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Factor structure of ten psychoactive substance addictions and behavioural addictions : common psychoactive substance and behavioural addictions

- Gomez, Rapson, Stavropoulos, Vasileios, Brown, Taylor, Griffiths, Mark

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Brown, Taylor , Griffiths, Mark
  • Date: 2022
  • Type: Text , Journal article , Review
  • Relation: Psychiatry Research Vol. 313, no. (2022), p.
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  • Description: Over the past two decades, many problematic/excessive behaviours have increasingly been conceptualized as addictions due to their similarity with more traditional psychoactive substance addictions. The primary aim of the present study was to simultaneously examine the factor structure of three psychoactive substance addictions (alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and substance use) and seven behavioural addictions (sex, social media use, shopping, exercise, online gambling, internet gaming, and internet use), using exploratory factor analysis (EFA; N = 481) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; N = 487). A total of 968 participants completed an online survey including ten psychometric scales assessing the ten different potentially addictive behaviours. EFA supported a two-factor solution, with different factors for the psychoactive substance and behavioural addictions (excluding exercise addiction). CFA supported the two-factor model in a separate sample. There was good support for the concurrent and discriminant validities of the CFA latent factors and the reliability of the behavioural latent factor in the two-factor CFA model. While there was support for the concurrent and discriminant validities of the psychoactive substance latent factor, there was insufficient support for its reliability. The taxonomic, theoretical, and clinical implications of the findings are discussed. © 2022

Personality inventory for DSM–5-brief form (PID-5-BF) : measurement invariance across men and women

- Gomez, Rapson, Watson, Shaun, Brown, Taylor, Stavropoulos, Vasileios

The role of internet gaming in the association between anxiety and depression : a preliminary cross-sectional study

- Stavropoulos, Vasileios, Vassallo, Jeremy, Burleigh, Tyrone, Gomez, Rapson, Colder Carras, Michelle

  • Authors: Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Vassallo, Jeremy , Burleigh, Tyrone , Gomez, Rapson , Colder Carras, Michelle
  • Date: 2022
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Asia-Pacific Psychiatry Vol. 14, no. 2 (2022), p.
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  • Description: Background: Disordered Internet gaming is thought to be perpetuated by one's need to escape their real-life distress or mental health symptoms, which may in turn generate depressive feelings. Nevertheless, moderate engagement with Internet games has also been suggested to provide relief, thus improving one's mood. This study aspires to clarify the contribution of Internet gaming and gender in the association between anxiety and depression. Methods: A large sample of Internet gamers (N = 964) were recruited online. Disordered Internet gaming was assessed with the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, 9 Items Short Form (IGD9S-SF). Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, 21 items (DASS-21). Results: Regression, moderation and moderated moderation analyses accounting for the effects of gender on the relationship between disordered gaming, anxiety, and depression found a significant effect for anxiety symptoms on depression symptoms and a significant interaction between anxiety and Internet gaming disorder on depression symptoms. Findings support the theory that although anxious gamers bear a higher depression risk, this is buffered with lower and exacerbated with higher disordered gaming symptoms. Conclusion: Findings suggest a dual role of Internet gaming in the association between anxiety and depression, depending on the intensity of one's disordered gaming symptoms. Depression prevention and intervention protocols should be optimized by considering the effects of Internet gaming among anxious gamers by focusing on the intensity of a gamer's involvement and any gaming disorder symptoms. Further research should include clinical samples to better understand this interaction. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling of the structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adults

- Gomez, Rapson, Stavropoulos, Vasileios

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
  • Date: 2021
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Assessment Vol. 28, no. 6 (Sep 2021), p. 1570-1582
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  • Description: The Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) involves a simple structure firstorder three-factor oblique model, with factors for depression, anxiety, and stress. Recently, concerns have been raised over the value of using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for studying the factor structure of scales in general. However, such concerns can be circumvented using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). Consequently, the present study used CFA and ESEM with target rotation to examine the factor structure of the DASS21 among an adult community. It compared first-order CFA, ESEM with target rotation, bifactor CFA (BCFA), and bi-factor BESEM with target rotation model with group/specific factors for depression, anxiety, and stress. A total of 738 adults (males = 374, and females =364; M = 25.29 years; SD = 7.61 years) completed the DASS-21. While all models examined showed good global fit values, one or more of the group/specific factors in the BCFA, ESEM with target rotation and BESEM with target rotation models were poorly defined. As the firstorder CFA model was most parsimonious, with well-defined factors that were also supported in terms of their reliabilities and validities, this model was selected as the preferred DASS21 model. The implications of the findings for use and revision of the DASS-21 are discussed

Greek validation of the factor structure and longitudinal measurement invariance of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire-self report (SDQ-SR) : exploratory structural equation modelling

- Gomez, Rapson, Motti-Stefanidi, Frosso, Jordan, Scott, Stavropoulos, Vasileios

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Motti-Stefanidi, Frosso , Jordan, Scott , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
  • Date: 2021
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Child Psychiatry and Human Development Vol. 52, no. 5 (2021), p. 880-890
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  • Description: The study examined the factor structure and longitudinal measurement invariance over three time points (1-year apart) of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire-Self Report (SDQ-SR) for ratings provided by adolescents in Greece. It used exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM) to achieve these two goals. At time point one, a total of 968 adolescents (males = 508, and females = 460) between 12 and 17.9 years completed the SDQ-SR. In relation to factor structure, ESEM tested the fit of one- to five-factor models. The findings were interpreted as indicating most support for the ESEM model with three factors (the factors being dysregulation, peer problems, and prosocial behaviour). This model showed support for configural invariance and full metric invariance across the three time points. Except for two thresholds, all other thresholds were also invariant across the three time points. Thus, there was good support for longitudinal measurement invariance. The implications of the findings for use of the SDQ-SR are discussed. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality questionnaire : factor structure based on CFA and ESEM, and Associations with ADHD

- Gomez, Rapson, Watson, Shaun, Wynen, Johan, Trawley, Steven, Stavropoulos, Vasileios, Corr, Philip

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun , Wynen, Johan , Trawley, Steven , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Corr, Philip
  • Date: 2021
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Personality Assessment Vol. 103, no. 4 (2021), p. 523-534
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  • Description: Revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (r-RST) of personality is a major neuropsychological theory of motivation, emotion and personality. This paper presents the results of a study examining: (1) the factor structure of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM); and (2) the relationships of the r-RST constructs in the RST-PQ with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom groups of inattention (IA) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI). A total of 572 (Sample 1) and 309 (Sample 2) adults completed the RST-PQ. Participants in Sample 2 also completed a questionnaire measuring ADHD symptoms. Results revealed more support for the ESEM model with six factors than the CFA model. For both the ESEM and CFA models, both IA and HI symptom groups were associated positively with the RST-PQ constructs of behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral approach system (BAS) Impulsivity, with IA also associated negatively with the BAS-Goal-Drive Persistence. The theoretical implications of these findings for understanding the factor structure of the RST-PQ, and for ADHD (IA and HI) in terms of r-RST, are discussed. © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

Associations between comorbid stress and internet gaming disorder symptoms : are there cultural and gender variations?

- Andreetta, Jesse, Teh Msc, Justin, Burleigh, Tyrone, Gomez, Rapson, Stavropoulos, Vasileios

  • Authors: Andreetta, Jesse , Teh Msc, Justin , Burleigh, Tyrone , Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
  • Date: 2020
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Asia-Pacific Psychiatry Vol. 12, no. 2 (2020), p.
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  • Description: Introduction: The American Psychiatric Association has requested additional studies examine risk, protective, and cultural factors in relation to Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). The present study aimed to explore the association between stress as a potential IGD risk effect, the possible exacerbating role of cultural orientation (vertical individualism [VI]), and how this may vary between genders. Methods: The sample included adult gamers from the USA, UK, and Australia. Analyses were conducted via linear regression, moderation, and moderated moderation. Results: The results suggested that higher stress symptoms act to increase IGD risk. Gender and VI also influenced this association. Discussion: Males presenting with higher levels of stress and VI were at greater risk of IGD compared to females who exhibited a reduction in IGD-related behaviors. This demonstrates a need for more research to determine how culture and gender can act to mitigate or worsen the risks associated with excessive gaming. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd

Associations of behavioral inhibition system with negatively biased social cognitions : moderation by the behavioral approach system

- Gomez, Rapson, Watson, Shaun, Stavropoulos, Vasileios

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
  • Date: 2020
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 166, no. (2020), p.
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  • Description: Using the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral approach system (BAS) subscales of the BIS/BAS Scales (Carver & White, 1994), this study examined how the association of the BIS and the negatively biased social cognitions of social comparison, social ineptness, negative self-statements, and fear of negative evaluation, were moderated by BAS-Drive and BAS-Reward Responsiveness. A total of 302 (males = 101, females = 201) adults (age ranging from 18 to 65 years) from the general community completed questionnaires covering the different study variables. The findings indicted moderation by BAS-D for the predictions of social comparison, social ineptness, and negative self-statements, and moderation by BAS-RR for the predictions of social ineptness, negative self-statements, and fear of negative evaluation. For moderation effects, moderation was present at lower levels of BAS-D, and at higher levels of BAS-RR. © 2020

Measurement invariance across adult self-ratings of current and retrospective childhood ADHD symptoms

- Gomez, Rapson, Stavropoulos, Vasileios, Watson, Shaun

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Watson, Shaun
  • Date: 2020
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment Vol. 42, no. 3 (2020), p. 475-487
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  • Description: This study examined measurement invariance across adult self-ratings of current and retrospective childhood ADHD symptoms. A group of 265 adults (135 females and 130 males) from the general community completed ratings of their current and retrospective childhood ADHD symptoms presented in the Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-IV (BAARS-IV; Barkley 2011). Initially, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the both sets of ratings provided more support for a bifactor ADHD model (a model with an orthogonal general factor and specific factors for inattention [IA] and hyperactivity/impulsivity [HI]) over a 2-factor oblique model (with factors for IA and HI). Using the bifactor model, chi-square difference test indicated non-invariance for 12 factor loadings on the general factor, and 13 thresholds. Differences in approximate fit indices indicated that only 4 factor loadings were not invariant. The clinical theoretical, and psychometric implications of the findings are discussed. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Personality Inventory for DSM-5, Brief Form : Factor structure, reliability, and coefficient of congruence

- Gomez, Rapson, Watson, Shaun, Stavropoulos, Vasileios

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
  • Date: 2020
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Personality Disorders-Theory Research and Treatment Vol. 11, no. 1 (2020), p. 69-77
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  • Description: The Personality Inventory for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Brief Form (PID-5-BF), is a 25-item self-report questionnaire that measures the severity of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition-proposed personality pathology constructs of negative affectivity, detachment. antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism. The current study used exploratory factor analysis, exploratory structural equation modeling, and confirmatory factor analysis to examine the support for the theoretically proposed 5-factor model. In total, 502 adults (male = 182, female = 320, age = 18-67 years [M = 28.93, SD = 10.95]) provided ratings for the PID-5-BF. For the theorized 5-factor model, there was support for its factor structure, internal consistency reliabilities (Cronbach's. ordinal alpha, and omega) of the factors, and coefficient of congruence of the factors considering a previous Danish study. The findings also supported a strong general factor for a bifactor model involving a general factor alongside the 5 group factors. Together, the findings support the use of the 5 personality pathology constructs and the total PID-5-BF scores in clinical and research settings.

Proteus effect profiles : how do they relate with disordered gaming behaviours?

- Stavropoulos, Vasileios, Pontes, Halley, Gomez, Rapson, Schivinski, Bruno, Griffiths, Mark

  • Authors: Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Pontes, Halley , Gomez, Rapson , Schivinski, Bruno , Griffiths, Mark
  • Date: 2020
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol. 91, no. 3 (2020), p. 615-628
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  • Description: Gamers represent themselves in online gaming worlds through their avatars. The term “Proteus Effect” (PE) defines the potential influences of the gamers’ avatars on their demeanour, perception and conduct and has been linked with excessive gaming. There is a significant lack of knowledge regarding likely distinct PE profiles and whether these could be differentially implicated with disordered gaming. A normative group of 1022 World of Warcraft (WoW) gamers were assessed in the present study (Mean age = 28.60 years). The Proteus Effect Scale (PES) was used to evaluate the possible avatar effect on gamers’ conduct, and the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form was used to examine gaming disorder behaviors. Latent class profiling resulted in three distinct PE classes, ‘non-influenced-gamers’ (NIGs), ‘perception-cognition-influenced-gamers’ (PCIGs), and ‘emotion-behaviour-influenced-gamers’ (EBIGs). The NIGs reported low rates across all PES items. The PCIGs indicated higher avatar influence in their perception-experience but did not report being affected emotionally. The EBIGs indicated significantly higher avatar influence in their emotion and behaviour than the other two classes but reported stability in their perception of aspects independent of their avatar. Gaming disorder behaviours were reduced for the NIGs and progressively increased for the PCIGs and the EBIGs. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

User-avatar bond profiles : how do they associate with disordered gaming?

- Stavropoulos, Vasileios, Gomez, Rapson, Mueller, Astrid, Yucel, Murat, Griffiths, Mark

  • Authors: Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Gomez, Rapson , Mueller, Astrid , Yucel, Murat , Griffiths, Mark
  • Date: 2020
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Addictive Behaviors Vol. 103, no. (2020), p.
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  • Description: Aims: The avatar constitutes the in-game representation of the gamer. Although aspects of the user-avatar bond (UAB) have been associated with disordered gaming, there is a need for clearer understanding concerning the impact of potential UAB profiles. Methods: To address this need, the present study recruited a normative sample of 1022 World of Warcraft (WoW) players (Mage = 28.55 years, SD = 9.90). Participants completed the User-Avatar Questionnaire (to assess UAB aspects such as identification, immersion, and compensation), the Proteus-Effect Scale (to assess transference of the avatar's behaviour in real life), and the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (to assess disordered gaming). Results: Latent class analysis indicated the existence of three UAB profiles, ‘differentiated gamers’ (DGs), ‘identified gamers’ (IGs) and ‘fused gamers’ (FGs). The DGs were characterized by low scores across all UAB aspects. The IGs did not report significant Proteus Effect (PE) or immersion behaviours, and despite being more identified with their avatar, did not significantly compensate through it. The FGs presented with higher PE, immersion, and compensation, although they did not significantly identify with their avatars, possibly due to having idealized them. Disordered gaming behaviours were significantly lower for the DGs and sequentially higher for the IGs and the FGs. Preoccupation and mood modification behaviours related to gaming disorder were distinctively associated with FGs. Conclusion: Disordered gaming assessment and treatment implications of the UAB profiles are discussed. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
  • Description: Murat Yucel has received funding from Monash University , and Australian Government funding bodies such as the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC; including Fellowship #APP1117188 ), the Australian Research Council (ARC), and the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science. He has also received philanthropic donations from the David Winston Turner Endowment Fund, Wilson Foundation, as well as payment from law firms in relation to court and/or expert witness reports. The funding sources had no role in the design, management, data analysis, presentation, or interpretation and write-up of the data.

Measurement invariance : The case of measuring romantic attachment in Greek and Cypriot adolescents

- Stavropoulos, Vasileios, Mastrotheodoros, Stefanos, Papapetrou, Stelios, Gomez, Rapson, Beard, Charlotte, Motti-Stefanidi, Frosso

  • Authors: Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Mastrotheodoros, Stefanos , Papapetrou, Stelios , Gomez, Rapson , Beard, Charlotte , Motti-Stefanidi, Frosso
  • Date: 2019
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: European Journal of Developmental Psychology Vol. 16, no. 3 (2019), p. 362-371
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  • Description: The experiences in close relationships revised (ECR-R) is widely used to assess romantic attachment dimensions. Investigating cultural limitations in its applicability is imperative. This study aims to examine the instrument’s: (1) factor structure in two large and normative samples of Greek (N = 1706, M age  = 16.16; SD = 2.16; 49.7% male) and Cypriot (N = 1279; M age  = 15.54; SD = 0.65; 44.9% male) adolescents; (2) measurement invariance between these groups, accounting for potential gender and age effects. Results supported the two-factor structure and indicated partial invariance of the constructs between Greek and Cypriot adolescents. Findings support limitations in the use of instruments adapted for Greece in Cyprus.

Oppositional defiant disorder dimensions : associations with traits of the multidimensional personality model among adults

- Gomez, Rapson, Stavropoulos, Vasileios

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
  • Date: 2019
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Psychiatric Quarterly Vol. 90, no. 4 (Dec 2019), p. 777-792
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  • Description: The occurrence of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) behaviours among adults has been supported by a proportion of scholars. The current work examines potential ODD dimensions and their associations with the primary personality traits of Tellegen's [57] multi-dimensional conceptualization during adulthood. Two independent, general community, adult groups [Group 1: N = 214; mean age (SD) = 35.74 (16.60); Group 2: N = 205; mean age (SD) = 29.00 (12.42)] completed the Current Symptom Scale involving the eight ODD criteria. Group 2 additionally addressed the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire -Brief Form (MPQ-BF). A series of Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) were implemented. The three-dimensional ODD conceptualization of Burke and colleagues [14] referring to "Negative Affect", "Oppositional Behavior", and "Antagonistic Behavior" was confirmed. Considering personality traits, valuable associations were revealed between Oppositional Behavior and Aggression, Antagonistic Behavior and Social Potency as well as Harm Avoidance, and finally, Negative Affect and Stress Reaction, as well as Aggression. The dimensionality of ODD behaviours in adulthood and its correspondence with particular personality traits is approached in the context of psychological practice.

Parent ratings of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire : What is the optimum factor model?

- Gomez, Rapson, Stavropoulos, Vasilis

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasilis
  • Date: 2019
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Assessment Vol. 26, no. 6 (2019), p. 1142-1153
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  • Description: To date, at least 12 different models have been suggested for the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The current study used confirmatory factor analysis to examine the relative support for these models. In all, 1,407 Malaysian parents completed SDQ ratings of their children (age range = 5-13 years). Although the findings showed some degree of support for all 12 models, there was most support for an oblique six-factor model that included the five SDQ domains (emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer problems, and low prosocial behavior) and a positive construal factor comprising all the 10 SDQ positive worded items. The original proposed five-factor oblique model also showed good fit. The implications of the findings for understanding the results of past studies of the structural models of the parent version of the SDQ, and for clinical and research practice involving the SDQ are discussed.

ROC analyses of relevant conners 3–short forms, CBCL, and TRF scales for screening ADHD and ODD

- Gomez, Rapson, Vance, Alasdair, Watson, Shaun, Stavropoulos, Vasileios

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Vance, Alasdair , Watson, Shaun , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
  • Date: 2019
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Assessment Vol. 28 , no.1 (2021), p. 73-85
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  • Description: Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to examine and compare the diagnostic accuracy of the Conners 3–Parent Short Form (C 3-P(S)), and the Conners 3–Teacher Short Form (C 3-T(S)) inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity scales, and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher’s Report Form (TRF) attention problems scales, to distinguish those with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It also examined and compared the diagnostic accuracy of the C 3-P(S) and C 3-T(S) Aggression (AG) scales, and the CBCL and TRF Aggressive Behavior (AB) scales, to distinguish those with and without oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). The study used archival data (N = 150-261) involving a large group of clinic-referred children aged between 6 and 11 years who had been interviewed for clinical diagnosis of ADHD and ODD using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children (ADISC-IV) as the reference standard, and then administered one or more of the screening measures. The findings provided empirical support for the use of the C 3-P(S) and CBCL for identifying ADHD and ODD, with the CBCL aggressive behavior scale having better ability to detect ODD. The implications of the findings for using the screening scales for diagnoses of ADHD and ODD are discussed. © The Author(s) 2019.

Adolescent pornography use : A systematic literature review of research trends 2000-2017

- Alexandraki, Kyriaki, Stavropoulos, Vasileios, Anderson, Emma, Latifi, Mohammad, Gomez, Rapson

  • Authors: Alexandraki, Kyriaki , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Anderson, Emma , Latifi, Mohammad , Gomez, Rapson
  • Date: 2018
  • Type: Text , Journal article , Review
  • Relation: Current Psychiatry Reviews Vol. 14, no. 1 (2018), p. 47-58
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  • Description: Background: Pornography Use (PU) has been defined as the viewing of explicit materials in the form of pictures and videos, in which people are performing intercourse with clearly exposed and visible genitals. The prevalence of PU has increased dramatically among adolescents, partly attributed to the wide availability of such online material. Objective: The aim of this systematic literature review is to map the research interest in the field and to examine whether statistically significant results have emerged from the areas of research focus. Methods: To address these aims: a) the PRISMA guidelines are adopted and; b) an integrative conceptualization (derived from the merging of two widely accepted models of understanding of Internet use behaviours) was introduced to guide the synthesis of the findings. Results: In total, 57 studies were integrated into the present literature review. Findings were concep-tualized/ classified into individual, contextual and activity factors related to PU in adolescence. In that context, individual associated factors, such as development, victimization, mental health and religiosity, appear to have primarily captivated research interest demonstrating significant relationships with adolescent PU. Conclusion: Results indicate that more research focus on contextual and activity related factors is required to improve the level of understanding of adolescent PU and to inform a more holistic conceptual framework of understanding of the phenomenon during adolescence that could potentially guide future research.

Flow on the Internet : A longitudinal study of Internet addiction symptoms during adolescence

- Stavropoulos, Vasileios, Griffiths, Mark, Burleigh, Tyrone, Kuss, Daria, Doh, Young, Gomez, Rapson

  • Authors: Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Griffiths, Mark , Burleigh, Tyrone , Kuss, Daria , Doh, Young , Gomez, Rapson
  • Date: 2018
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Behaviour and Information Technology Vol. 37, no. 2 (2018), p. 159-172
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  • Description: Internet Addiction (IA) constitutes an excessive Internet use behavior with a significant impact on the user’s well-being. Online flow describes the users’ level of being absorbed by their online activity. The present study investigated age-related, gender, and flow effects on IA in adolescence. The sample comprised 648 adolescents who were assessed twice at age 16 and 18 years. IA was assessed using the Internet Addiction Test and online flow was assessed using the Online Flow Questionnaire. A three-level hierarchical model estimated age-related, gender, and online flow effects on IA symptoms and controlled for clustered random effects. IA symptoms decreased over time (for both genders) with a slower rate in males. Online flow was associated with IA symptoms and this remained consistent over time. Findings expand upon the available literature suggesting that IA symptoms could function as a development-related manifestation at the age of 16 years, while IA-related gender differences gradually increase between 16 and 18 years. Finally, the association between online flow and IA symptoms remained stable independent of age-related effects. The study highlights individual differences and provides directions for more targeted prevention and intervention initiatives for IA. © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Item response theory analysis of the anxiety and mood disorders in clinic-referred children

- Gomez, Rapson, Vance, Alasdair

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Vance, Alasdair
  • Date: 2018
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Assessment Vol. 25, no. 2 (2016), p. 235-246
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  • Description: There is evidence that the major anxiety and depressive disorders could reflect a single underlying internalization factor. For a group of 1,031 clinic-referred children, the study examined support for this factor, and used the two-parameter logistic model to examine the item response theory properties of the disorders in this factor. For the set of anxiety and depressive disorders, confirmatory factor analysis supported a one-factor model. The two-parameter logistic model analysis indicated that all the internalizing disorders in this factor were strong discriminators of the internalizing dimension. Also, they measured more of the internalizing dimension and with more precision in the upper half of the trait continuum. There was also support for the convergent validity of the internalizing dimension, in that it had large-to-medium effect size correlations with internalizing scores of other measures. The implications of the findings for clinical practice and clinical classification are discussed.

Maternal ratings of ODD symptoms : Subtypes versus severity in a general community sample of children

- Gomez, Rapson, Stavropoulos, Vasileios

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
  • Date: 2018
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Comprehensive Psychiatry Vol. 81, no. (2018), p. 81-90
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  • Description: Background and aims: Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a common childhood disorder (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000; APA, 2013). The aim of the present study was to ascertain the optimal structure for the ODD symptoms by identifying whether ODD is a qualitatively distinct entity (categorical) or is a continuum, with high levels on this continuum reflecting ODD (quantitative or dimensional view). Methods: Mothers' ratings of the ODD symptoms of 457 children, aged 3 to 15 years, as presented in the disruptive behavior rating scale were obtained. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), latent class analysis (LCA), and factor mixture modelling (FMM) were applied to determine the best model for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms in children. Results: The findings provided most support for a FMM with 3 classes (unaffected odd class, at risk class, and affected class) and 3 factors (oppositional, antagonistic, and negative affect). Conclusion: The findings are discussed in relation to dimensional, categorical, and hybrid (categorical/dimensional) models of ODD symptoms.