Social-economic theory and short-term mate preferences: The effects of gender roles and socioeconomic status
- Authors: March, Evita , Grieve, Rachel
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Australian Journal of Psychology Vol. 68, no. 4 (2016), p. 241-250
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- Description: Objective Men's and women's mate preferences in long-term relationships have been extensively considered in research. However, men's and women's short-term mate preferences have not received nearly as much attention. In particular, theoretical origins of men's and women's short-term mate preferences have received limited consideration in comparison to long-term relationships. Specifically, although evolutionary origins of short-term mate preferences have been discussed, elements of social-economic theory (i.e., socioeconomic status ( SES) and gender roles) have not yet been explored. The current study sought to address the gap in the literature concerning short-term mate preferences and social-economic theory. Method Seven hundred eighty-one participants were recruited to complete a questionnaire that included the mate budget paradigm. Results For men, results showed significant independent effects of SES and gender roles on a short-term mate's physical attractiveness scores, but no significant interaction. Results also showed no significant main effect of SES and gender roles on short-term mate's social level scores, although there was a significant interaction between a masculine gender role and medium and high SES. For women, there were no independent or interactive effects of SES and gender roles on physical attractiveness and social level scores. Discussion Results were interpreted in relation to both evolutionary and social-economic theories, specifically discussing strategic pluralism and sexual strategies theories. Results of the study highlight the need for increased awareness of independent and interactional effects of social-economic theory elements on men's and women's short-term mate preferences, and further exploration of relationships outside the dichotomy of long and short term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Australian Journal of Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Masculinity might be more toxic than we think : The influence of gender roles on trait emotional manipulation
- Authors: Grieve, Rachel , March, Evita , Van Doorn, George
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 138, no. (2019), p. 157-162
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- Description: Previous research has established sex differences in emotional manipulation; specifically, men are more likely than women to engage in emotional manipulation. This study aimed to explicate these sex differences by investigating, for the first time, the influence of gender roles in the prediction of trait emotional manipulation. Participants were 435 females and 139 males (N = 574) who reported their levels of masculine and feminine gender roles, as well as primary and secondary psychopathy, trait emotional intelligence, and trait emotional manipulation. Separate regressions were conducted for each sex. As predicted, for both males and females, masculine gender roles positively predicted emotional manipulation. For males, no other predictors were significant, however there was evidence of statistical suppression for feminine gender roles. For females, low female gender roles, high primary and secondary psychopathy, and high emotional intelligence all significantly predicted emotional manipulation; the effect of emotional intelligence was via statistical suppression. This study represents an important first step in understanding the interplay between socialisation and emotional manipulation. Future research would benefit from using a longitudinal approach to determine whether emotional manipulation can be reduced through shifting gender roles.
Exploring anger as a moderator of narcissism and antisocial behaviour on tinder
- Authors: March, Evita , Grieve, Rachel , Wagstaff, Danielle , Slocum, Alexandra
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 161, no. (2020), p.
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- Description: In an attempt to address inconsistency in the literature regarding narcissism and online antisocial behaviour, we applied the theory of threatened egotism and aggression to examine whether anger moderates the relationship between narcissism and antisocial behaviour on Tinder. Specifically, we explored anger moderating the relationship between narcissistic subtypes of Grandiose Exhibitionism and Entitlement Exploitative and perpetration of antisocial behaviour (aggression and harassment) on Tinder. Tinder users (N = 1,001; 46.3% men and 53.7% women) with an average age of 22.42 years (SD = 4.31) completed an anonymous online questionnaire. Anger was a significant moderator of all relationships between narcissism and antisocial behaviour. Specifically, at average and high levels of anger there were positive, significant relationships between both facets of narcissism, and aggression and harassment on Tinder. These results indicate that trait narcissism alone may not explain perpetration of antisocial behaviour on Tinder, and to adequately explore this relationship future research should consider the role of threatened egotism. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
Inauthentic self-presentation on facebook as a function of vulnerable narcissism and lower self-esteem
- Authors: Grieve, Rachel , March, Evita , Watkinson, Jarrah
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Computers in Human Behavior Vol. 102, no. (Jan 2020), p. 144-150
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- Description: This study was the first to delineate the role of grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism, in addition to self-esteem and self-monitoring, in predicting authentic self-presentation on Facebook. Facebook users (N = 155) answered questions about their personality as well as the persona they present on Facebook, and Euclidean distances quantified the congruence between the two personas. Self-monitoring (ability to modify self-presentation) was included as a control variable in regression analysis. As hypothesised, grandiose narcissism predicted more congruent presentation between the true self and the Facebook self, while vulnerable narcissism predicted a greater difference between the two personas. In contrast to predictions, self-esteem was not associated with congruence between the two selves; however, a follow-up moderation analysis revealed a significant self-esteem vulnerable narcissism interaction. Specifically, for individuals with average and low levels of self-esteem, there is more incongruence between the true self and the Facebook self as a function of increased vulnerable narcissism. Given the psychological benefits associated with authentic self-presentation on Facebook, these findings inform understanding of the negative affective processes of vulnerable narcissists and their self-presentation on this popular social networking medium.
More than a preference for online social interaction : vulnerable narcissism and phubbing
- Authors: Grieve, Rachel , Lang, Cathryne , March, Evita
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 175, no. (2021), p.
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- Description: This study was the first to examine whether the relationship between vulnerable narcissism and phubbing (phone snubbing) can be explained by preference for online social interaction. Participants (N = 402) completed measures of narcissistic vulnerability, phubbing, and preference for online social interaction, along with measures of grandiose narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and social anxiety, which were included as covariates in a mediation analysis. As hypothesised, preference for online social interaction mediated the vulnerable narcissism—phubbing relationship, however this effect was only partial, with narcissistic vulnerability still having a significant and positive direct effect on phubbing. These results indicate that phubbing may allow individuals with vulnerable narcissism to meet contingent self-esteem needs—i.e., needs which are more readily managed through the asynchronous and more controllable online environment—but that other aspects of narcissistic vulnerability also drive phubbing behaviours. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd
‘Just checking’ : vulnerable and grandiose narcissism subtypes as predictors of phubbing
- Authors: Grieve, Rachel , March, Evita
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Mobile Media and Communication Vol. 9, no. 2 (2021), p. 195-209
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- Description: “Phubbing” (phone snubbing) refers to a set of behaviors where phone users focus on their mobile phone instead of interacting with their physically proximal companions. Building on existing understanding of problematic phone use, this study examined narcissism subtypes as predictors of phubbing behavior. Participants (n = 250 smartphone users) completed an anonymous online study where they reported their phubbing behaviors and completed measures of vulnerable narcissism, grandiose narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. Analysis was via multiple regression, with vulnerable and grandiose narcissism as predictors; psychopathy and Machiavellianism were also included to account for shared variance with grandiose narcissism. As hypothesized, vulnerable narcissism emerged as a significant predictor in the model, such that higher levels of vulnerable narcissism were associated with more phubbing. In light of previously established negative social outcomes associated with phubbing behaviors, we conclude that although phubbing might help those high in vulnerable narcissism to manage their need for admiration and their contingent self-worth, phubbing may be particularly problematic for these individuals. © The Author(s) 2020.
Insta-identity: dark personality traits as predictors of authentic self-presentation on Instagram
- Authors: Geary, Christina , March, Evita , Grieve, Rachel
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Telematics and Informatics Vol. 63, no. (2021), p.
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- Description: People vary in the extent to which they present themselves authentically online. This study applied Uses and Gratifications Theory to investigate the utility of grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism, primary psychopathy, secondary psychopathy, and Machiavellianism in predicting authentic self-presentation on Instagram. Participants (N = 542; 62.9% women; 60.1% Australian) with a currently active Instagram account were recruited via social media advertisements and completed an online questionnaire assessing personality and authenticity. Instagram authenticity was operationalised as Euclidean distances between the true self and the Instagram self. Results partially supported hypotheses, with higher levels of trait vulnerable narcissism and Machiavellianism predicting less congruence between the true self and the Instagram self (i.e., inauthenticity). Grandiose narcissism, primary psychopathy, and secondary psychopathy were not significant predictors of authentic self-presentation on Instagram. Findings of the current study extend previous research exploring authentic self-presentation on social media and are interpreted in line with uses and gratifications. We recommend further exploration of variation in authentic self-presentation on Instagram, from normative forms to outright deception. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd
The dark triad, empathy, and motives to use social media
- Authors: Sparavec, Anita , March, Evita , Grieve, Rachel
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 194, no. (2022), p.
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- Description: Compared to individual differences in antisocial and prosocial online behavior, less is known about the motivation to behave antisocially or prosocially online. In this exploratory study (N = 239), we examined the Dark Triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy) and empathy (cognitive and affective) as predictors of antisocial and prosocial social media motivations. Women (but not men) with high psychopathy were more motivated to use social media antisocially. Men and women with high narcissism were more motivated to use social media antisocially and prosocially. Lastly, for women (but not men), higher affective empathy and lower cognitive empathy predicted higher prosocial motivations. These results provide valuable information about the nexus between personality and online behavior and are consistent with a Uses and Gratifications approach. Findings offer an important initial contribution to understanding individual differences in the motivation to behave antisocially and prosocially online. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
A risky investment? Examining the outcomes of emotional investment in Instagram
- Authors: Lowe-Calverley, Emily , Grieve, Rachel , Padgett, Christine
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Telematics and informatics Vol. 45, no. (2019), p. 101299
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- Description: •First to operationalise Instagram Investment.•Instagram Investment significantly predicts depression and stress.•Instagram Investment does not significantly predict anxiety.•Number of followers indirectly reduces self-esteem via Instagram Investment. Recent research demonstrates links between aspects of Instagram use and negative psychological outcomes. It is therefore important to be able to predict the users who may be at a greater risk of experiencing negative consequences as a result of their use. Instagram is an immersive platform and peoples’ behaviour on Instagram can be important to their self-concept and self-esteem users are potentially deeply emotionally invested in their Instagram use. This paper presents three studies investigating an Instagram-specific form of emotional investment – Instagram Investment. Study 1 (N = 167) examined Instagram Investment as a predictor of depression, anxiety, and stress, within a series of hierarchical multiple regression models, and demonstrated the potential utility of Instagram Investment for the prediction of depression and stress. In Study 2 (N = 120) we expanded our understanding of Instagram Investment within the context of self-esteem. A mediation model revealed an indirect effect of number of followers on self-esteem via Instagram Investment. Finally, in Study 3 (N = 259) we examined the structural properties of the 6 items used to measure Instagram Investment using a confirmatory factor analysis. Together, these studies demonstrate that Instagram Investment is a new and valuable construct for explaining the way that individuals are impacted by their use of Instagram.
Student perceptions of marker personality and intelligence: The effect of emoticons in online assignment feedback
- Authors: Grieve, Rachel , Moffitt, Robyn , Padgett, Christine
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Learning and individual differences Vol. 69, no. (2019), p. 232-238
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- Description: Online marking is playing a growing role in universities, affording a new range of communicative opportunities through paralinguistic textual cues (such as emoticons). However, little is known of how the impression of a marker's personality might be formed using this extra-linguistic information provided in assignment feedback. In this study (N = 210 university students), the inclusion of emoticons in feedback on a faux assignment was manipulated between groups. For both groups, the assignment and the marker's feedback were identical, but for one group, three emoticons were embedded in feedback, as well as in the overall comments (in total: 4 ×
The influence of textese on adolescents’ perceptions of text message writers
- Authors: Kemp, Nenagh , Graham, Jessica , Grieve, Rachel , Beyersmann, Elisabeth
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Telematics and informatics Vol. 65, no. (2021), p. 101720
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- Description: Teenagers are often criticised for using ‘textese’ in digital messages (c u thurs).•Teens saw messages written by teachers and peers with different levels of textese.•They rated others, particularly teachers, more favourably for using less textese.•Teenagers have a nuanced understanding of the language of digital communication. Text messages are characterised by a casual language style, ‘textese’ (e.g., c u on thurs). This study investigated adolescents’ perceptions of the use of different levels of textese in digital messages which varied in their intended recipient (friend, teacher). Grade 8 students in Australia (N = 90, aged 13–14 years) each read six text messages purportedly written by a fellow student, and rated the extent to which they agreed (on a 7-point Likert scale) that the message writer was intelligent, paid attention to detail, used an appropriate writing style, and was friendly. Overall, participants rated message senders most favourably on all measures when they used no textese, and least favourably when they used high levels of textese. This pattern was even stronger when messages were addressed to teachers rather than same-aged friends. The findings suggest that adolescents are sensitive to both writing style and recipient when considering digital messages.
More than words: Using digital cues to enhance student perceptions of online assignment feedback
- Authors: Padgett, Christine , Moffitt, Robyn Louise , Grieve, Rachel
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Internet and higher education Vol. 49, no. (2021), p. 100789
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- Description: Providing online written feedback for assignments permits the inclusion of digital cues (e.g., emoticons, profile pictures, and informal tone of language) which may improve student perceptions of both feedback and instructor. Using a between groups experimental design, we conducted a series of 2 (Emoticons present/absent) x 2 (Profile pictures present/absent) x 2 (Language formal/informal) ANCOVAs to explore the effect of each cue on student perceptions of feedback and of the instructor (N = 188 university undergraduates). Including emoticons enhanced student perceptions of social presence within the feedback, as well as student ratings of instructor proficiency, accessibility, and personal characteristics. Language formality had no main effect, but interacted with emoticons, such that instructors were perceived to be most proficient when emoticons were embedded within formal language feedback. Our findings suggest that including emoticons in written feedback may improve student perceptions of instructors and feedback, without impacting on the integrity of feedback. •Emoticons enhanced student perception of markers.•Emoticon use did not influence perceptions of feedback quality.•Emoticons were more effective in influencing student reactions to feedback than profile pictures.•Formal language with emoticons produced the highest ratings of marker proficiency.•Including emoticons is an effective way to enhance student reactions to assignment feedback.
Using Facebook to gain health information and support: How attitude, norms, and locus of control predict women's intentions
- Authors: Mitchell, Gemma , Grieve, Rachel
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Australian psychologist Vol. 55, no. 6 (2020), p. 670-685
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- Description: As a popular social networking site, Facebook may assist in promoting health behaviours and delivering interventions. However, women rarely use social media for health-related purposes. This study aimed to identify factors influencing women's intentions to use Facebook to gain health-related support or information. Using an online survey, data were collected from 159 adult females (Mean age = 26.81-years). Two hierarchical regressions were performed (Outcomes: health-related emotional support-seeking intentions on Facebook health-relatedinformation-seeking intentions on Facebook). Predictors were age, past information/support-seeking on Facebook, time spent on Facebook per day (Step 1), health concern, appearance concern (Step 2), health locus of control (LOC Step 3) and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) variables (Step 4). As hypothesised, the TPB constructs significantly predicted intention to use Facebook for health information and support. For information-seeking intention, TPB variables explained an additional 18.3% of the variance over and above that explained in previous steps of the model. Significant contributors were past information-seeking, attitude towards seeking health-related information on Facebook, and subjective norm. For support-seeking intention, TPB variables explained an additional 20.2% of variance. Significant contributors were attitude towards seeking health-related support on Facebook, past support-seeking, and powerful others LOC. Both final models accounted for 56.5% of the variance in information/support-seeking intentions. The TPB constructs effectively predict intentions to seek health information/support on Facebook in women. To increase women's engagement with Facebook for health information and support-seeking purposes, previous behaviours, attitudes, perceived social pressures, and locus of control warrant consideration.
Accessibility and emotionality of online assessment feedback: Using emoticons to enhance student perceptions of marker competence and warmth
- Authors: Moffitt, Robyn , Padgett, Christine , Grieve, Rachel
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Computers and education Vol. 143, no. (2020), p. 103654
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- Description: Assessment feedback is one of the most powerful learning tools, and in higher education this feedback is increasingly being provided online. The current study investigated the inclusion of emoticons as a method through which to enhance student perceptions of the accessibility and emotionality of written online assessment feedback. Undergraduate students (N = 241) were presented with an online faux essay along with associated written feedback typical of the comments students would receive in the higher education context. The feedback was identical except for the inclusion of emoticons. Using a between-groups design, emoticons were manipulated in two ways: frequency (none, 1, 3, or 6) and valence (happy, sad, or confused). The use of happy emoticons produced significantly higher perceptions of marker warmth when compared to no emoticons, or when negatively valenced emoticons were included. Furthermore, marker competence was significantly higher when 3 happy face emoticons were presented in the feedback than when 3 sad or confused faces were included. Student perceptions of feedback quality and marker professionalism were not affected by emoticon use. Thus, the results suggest that instructors can use positively valenced emoticons to inject some fun, warmth, and emotionality in written online assessment feedback without sacrificing feedback quality or professional integrity. •Experimentally manipulated emoticon valence and frequency in assessment feedback.•Including happy emoticons in feedback increased perceptions of marker warmth.•Marker competence was rated higher with happy than sad or confused face emoticons.•Feedback quality and marker professionalism were unaffected by emoticon inclusion.•Happy face emoticons convey emotionality without compromising feedback quality.
Socially aversive dark traits and the drive for social connectedness
- Authors: Grieve, Rachel
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 202, no. (2023), p.
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- Description: This research examined for the first time how the “dark” tetrad (psychopathy, Machiavellianism, sadism, and grandiose narcissism) and adjunct dark trait vulnerable narcissism predict drive for social connectedness. Data were collected via an anonymous online survey (N = 395 adults) and analysed via multiple regression. As hypothesised, vulnerable narcissism was significantly and positively associated with a greater desire to experience social connection, but unexpectedly the same relationship was seen for grandiose narcissism. Also as hypothesised both psychopathy and sadism were significant negative predictors of the desire to experience social connectedness, however Machiavellianism failed to contribute significantly to the model. Findings indicate that both grandiose and vulnerable narcissists seek social connectedness, but likely as a means to gratify different needs (attention and contingent self-esteem, respectively). © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
The Psychological benefits of being authentic on facebook
- Authors: Grieve, Rachel , Watkinson, Jarrah
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking Vol. 19, no. 7 (2016), p. 420-425
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- Description: Having others acknowledge and validate one's true self is associated with better psychological health. Existing research indicates that an individual's true self may be more readily expressed on Facebook than in person. This study brought together these two premises by investigating for the first time the psychosocial outcomes associated with communicating one's true self on Facebook. Participants (n = 164) completed a personality assessment once as their true self and once as the self they present on Facebook (Facebook self), as well as measures of social connectedness, subjective well-being, depression, anxiety, and stress. Euclidean distances quantified the difference between one's true self and the Facebook self. Hypotheses received partial support. Better coherence between the true self and the Facebook self was associated with better social connectedness and less stress. Two models provided evidence of mediation effects. Findings highlight that authentic self-presentation on Facebook can be associated with positive psychological outcomes.
Employment testing online, offline, and over the phone: Implications for e-assessment
- Authors: Grieve, Rachel , Hayes, Jordana
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones Vol. 32, no. 2 (2016), p. 95-101
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- Description: This research investigated faking across test administration modes in an employment testing scenario. For the first time, phone administration was included. Participants (N=91) were randomly allocated to testing mode (telephone, Internet, or pen-and-paper). Participants completed a personality measure under standard instructions and then under instructions to fake as an ideal police applicant. No significant difference in any faked personality domains as a function of administration mode was found. Effect sizes indicated that the influence of administration mode was small. Limitations and future directions are considered. Overall, results indicate that if an individual intends to fake on a self-report test in a vocational assessment scenario, the electronic administration mode in which the test is delivered may be unimportant. Este trabajo investiga el falseamiento en los diferentes modos de aplicación de tests en el contexto de las pruebas para conseguir empleo. Por primera vez se incluyó la aplicación telefónica. Se distribuyó a los participantes (N=91) aleatoriamente en las modalidades de prueba (telefónica, Internet o papel y lápiz). Los sujetos realizaron una prueba de personalidad con instrucciones estándar y después con instrucciones de que falsearan la prueba como si fuesen aspirantes ideales a la policía. No resultaron diferencias significativas en ninguno de los dominios de personalidad en función del modo de administración. La magnitud del efecto indicaba que la influencia del modo de aplicación era escasa. Se abordan las limitaciones y directrices con vistas al futuro. En general, los resultados indican que si una persona trata de falsear una prueba de autoinforme en el contexto de la evaluación profesional el modo de administración electrónica de la prueba puede carecer de importancia.
Assignments 2.0: The role of social presence and computer attitudes in student preferences for online versus offline marking
- Authors: Grieve, Rachel , Padgett, Christine , Moffitt, Robyn
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Internet and higher education Vol. 28, no. (2016), p. 8-16
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- Description: This study provided the first empirical and direct comparison of preferences for online versus offline assignment marking in higher education. University students (N=140) reported their attitudes towards assignment marking and feedback both online and offline, perceptions of social presence in each modality, and attitudes towards computers. The students also ranked their preferences for receiving feedback in terms of three binary characteristics: modality (online or offline), valence (positive or negative), and scope of feedback (general or specific). Although attitudes towards online and offline marking did not significantly differ, positive attitudes towards one modality were strongly correlated with negative attitudes towards the other modality. Greater perceptions of social presence within a modality were associated with more positive attitudes towards that modality. Binary characteristics were roughly equally weighted. Findings suggest that the online feedback modality will most effectively maximise student engagement if online assignment marking and feedback tools facilitate perceptions of social presence. •Examines university students' preferences for online vs. offline marking•Attitudes towards the two modalities were strongly and negatively correlated.•Perception of social presence was the main predictor of attitudes online and offline.•Positive feedback featured as a desirable attribute for both modalities•Most preferred was feedback delivered online with positive and specific critique.
The utility of the health belief model variables in predicting help-seeking intention for anxiety disorders
- Authors: Langley, Emma , Wootton, Bethany , Grieve, Rachel
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Australian psychologist Vol. 53, no. 4 (2018), p. 291-301
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- Description: Anxiety disorders are common, and effective treatments exist, however, many people with anxiety disorders do not access these treatments due to numerous barriers. The current study aimed to examine treatment barriers that are specific to anxiety disorders and to examine the utility of the Health Belief Model (HBM) variables in predicting intention to seek psychological help in relation to anxiety disorders. The study employed a cross-sectional design and participants were a convenience sample comprising first year psychology students and other individuals who were interested in participating. A total of 278 individuals voluntarily participated in the current study by completing a battery of online self-report measures. Of these participants, there was an 89% completion rate and 243 met inclusion criteria (81% female Mean age 25.58, SD = 10.69). The most commonly reported barriers in this population included "I would not be able to afford treatment" (52%), followed by "I think I can/should work out my own problems rather than talking to a psychologist" (49%). Regression analyses indicated that 51% of the variance in intention to seek psychological help can be accounted for by the HBM variables. Perceived treatment benefits were the strongest predictor of help-seeking intention. The study highlights that individuals must interpret psychological treatment as potentially helpful in order to seek help for anxiety disorders. In order to improve help-seeking for anxiety disorders it is essential that professional bodies use targeted marketing strategies to increase the perceived helpfulness of seeing a mental health professional.
The dark side of emotion at work: Emotional manipulation in everyday and work place contexts
- Authors: Hyde, Jane , Grieve, Rachel
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and individual differences Vol. 129, no. (2018), p. 108-113
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- Description: This study investigated whether self-reported willingness to emotionally manipulate (EM) day-to-day and willingness to manipulate at work are related constructs, by analysing the factor structures and relationships of the Trait EM Willingness in General and Work Scale, as well as considering gender effects. Respondents (567 employees 365 females, 199 males, 3 other) were asked how often they engaged in various manipulative behaviours in day-to-day and work contexts. Exploratory and Confirmatory factor analyses analysed split halves of the responses. Three factors emerged: Work-Related Malicious EM Willingness, General Malicious EM Willingness, and Disingenuousness (items reflecting insincerity and deceit), demonstrating a contextual influence on malicious EM. The three-factor structure fitted the data well and was reliable, however, discriminant validity was not evident as Work-Related and General Malicious EM Willingness were highly correlated. The correlations demonstrate the trait-like consistency of malicious manipulation. The model achieved better fit for the male data, indicating the superiority of items at measuring EM in males. Endorsement of malicious EM at work was higher in males, consistent with the masculine-agentic and feminine-communal traits in social role theory. These findings add to understanding of the dark side of emotion, and reveal another layer of complexity to this problematic work behaviour. •Explores nature of emotional manipulation willingness at work and in daily life.•Two types of EM Willingness were identified: malicious and disingenuousness.•Malicious EM appears to be influenced by context of workplace.•The three-factor model of EM achieved better fit for the male data.•People at work may use a variety of deceptive techniques to achieve their goals.