Aboriginal interactions and associations with the hospitality industry in colonial Victoria, 1835-70
- Authors: Clark, Ian
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Colonialism, Tourism and Place Chapter 4 p. 44-57
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- Description: This paper is concerned with the emergence of hospitality in Colonial Victoria, and is part of ongoing research into understanding Victoria’s ‘tourism era of discovery’, which focuses on the embryonic or emergent phase in which the tourism and hospitality industry is coming into being. Travellers’ accounts and other contemporary sources are used to provide insights into Victoria’s nascent hospitality - through them we should be able to see the various places that were emerging as settlements in the colonial space. It offers a social history of Aboriginal interactions and associations with bush inns including camping sites; cultural performances; alcohol consumption; restrictions on serving alcohol to Aboriginal people; and sites of violence. In the pre-gold period, accommodation responded to the needs of pastoral travellers and reflected physical discontinuities such as river crossings, which were logical places to stop and rest. These discontinuities also became opportunities for interactions with Aboriginal peoples
Introduction
- Authors: Linehan, Denis , Clark, Ian , Xie, Phillip
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Colonialism, Tourism and Place p. 1-11
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- Description: The vital and contested connections between colonialism and tourism are as lively and charged today as they ever were. From staged weddings in Mauritius, curated walks through the Medina of Tunis, surfing off the high-rise hotel development at Waikiki or riding on an Elephant Safari Tour in Himachal Pradesh, much of the marketing of these kinds of destinations represent the constant renewal of coloniality in the tourism business. Actors in the worldwide tourism industry continue to benefit from the colonial roots of globalisation. The ownership of tourist infrastructures, for example, airlines, hotel booking systems and resorts, are restructured by a neo-colonial order. Colonialism is echoed in the imaginations of tourists, in the marketing of destinations and in the production of touristified landscapes. Whether found on bespoke tours, or at resorts or tourist attractions, strategies to package the colonial past have arguably become more sophisticated through the situated and exciting offers encountered variously through specialist accommodation, architecture, food, stories and design. The growth in tourism and its intensi- fication and expansion into new markets has amplified the encounters with history and memory. Hélène Cixous’s (2004: 55) aphorism ‘everything passes, except the past’ presents a potent guide in commencing our thinking on these issues. As much as time is receding, the colonial past is growing in influence. Many societies find themselves cast into situations where they variously elide, exploit and re-negotiate their relationships to their colonial experience (Strachan, 2002) "From introduction"
'Of one blood': An appreciation of the life of Yarley Yarmin
- Authors: Clark, Ian
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Pay Dirt Chapter 3 p.
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Corroborees in Goldrush Victoria
- Authors: Cahir, David (Fred) , Clark, Ian
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Pay dirt! : Ballarat and other gold towns Chapter 2 p.
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Exchange on the maritime frontier of southern Australia
- Authors: Cahir, David (Fred) , Clark, Ian , Wright, Wendy
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: The First Wave: Exploring coastal contact history in Australia Chapter 12 p. 174-192
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- Description: The intimate cross-cultural narratives that ocure when British and other European mariners maded early contacts with Australian Aboriginal people have been investigated in a number of influential historical works, including Reynolds's "The other side of the frontier", Shellam's SHaking hand on the fringe', and Clendinnen's Dancing with strangers, This chapter will draw onfrom the concepts established in these workks and explore three facets of early interculturla exchange on the maritime frontier of south-eastern Australia (1790s-1840s) through written narratives focusing on food, tools and story-telling. "From chapter".
Understanding maritime explorers and others as ngamadjidj
- Authors: Clark, Ian , Cahir, David (Fred) , Wright, Wendy
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: The First wave :Exploring early coastal contact history in Australia Chapter 3 p. 23-37
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- Description: This chapter examines Indigenous narratives of first contact in south eastern Australia with a particular focus on Victoria and draws on ethnohistory, ethnography and thick description to offer a nuanced understanding of these encounters. Early interactions were framed within an attempt to incorporate Europeans within existing cosmological and social orders. Fragments of Aboriginal accounts of their first interactions with Europeans survive in the written recordds of early settleers and public administratorsm and although they are not extensive they nevertheless provide us with glimpses of Aboriginal understanding of these initial encounters. Victorian Aboriginal perceptions of their first contact with European settlers have been studied by Clark, and Clark and Cahir.
Healing
- Authors: Clark, Ian
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Aboriginal biocultural knowledge in South-Eastern Australia Chapter 12 p. 209-228
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- Description: Plants feature prominently in Aboriginal remedies chiefly used to relieve symptoms such as fever, congestion, headache, skin sores, tired or swollen aching limbs and digestive problems. Treatment can involve drinks, washes, massages and aromatherapies. The drinks are made by heating water with plant additives, and in Aboriginal English are commonly referred to as ‘tea’. Since European colonisation, washes are prepared by boiling plants, with the cooled liquid applied externally to the body. Some plants are heated, then rubbed or massaged into swollen parts of the patient’s body. The aroma of plants is generally transferred to the patient through contact with steam and smoke (Clarke 2008b, pp. 12– 13).
Introduction: Aboriginal Bio-cultural Knowledge in Southeast Australia
- Authors: Clarke, Philip , Cahir, David (Fred) , Clark, Ian
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Aboriginal Biocultural Knowledge in South-Eastern Australia Introduction p. xv-xxiv
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A forgotten brouhaha: lessons in authenticity and authority
- Authors: Clark, Ian
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Language Land and Song: Studies in honour of Luise Hercus Chapter 21 p. 304-317
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- Description: 1. Introduction In July 1943, noted Victorian author and travel writer Eileen Finlay (1878- 1950) returned to the tourist resort town of Healesville to enjoy ‘a respite from her literary labours’ (Healesville Guardian 24/7/1943). Staying at Golf House, her respite did not prevent her from appearing at the Healesville Library to promote her publications and meet her fans. Eileen Finlay was born Mary Ellen Moroney in Maffra, Gippsland, in 1878, and lived for a time in Colac where her father was appointed shire engineer in 1882 (Barraclough 1995: 56). In 1889, two years after the death of her father, her family moved to Lilydale where her connection with Healesville commenced. In 1899 she married architect, Alexander Kennedy Smith Finlay, and settled in Melbourne. On 29th December 1921 her husband was one of three passengers who drowned when a launch capsized en route to Lake Tyers Aboriginal station. Many of the survivors, including Eileen Finlay and her son, owed their survival to two Aboriginal women from the Aboriginal settlement who rescued them in a rowing boat – once on shore, men and women from the settlement assisted them by lighting a fire to dry their clothes . "From introduction"
Indigenous folklore of the northern Wathawurrung peoples
- Authors: Clark, Ian
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Goldfields and the gothic : A hidden heritage & folklore p. 151-164
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- Description: This paper examines four northern Wathawurrung legends and beliefs that were associated with five landmarks within their country - Lal Lal Falls, Black Hill (Kirrit Barreet, near Gordon), Lake Burrumbeet, and Mt Buninyong and Mt Elephant (Derrinallum). The first two sites are associated with Bundjil, the creator spirit. Lake Burrumbeet concerns a 'witch-like' creature, and the final two sites were involved in major conflict that explaines their unique topographical characteristics. The northern Wathawurrung country is bounded by the Werribee River in the east; the Fiery Creek in the west; and the Great Dividing Range in the north.
Visitor experiences of aboriginal place names in colonial Victoria, Australia, 1834-1900
- Authors: Clark, Ian
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Names and Naming : People, Places, Perceptions and Power (Multilingual Matters series) Chapter 2 p. 18-31
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- Description: In a preliminary assessment of a literary triptych of travel through colonial Victoria, Australia, in the nineteenth century, each representing different time periods, a common thread was found in that all three shared an interest in Aboriginal place names. One traveler in particular, Isabella Bird, was affronted by her encounters with transplanted British place names that for her seemed semiotically incongruous. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which these women's interest in place names in general and Kirkland's and Bird's preference for Indigenous toponymy was shared by other colonial travellers to Victoria.
Bunjils Shelter, Black Range Scenic Reserve
- Authors: Clark, Ian
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: An Historical Geography of Tourism in Victoria, Australia Chapter 4 p. 64-86
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- Description: This chapter presents a detailed history of the Aboriginal art site known as Bunjils Shelter situated in the Black Range Scenic Reserve, near Stawell (see Fig.4.1). It is the only known site in Victoria to contain bichrome figures and an anthropomorphic figure whose identity is known. The existence of the art site had been rumoured among the European population since the 1850s, however its existence was first confirmed when Alfred William Howitt (1904) revealed its general location, from information he gained in the summer of 1883/84 from John Connolly, a Jardwadjali speaker he interviewed at Ramahyuck Aboriginal station. Although the location of the site did not become public knowledge until 1957, its location was known to a select group of local European people from at least 1911. The incidence of graffiti also dates from this time. The site is generally regarded to be one of the most significant of the 150 or so Aboriginal art sites in Victoria, and yet its management has been characterized by nagging doubts about its authenticity (see Clark, 2005).
Colin and Frances Campbell and their relationships with the Djabwurrung Aboriginal people of the Buangor district, 1840-1903
- Authors: Clark, Ian
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Scots under the Southern Cross p. 23-32
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- Description: This paper is concerned with the Djabwurrung Aboriginal people of the Buangor district and their relationships with Colin and Frances Campbell. Colin Campbell squatted on Djabwurrung land near Mt Cole in late February 1840. Two 'big' questions lie behind this study - to what extent, if any, did the condition of being Scottish affect their attitudes to Indigenous peoples?, and did Scottish highlanders, whose own culture and language were coming under threat, perceive any parallels between their experiences and those of Indigenous peoples?
Den of Nargun, Mitchell River National Park
- Authors: Clark, Ian
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: An Historical Geography of Tourism in Victoria, Australia Chapter 5 p. 87-110
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- Description: This chapter is concerned to document the history of the development of the Den of Nargun as a tourism site utilising the theoretical constructs developed by MacCannell (1976), Butler (1980) and Gunn (1994). These perspectives provide insights into the historical maturation of a cultural or natural site into a tourism attraction. MacCannell’s (1976) perspective reflects progressive development of attractions over five phases – naming, framing and elevation, enshrinement and duplication, and social reproduction. For the purpose of this study, Butler’s (1980) ‘tourism area life cycle model’ will be correlated with MacCannell’s model of the evolution of attractions in order to navigate the development and tourism history of the Den of Nargun. Furthermore, utilisation of Gunn’s (1994) spatial model helps to provide an understanding of the contextual and environmental development and character of the site.
Dissonance surrounding the Aboriginal origin of a selection of placenames in Victoria, Australia : Lessons in lexical ambiguity
- Authors: Clark, Ian
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Indigenous and minority placenames : Australian and international perspectives (Aboriginal history series) Chapter 14 p. 251-272
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- Description: When studying the history of some 3,400 Aboriginal toponyms in Victoria, Australia, the majority of placenames were found to have no equivocalness or ambiguity about them (Clark and Heydon 2002). Although it was not possible to find meanings fro every one of these Aboriginal placenames, in terms of historical accounts and folk etymology there was no ambiguity - the vast majority of the placenames are accepted in the source material as being of Aboriginal origin. This paper concerns some 26 placenames for which there is dissonance or a lack of agreement about whether or not they are Aboriginal in origin. These names are considered in some detail in an effort to resolve their lexical ambiguity and an attempt is made to explain the reasons for the ambiguity and to find any patterns and causal factors. The merits of the claims and counter claims in each case will be examined and an attempt made to categorise the assertion of Aboriginal etymology as either grounded in the historical evidence, or likely to be explained by folk etymology - that is, a false meaning based on its structure or sound that may lack historical basis but has been accepted through common practice, or explained as a false etymology that neither accords with historical evidence nor equates with folk etymologies.
Hanging Rock Recreation Reserve
- Authors: Skidmore, Stephanie , Clark, Ian
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: An historical geography of tourism in Victoria, Australia Case studies Chapter 6 p. 111-134
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- Description: This chapter presents an historical analysis of the evolution of tourism at Hanging Rock Recreation Reserve. It shows how Hanging Rock evolved from being a ‘special’ place of local Aboriginal clans at the time of European settlement into a significant natural/cultural tourism attraction. Hanging Rock Recreation Reserve is some 80 kilometres N.N.W. of Melbourne and lies immediately north of Mount Macedon. It is managed by the Macedon Ranges Shire Council. In terms of its physical extent, the acquisition of 22 hectares in 1993 increased the size of the reserve to 88 hectares, although the rock itself only covers approximately 9 hectares, the remaining area is comprised of the racecourse, picnic areas, and car park. Five Mile Creek, a tributary of the Campaspe River, flows through the southern portion of the reserve. With its distinctive geological formation the rock rises some 100 metres above the surrounding plain.
Introduction : Indigenous and minority placenames - Australian and international perspectives
- Authors: Clark, Ian , Hercus, Luise , Kostanski, Laura
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Indigenous and minority placenames : Australian and international perspectives (Aboriginal history series) Chapter 1 p. 1-10
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- Description: This book is the third volume in a series dedicated to Australian placenames. The earlier volumes are Koch and Hercus (eds) 2009, 'Aboriginal Placenames : Naming and re-naming the Australian landscape' (The Australian National University EPress and Aboriginal History), and Hercus, Hodges and Simpson (eds) 2002, 'The land is a map : Placenames of Indigenous Origin in Australia' (Pandanus Books and Pacific Linguistics, Canberra). As in the earlier volumes, many of the papers in this volume originated as papers at a placenames conference, in this cas one hosted by the University of Ballarat in 2007 that featured Australian and international speakers who spoke on aspects of Indigenous and minority toponyms. Added to these papers are three papers that are recipients of the Murray Chapman Award: Nash (Chapter 2) and Wafer (Chapter 4) won the award in 2011, and Nash (Chapter 3) in 2012. This award is sponsored by the Geographical Names Board of NSW. The papers have been arranged geographically, starting with New South Wales and ending with four international papers presented at the Ballarat conference.
Introduction: Nascent Tourism in Victoria, Australia – Insights into the evolution of its tourism landscape
- Authors: Clark, Ian
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: An Historical Geography of Tourism in Victoria, Australia p. 1-14
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- Description: This work is concerned with the emergence of tourism in colonial Victoria, Australia, and is part of ongoing research into understanding Victoria’s ‘tourism era of discovery’ (Towner, 1996: 140). It is concerned with the processes of ‘opening up’ new attractions and its focus is the discovery state of the development of tourism or what Young (1983) has termed ‘pretourism’. Victoria’s tourism era of discovery, here defined as ‘nascent tourism’ or ‘pretourism’, is a period that has generally been neglected in tourism histories in Australia, notwithstanding the recent works of Bonyhady (2000), Horne (2005), and Inglis (2007). Nascent tourism, defined as the embryonic or emergent phase in which natural attractions are coming into being as the subject of tourist visitation, will be contextualized in the study of eight tourism sites that will be the primary focus of this work. Travellers’ accounts and other contemporary sources will be used to provide us with insights into Victoria’s nascent tourism – through them; we should be able to see the various places that were emerging as tourist sites in the colonial space. The sources are interrogated as journals or narratives that offer a biography of the journey in ways similar to Carter’s (1988) and Ryan’s (1996) interrogations of the journals of Australian explorers. These accounts enable observations of tourism and travel phenomena to be contrasted and allow geographical and temporal controls to be applied. Accounts from the 1830s and 1840s, for example, capture the nascent state of hospitality and travel as it was centred around squatting stations; the 1850s and 1860s show the evolution of an accommodation industry away from Melbourne and the improvement of transport infrastructure contrasted with the chaos caused by the gold rushes and the emergence of fledgling townships such as Ararat and Ballarat.
John Green, manager of Coranderrk Aboriginal Station, but also a 'Ngamadjidj? New insights into his work with Victorian Aboriginal people in the ninteenth century
- Authors: Clark, Ian , Cahir, David (Fred)
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Colonial contexts and postcolonial theologies : Story weaving in the Asia-Pacific p. 129-144
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- Description: As a result of recommendations from the New South Wales Legislative Council Select Committee appointed in June 1849 to assess the success or failure of the Aboriginal Protectorate system in Port Phillip, the protectorate was dismantled in late 1849. The abolition of the Protectorate heralded a decade of laissez faire policy and neglect of Aboriginal people in Victoria. William Thomas, the assistant protector responsible for the Melbourne or Western Port Protectorate District, was retained and given the title of 'Guardian of Aborigines', but he concentrated on Aboriginal people living or visiting Melbourne.
Lal Lal Falls Scenic Reserve
- Authors: Clark, Ian
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: An Historical Geography of Tourism in Victoria, Australia Chapter 2 p. 15-35
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- Description: Lal Lal Falls near Ballarat in Western Victoria evolved over 162 years from an Aboriginal cultural site into a recreational and tourism attraction. Key moments in this history were the visit by two European Port Phillip Aboriginal Protectorate officials in 1840, the reservation of the site as a public park in 1865, and the tragic death of two school children from a landslip at the site in 1990. To understand the history of Lal Lal Falls visitation, this study uses perspectives developed by MacCannell (1976), Butler (1980), and Gunn (1994). MacCannell’s (1976) research into the development of secular attractions through five stages – sight sacralization or naming, framing and elevation, enshrinement, duplication, and social reproduction – will be tested to see if it satisfactorily accounts for the development of the Lal Lal Falls attraction. Butler’s (1980) tourism area life-cycle model may explain the subsequent stagnation and decline of the attraction, particularly since the 1990 catastrophe. Gunn’s (1994) spatial model of attractions should be able to add a spatial dimension to understanding the history of recreation planning at Lal Lal Falls in terms of three zones (nucleus, inviolate belt, and zone of closure) of visitor interaction outlined by the model. This chapter extends earlier research by Clark (2002) into the history of the waterfall.