-item self-report Emotion Regulation Index for Children and Adolescents (ERICA) involving a sample of 1,389 (768 girls, 621 boys) Australian children and adolescents aged 9 to 16 years. Convergent validity for the ERICA is reported with measures of self-conscious emotions (shame, guilt), empathy, childhood depressive symptomatology, and the perceived parenting dimensions of Care and Overprotection. Construct validity assessment using Principal Components Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis yielded three factors: (1) Emotional Control, (2) Emotional Self-Awareness, and (3) Situational Responsiveness. The ERICA was also found to have good internal consistency and to be relatively stable over a four week test-retest period and to be sensitive to age and sex differences. It is concluded that the ERICA is a psychometrically sound measure for the assessment of the identified key aspects of emotion regulation in children and adolescents.
Group-urotherapy for children with complex elimination disorder : an Australian study
- Authors: Peck, Blake , Terry, Daniel , Martin, Benita , Matthews, Belinda , Green, Andrea
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Urological Nursing Vol. 16, no. 3 (2022), p. 211-217
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- Description: Elimination disorders are common in children and are associated with increased levels of psychological distress for both the child and their family. Despite successful treatments for elimination disorders, 30% of children do not respond to standard treatments to achieve continence. In these cases, a Urinary and Faecal Incontinence Training Program for Children and Adolescents (UFITPCA) has been established as an adjunct to existing therapy. The aim of the study is to explore the experiences of children who participated in the program. A qualitative design was employed with female children, aged 7–8 years, (n = 4) who participated in the UFITPCA program participated in a 60-min focus group interview. The parents of the children (n = 4) were also interviewed. Data was collected at the end of the 9-week program and analysed to identify themes that encompassed the experiences of the UFITPCA program and associated outcomes amongst both the children and their parents. Three central themes were emerged from the data, which included: Make it Stop, I'm not Alone, and Look at what I can do now. These findings were encapsulated by the desperation and frustration of children and parents prior to commencing the program; the widespread positive implications for the children's wellbeing from having engaged in a program with others just like them, and their sense of satisfaction of putting their newfound knowledge into practice. Both children and parents recognized a change in their child's overall sense of wellbeing and parents identified that their children felt more in control of symptoms and how they responded when symptoms arose. The children experienced an increase in their acceptance and self-efficacy of their symptoms. © 2022 The Authors. International Journal of Urological Nursing published by British Association of Urological Nurses and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Rights in records : a charter of lifelong rights in childhood recordkeeping in out-of-home care for Australian and Indigenous Australian children and care leavers
- Authors: Golding, Frank , Lewis, Antonina , McKemmish, Sue , Rolan, Gregory , Thorpe, Kirsten
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Human Rights Vol. 25, no. 9 (2021), p. 1625-1657
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- Description: This paper introduces the Charter of Lifelong Rights in Childhood Recordkeeping in Out-of-Home Care, centred on the critical, lifelong and diverse information and recordkeeping needs of Australian and Indigenous Australian children and adults who are experiencing, or have experienced Out-of-Home Care. The Charter is underpinned by the findings of two community-centred research projects, the Australian Research Council-funded Rights in Records by Design, 2017–2020 (applying a Rights by Design approach and co-design methodologies to rights-based recordkeeping systems in Out-of-Home Care), and the Indigenous Archiving and Cultural Safety: Examining the role of decolonisation and self-determination in libraries and archives doctoral project, 2018–2020 (focusing on Indigenous self-determination and cultural safety in the context of archives and libraries). It also draws on foundational research on the recordkeeping rights of Indigenous Australians undertaken in the Australian Research Council-funded Trust and Technology project, 2006–2010. The principles and values underpinning the Charter relate to child wellbeing and safety, self-determination, linked to archival autonomy and agency, and Indigenous Sovereignty and cultural safety. The development of the Charter is core to a National Framework for Recordkeeping for Childhood Out-of-Home Care, a major outcome of the 2017 National Summit on Setting the Record Straight for the Rights of the Child. © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Curriculum and democracy : building understandings of democracy through early childhood practice
- Authors: McLachlan, Claire
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: International Encyclopedia of Education: Fourth Edition p. 424-433
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- Description: The topic of curriculum and democracy, when related to the idea of young children is a fascinating one. Although notions of democracy can be readily related to older children, particularly those in secondary education, ideas around democracy and younger children have been focused on children's rights, rather than children's participation in democratic processes. This article examines the place of democracy in early childhood curricula, along with the underpinning philosophical bases underpinning curricula choices in relation to democracy. It will then identify some recent research around how the issues related to involving children in democracy have been investigated in early childhood services. The potential for teaching democracy in early childhood settings is critically evaluated in relation to selected curriculum documents and curriculum approaches. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Maternal trauma but not perinatal depression predicts infant-parent attachment
- Authors: Galbally, Megan , Watson, Stuart , van Ijzendoorn, Marinus , Tharner, Anne , Luijk, Maartje , Lewis, Andrew
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Archives of Women's Mental Health Vol. 25, no. 1 (2022), p. 215-225
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- Description: Understanding if maternal depression is a predictor of infant-parent attachment classification is important to furthering knowledge about the early pathways and predictors of socio-emotional development. Yet few studies that have utilised the Strange Situation Procedure, the gold standard for measurement of infant-parent attachment, have examined antenatal depression as a predictor of attachment, and none has also included a measure of maternal trauma. This study uses data on 224 women recruited in early pregnancy and followed up until 12 months postpartum. Maternal depression was measured in pregnancy using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM and repeat Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale as well as Stressful Life Events scale across pregnancy and postpartum including items on domestic violence. A past history of trauma was measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Attachment was measured using the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) at 12 months postpartum. We found that maternal depression was not associated with insecure or disorganized attachment. However, a maternal history of childhood trauma and current domestic violence both predicted insecure-avoidant attachment at 12 months, whereas increased number of stressful life events prior to conception and in pregnancy was associated with insecure-resistant attachment. Neither trauma, past or current, nor depression predicted disorganized attachment. In the first study to have included measures of antenatal depression, maternal childhood trauma, and current stressful events as predictors of infant attachment measured using the SSP, we found maternal experiences of past and current trauma but not depression were significant predictors of infant-parent attachment security.
The role of trauma and partner support in perinatal depression and parenting stress: An Australian pregnancy cohort study
- Authors: Galbally, Megan , Watson, Stuart , Boyce, Philip , Lewis, Andrew
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Social Psychiatry Vol. 65, no. 3 (2019), p. 225-234
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- Description: Background: Improving our understanding of the relationship between maternal depression and parenting stress is likely to lie in the range of additional factors that are associated with vulnerability to depression and also to parenting stress. Objectives: To examine the role of trauma and partner support, in understanding the relationship between perinatal depression and parenting stress. Methods: This study utilises data from 246 women in a pregnancy cohort study that followed women from early pregnancy until their infant was 12 months. Included were both women with a diagnosis of depression and those without depression. The measures included Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Social Support Effectiveness Questionnaire and the Parenting Stress Index. Results: We found women with depression were more likely to report a history of childhood trauma. Depressive symptoms were positively associated with parenting stress while partner support was negatively associated with parenting stress. The protective role of partner support for parenting distress was observed in those with no history of childhood abuse and low depressive symptoms, but not in those with a trauma history and high depressive symptoms. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of early trauma in understanding the protective role of support on the relationship between parenting and depression. These findings can inform future studies and the refinement of future interventions aimed at both perinatal depression and parenting.
Depression across pregnancy and the postpartum, antidepressant use and the association with female sexual function
- Authors: Galbally, Megan , Watson, Stuart , Permezel, Michael , Lewis, Andrew
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Psychological Medcine Vol. 49, no. 9 (2019), p. 1490-1499
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- Description: There is an established relationship between depression and sexual functioning in women. However, there is limited research examining the relationship between perinatal depression and sexual functioning. This study draws on the Mercy Pregnancy and Emotional Wellbeing Study and reports on 211 women recruited in early pregnancy and followed to 12 months postpartum. Women were assessed for depression using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV, repeated measurement of depressive symptoms using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and sexual functioning using the Female Sexual Functioning Inventory. Data were also collected on antidepressant use, mode of delivery, history of childhood trauma, breastfeeding and partner support. Women showed a decline in sexual functioning over pregnancy and the first 6 months postpartum, which recovered by 12 months. For women with depression, sexual functioning was lower throughout pregnancy and continued to be lower at 6 months postpartum than those without depression. Ongoing depressive symptoms at 12 months were also associated with lower sexual functioning. Sexual functioning was not predicted by mode of delivery, antidepressant use or childhood trauma. Breastfeeding predicted lower sexual functioning only at 6 months. Higher partner support predicted higher female sexual functioning. Pregnancy and the postpartum are a time of reduced sexual functioning for women however, women with depression are more likely to have lower levels of sexual functioning and this was not predicted by antidepressant use. In women with perinatal depression, consideration of the impact on sexual functioning should be an integral part of care.