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A conceptual framework for a theory of liquidity

- Culham, James

Authors: Culham, James
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Thesis , Masters , PhD
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Description: This study contributes to the understanding of liquidity in two ways. First, it considers the multifaceted nature of liquidity and its relationship with money. Second, it constructs a conceptual framework for a theory of liquidity. The first contribution is achieved by clarifying and categorising the various forms of liquidity to identify those overlooked by the existing literature. The second contribution consists of a realist critique of the literature on liquidity and money to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each theoretical approach. The study reflects on the attempts to analyse liquidity using moneyless models of perfect barter with the assumption that every commodity exhibits perfect saleability; an assumption that removes any need for a medium of exchange and, moreover, crowds out all other forms of liquidity. It is concluded that, because liquidity is a social and monetary phenomenon, it cannot be analysed with models populated by a representative agent consuming a single commodity. Furthermore, this conclusion is not altered by the introduction of ‘financial frictions’, which are fundamentally at odds with the nature of money. Instead, the clarification of the nature of liquidity forms the basis for an interpretation of Keynes’s theory of liquidity preference that emphasises its reliance on liquidity in general, not money in particular. The study introduces the terms redemption liquidity and exchange liquidity to explain the trade-off that underpins the theory of liquidity preference. Properly interpreted, the theory of liquidity preference can then address many of the deficiencies prevalent in the dominant theories of the rate of interest. The study therefore has implications for monetary policy and asset pricing.
Description: Doctor of Philosophy

A detector of structural similarity for multi-modal microscopic image registration

- Lv, Guohua, Teng, Shyh, Lu, Guojun

Authors: Lv, Guohua , Teng, Shyh , Lu, Guojun
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Multimedia Tools and Applications Vol. 77, no. 6 (2018), p. 7675-7701
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Description: This paper presents a Detector of Structural Similarity (DSS) to minimize the visual differences between brightfield and confocal microscopic images. The context of this work is that it is very challenging to effectively register such images due to a low structural similarity in image contents. To address this issue, DSS aims to maximize the structural similarity by utilizing the intensity relationships among red-green-blue (RGB) channels in images. Technically, DSS can be combined with any multi-modal image registration technique in registering brightfield and confocal microscopic images. Our experimental results show that DSS significantly increases the visual similarity in such images, thereby improving the registration performance of an existing state-of-the-art multi-modal image registration technique by up to approximately 27%. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media New York.

A glitch in the machine or a glimmer of what could be? Mindfulness as resistance in higher education

- McDonough, Sharon

Authors: McDonough, Sharon
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: Mindfulness in the academy : Practices and perspectives from scholars Chapter 16 p. 247-258
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Description: The work of academics in higher education institutions is widely recognised as having intensified in demands and in accountability measures. In the field of teacher education, this intensification alsomanifests in academics needing to meet the requirements of both the university and external stakeholders and accrediting bodies. In this chapter, I draw on a central narrative “A glitch in the machine” to explore the demands that academics face in contemporary higher education contexts. I use this narrative as a stimulus for considering the nature of academic work and I contend that the adoption of the principles and practices of mindfulness provides an opportunity for academics to engage in resistance that enables them to remain focused on their authentic self and purpose as academics. In so doing, I describe the strategies I have adopted in order to make mindful choices about my work and identity as an academic in this space.

A kernel-based approach for content-based image retrieval

- Karmakar, Priyabrata, Teng, Shyh, Lu, Guojun, Zhang, Dengsheng

Authors: Karmakar, Priyabrata , Teng, Shyh , Lu, Guojun , Zhang, Dengsheng
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Conference proceedings , Conference Paper
Relation: 2018 International Conference on Image and Vision Computing New Zealand; Auckland, New Zealand; 19th-21st November 2018 p. 1-6
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Description: Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) is a popular approach to retrieve images based on a query. In CBIR, retrieval is executed based on the properties of image contents (e.g. gradient, shape, color, texture) which are generally encoded into image descriptors. Among the various image descriptors, histogram-based descriptors are very popular. However, they suffer from the limitation of coarse quantization. In contrast, the use of kernel descriptors (KDES) is proven to be more effective than histogram-based descriptors in other applications, e.g. image classification. This is because, in the KDES framework, instead of the quantization of pixel attributes, each pixel equally takes part in the similarity measurement between two images. In this paper, we propose an approach for how the conventional KDES and its improved version can be used for CBIR. In addition, we have provided a detailed insight into the effectiveness of improved kernel descriptors. Finally, our experiment results will show that kernel descriptors are significantly more effective than histogram-based descriptors in CBIR.

A lack of aquatic rescue competency : A drowning risk factor for young adults involved in aquatic emergencies

- Petrass, Lauren, Blitvich, Jennifer

Authors: Petrass, Lauren , Blitvich, Jennifer
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Journal of Community Health Vol. 43, no. 4 (2018), p. 688-693
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Description: Drowning is an important public health issue with major impacts on young adults aged 15–24 years, yet little is known about the causal factors for drowning for this group. As young adults recreate with peers in unpatrolled aquatic environments, the capacity to perform effective and efficient rescues seems pivotal. This study examined perceived ability of young adults to perform a rescue; determined the level of aquatic rescue knowledge; and measured the effect of an aquatic rescue intervention. In total, 135 participants completed pre- and post-intervention surveys and rescue practical testing. Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank tests were used to assess significant differences pre- and post-intervention and Mann–Whitney tests used to compare groups. Pre-intervention, participants had a low level of rescue knowledge (Mdn = 50) and the relationship between perceived rescue ability and practical rescue testing was weak (rs = 0.33, p ≤ 0.001). Post-intervention, ability to perform a contact tow demonstrated significant improvement (z = − 9.09, p < 0.001, r = − 0.79) and rescue knowledge also improved significantly (Mdn = 100, z = − 9.42, p < 0.001, r = − 0.81). Many young adults lacked both the physical capacity and knowledge required to safely perform a rescue, a factor that may place them at increased drowning risk if they attempt an aquatic rescue. As a rescue based intervention can significantly improve competency of young adults regardless of previous experience and/or qualifications, research needs to consider how best these competencies can be promoted and/or developed with this high risk group.

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A mixed methods case study exploring the impact of membership of a multi-activity, multicentre community group on social wellbeing of older adults

- Lindsay-Smith, Gabrielle, O'Sullivan, Grant, Eime, Rochelle, Harvey, Jack, van Uffelen, Jannique

Authors: Lindsay-Smith, Gabrielle , O'Sullivan, Grant , Eime, Rochelle , Harvey, Jack , van Uffelen, Jannique
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: BMC Geriatrics Vol. 18, no. 1 (2018), p. 1-14
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Description: Background: Social wellbeing factors such as loneliness and social support have a major impact on the health of older adults and can contribute to physical and mental wellbeing. However, with increasing age, social contacts and social support typically decrease and levels of loneliness increase. Group social engagement appears to have additional benefits for the health of older adults compared to socialising individually with friends and family, but further research is required to confirm whether group activities can be beneficial for the social wellbeing of older adults. Methods: This one-year longitudinal mixed methods study investigated the effect of joining a community group, offering a range of social and physical activities, on social wellbeing of adults with a mean age of 70. The study combined a quantitative survey assessing loneliness and social support (n = 28; three time-points, analysed using linear mixed models) and a qualitative focus group study (n = 11, analysed using thematic analysis) of members from Life Activities Clubs Victoria, Australia. Results: There was a significant reduction in loneliness (p = 0.023) and a trend toward an increase in social support (p = 0.056) in the first year after joining. The focus group confirmed these observations and suggested that social support may take longer than 1 year to develop. Focus groups also identified that group membership provided important opportunities for developing new and diverse social connections through shared interest and experience. These connections were key in improving the social wellbeing of members, especially in their sense of feeling supported or connected and less lonely. Participants agreed that increasing connections was especially beneficial following significant life events such as retirement, moving to a new house or partners becoming unwell. Conclusions: Becoming a member of a community group offering social and physical activities may improve social wellbeing in older adults, especially following significant life events such as retirement or moving-house, where social network changes. These results indicate that ageing policy and strategies would benefit from encouraging long-term participation in social groups to assist in adapting to changes that occur in later life and optimise healthy ageing.

A narrative account of the research journey

- Dyson, Michael, Plunkett, Margaret

Authors: Dyson, Michael , Plunkett, Margaret
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Book chapter
Relation: Surviving, thriving and reviving in adolescence : Research and narratives from the school for student leadership Chapter 3 p. 27-42
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Description: This narrative chapter unravels the story of the research journey undertaken over the last 16 years as part of a partnership between the Alpine School/School for Student Leadership and staff from Monash University’s Gippsland campus, which later became part of Federation University, Australia. It has been written in a narrative style to provide a conceptual context for discussing some of the major research insights from this partnership, including the significance of a ‘Landscape of Transformation’ as an overarching framework that has emerged from this longitudinal study. An outline of the research directions, and the associated teams who have been involved, is clarified. Also presented is a full listing of publications and reports associated with the research, with a focus on some of the key findings which are covered in more detail in later chapters.

A new Australian record of a Parajapidae (Diplura): A potential pest of wheat

- Greenslade, Penelope, Luan, Yun-Xia

Authors: Greenslade, Penelope , Luan, Yun-Xia
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Soil Research Vol. 56, no. 7 (2018), p. 657-663
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Description: Parajapyx isabellae (Grassi, 1886) is recorded for the first time from Australia. It is a cosmopolitan soil species found in Europe, North and South America and Asia. Womersley last studied Australian Parajapygidae 80 years ago, listing a single endemic species for the genus Parajapyx Silvestri, 1903, sensu stricta. In 2017, an unidentified Parajapyx was found in deep soil under wheat in winter, spring and summer at Harden, New South Wales, in a long-term tillage trial. It was most abundant in the minimum tillage/stubble retained plots in soil below 5 cm but rarely observed in the conventionally tilled/stubble burned plots. The same field experiment was sampled five times using the same methods over 3 years from 1993-95 but no specimens of Diplura were collected. The specimens were identified as P. isabellae using morphology and confirmed with the DNA barcoding sequence data. Most species of Parajapygidae are carnivores feeding on small arthropods but there are records from North America, Europe and Hawaii of P. isabellae feeding on roots of wheat and other agricultural crops. We provide here illustrations of species P. isabellae so that crop scientists in Australia are aware of the potential pest and can identify it. Sequence data indicate that the population may have originated from two sources.

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A new cascaded multilevel inverter topology with galvanic isolation

- Hasan, Mubashwar, Abu-Siada, Ahmed, Islam, Syed, Dahidah, Mohamed

Authors: Hasan, Mubashwar , Abu-Siada, Ahmed , Islam, Syed , Dahidah, Mohamed
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications Vol. 54, no. 4 (2018), p. 3463-3472
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Description: IEEE This paper presents a new compact three-phase cascaded multilevel inverter (CMLI) topology with reduced device count and high frequency magnetic link. The proposed topology overcomes the predominant limitation of separate DC power supplies, which CMLI always require. The high frequency magnetic link also provides a galvanic isolation between the input and output sides of the inverter, which is essential for various grid-connected applications. The proposed topology utilizes an asymmetric inverter configuration that consists of cascaded H-bridge cells and a conventional three-phase two-level inverter. A toroidal core is employed for the high frequency magnetic link to ensure compact size and high-power density. Compared with counterpart CMLI topologies available in the literatures, the proposed inverter has the advantage of utilizing the least number of power electronic components without compromising the overall performance, particularly when a high number of output voltage levels is required. The feasibility of the proposed inverter is confirmed through extensive simulation and experimentally validated studies.

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A new perceptual dissimilarity measure for image retrieval and clustering

- Shojanazeri, Hamid

Authors: Shojanazeri, Hamid
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
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Description: Image retrieval and clustering are two important tools for analysing and organising images. Dissimilarity measure is central to both image retrieval and clustering. The performance of image retrieval and clustering algorithms depends on the effectiveness of the dissimilarity measure. ‘Minkowski’ distance, or more specifically, ‘Euclidean’ distance, is the most widely used dissimilarity measure in image retrieval and clustering. Euclidean distance depends only on the geometric position of two data instances in the feature space and completely ignores the data distribution. However, data distribution has an effect on human perception. The argument that two data instances in a dense area are more perceptually dissimilar than the same two instances in a sparser area, is proposed by psychologists. Based on this idea, a dissimilarity measure called, ‘mp’, has been proposed to address Euclidean distance’s limitation of ignoring the data distribution. Here, mp relies on data distribution to calculate the dissimilarity between two instances. As prescribed in mp, higher data mass between two data instances implies higher dissimilarity, and vice versa. mp relies only on data distribution and completely ignores the geometric distance in its calculations. In the aggregation of dissimilarities between two instances over all the dimensions in feature space, both Euclidean distance and mp give same priority to all the dimensions. This may result in a situation that the final dissimilarity between two data instances is determined by a few dimensions of feature vectors with relatively much higher values. As a result, the dissimilarity derived may not align well with human perception. The need to address the limitations of Minkowski distance measures, along with the importance of a dissimilarity measure that considers both geometric distance and the perceptual effect of data distribution in measuring dissimilarity between images motivated this thesis. It studies the performance of mp for image retrieval. It investigates a new dissimilarity measure that combines both Euclidean distance and data distribution. In addition to these, it studies the performance of such a dissimilarity measure for image retrieval and clustering. Our performance study of mp for image retrieval shows that relying only on data distribution to measure the dissimilarity results in some situations, where the mp’s measurement is contrary to human perception. This thesis introduces a new dissimilarity measure called, perceptual dissimilarity measure (PDM). PDM considers the perceptual effect of data distribution in combination with Euclidean distance. PDM has two variants, PDM1 and PDM2. PDM1 focuses on improving mp by weighting it using Euclidean distance in situations where mp may not retrieve accurate results. PDM2 considers the effect of data distribution on the perceived dissimilarity measured by Euclidean distance. PDM2 proposes a weighting system for Euclidean distance using a logarithmic transform of data mass. The proposed PDM variants have been used as alternatives to Euclidean distance and mp to improve the accuracy in image retrieval. Our results show that PDM2 has consistently performed the best, compared to Euclidean distance, mp and PDM1. PDM1’s performance was not consistent, although it has performed better than mp in all the experiments, but it could not outperform Euclidean distance in some cases. Following the promising results of PDM2 in image retrieval, we have studied its performance for image clustering. k-means is the most widely used clustering algorithm in scientific and industrial applications. k-medoids is the closest clustering algorithm to k-means. Unlike k-means which works only with Euclidean distance, k-medoids gives the option to choose the arbitrary dissimilarity measure. We have used Euclidean distance, mp and PDM2 as the dissimilarity measure in k-medoids and compared the results with k-means. Our clustering results show that PDM2 has perfromed overally the best. This confirms our retrieval results and identifies PDM2 as a suitable dissimilarity measure for image retrieval and clustering.
Description: Doctor of Philosophy

A new species of Friesea (Collembola: Neanuridae) from the Antarctic Continent

- Greenslade, Penelope

Authors: Greenslade, Penelope
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Journal of Natural History Vol. 52, no. 33-34 (2018), p. 2197-2207
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Description: A new species of Friesea was found in East Antarctica and is described here as Friesea eureka sp. nov. This is the first new collembolan species to be described from the Antarctic continent in 30 years, even though ice-free areas have been intensively surveyed over that time. It brings to five the number of described species of the genus Friesea known from the Antarctic continent and Peninsula, so is the most speciose genus of Collembola in the region. However, one of these, F. grisea Schäffer, comprises a number of cryptic species of different molecular lineages. The new species is distinguished by having 4 + 4 ocelli plus 1 + 1 hardly visible, a very reduced furca, up to four or five faintly clavate tenent hairs, four anal spines and four spinose chaetae in adult. The restricted distribution of the species emphasises the importance of protecting ice-free areas on the continent as they often contain at least one locally endemic faunal species.

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A novel concept for three-phase cascaded multilevel inverter topologies

- Hasan, Mubashwar, Abu-Siada, Ahmed, Islam, Syed, Muyeen, S.

Authors: Hasan, Mubashwar , Abu-Siada, Ahmed , Islam, Syed , Muyeen, S.
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Energies Vol. 11, no. 2 (2018), p. 1-16
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Description: One of the key challenges in multilevel inverters (MLIs) design is to reduce the number of components used in the implementation while maximising the number of output voltage levels. This paper proposes a new concept that facilitates a device count reduction technique of existing cascaded MLIs. Moreover, the proposed concept can be utilised to extend existing single phase cascaded MLI topologies to three-phase structure without tripling the number of semiconductor components and input dc-supplies as per the current practice. The new generalized concept involves two stages; namely, cascaded stage and phase generator stage. The phase generator stage is a combination of a conventional three-phase two level inverter and three bi-directional switches while the cascaded stage can employ any existing cascaded topology. A laboratory prototype model is built and extensive experimental analyses are conducted to validate the feasibility of the proposed cascaded MLI concept.

A novel error indicator and an adaptive refinement technique using the scaled boundary finite element method

- Song, Chongmin, Ooi, Ean Tat, Pramod, Aladurthi, Natarajan, Sundararajan

Authors: Song, Chongmin , Ooi, Ean Tat , Pramod, Aladurthi , Natarajan, Sundararajan
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements Vol. 94, no. (2018), p. 10-24
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Description: In this paper, an adaptive refinement strategy based on the scaled boundary finite element method on quadtree meshes for linear elasticity problems is discussed. Within this framework, the elements with hanging nodes are treated as polygonal elements and thus does not require special treatment. The adaptive refinement is supplemented with a novel error indicator. The local error is estimated directly from the solution of the scaled boundary governing equations. The salient feature is that it does not require any stress recovery techniques. The efficacy and the robustness of the proposed approach are demonstrated with a few numerical examples.

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A novel no-reference subjective quality metric for free viewpoint video using human eye movement

- Podder, Pallab, Paul, Manoranjan, Murshed, Manzur

Authors: Podder, Pallab , Paul, Manoranjan , Murshed, Manzur
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Conference proceedings
Relation: 8th Pacific-Rim Symposium on Image and Video Technology, PSIVT 2017; Wuhan, China; 20th-24th November 2017; published in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) Vol. 10749 LNCS, p. 237-251
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Description: The free viewpoint video (FVV) allows users to interactively control the viewpoint and generate new views of a dynamic scene from any 3D position for better 3D visual experience with depth perception. Multiview video coding exploits both texture and depth video information from various angles to encode a number of views to facilitate FVV. The usual practice for the single view or multiview quality assessment is characterized by evolving the objective quality assessment metrics due to their simplicity and real time applications such as the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) or the structural similarity index (SSIM). However, the PSNR or SSIM requires reference image for quality evaluation and could not be successfully employed in FVV as the new view in FVV does not have any reference view to compare with. Conversely, the widely used subjective estimator- mean opinion score (MOS) is often biased by the testing environment, viewers mode, domain knowledge, and many other factors that may actively influence on actual assessment. To address this limitation, in this work, we devise a no-reference subjective quality assessment metric by simply exploiting the pattern of human eye browsing on FVV. Over different quality contents of FVV, the participants eye-tracker recorded spatio-temporal gaze-data indicate more concentrated eye-traversing approach for relatively better quality. Thus, we calculate the Length, Angle, Pupil-size, and Gaze-duration features from the recorded gaze trajectory. The content and resolution invariant operation is carried out prior to synthesizing them using an adaptive weighted function to develop a new quality metric using eye traversal (QMET). Tested results reveal that the proposed QMET performs better than the SSIM and MOS in terms of assessing different aspects of coded video quality for a wide range of FVV contents.
Description: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)

A novel perceptual dissimilarity measure for image retrieval

- Shojanazeri, Hamid, Zhang, Dengsheng, Teng, Shyh, Aryal, Sunil, Lu, Guojun

Authors: Shojanazeri, Hamid , Zhang, Dengsheng , Teng, Shyh , Aryal, Sunil , Lu, Guojun
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Conference proceedings , Conference Paper
Relation: 2018 International Conference on Image and Vision Computing New Zealand, IVCNZ 2018; Auckland, New Zealand; 19th-21st November 2018 Vol. 2018-November, p. 1-6
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Description: Similarity measure is an important research topic in image classification and retrieval. Given a type of image features, a good similarity measure should be able to retrieve similar images from the database while discard irrelevant images from the retrieval. Similarity measures in literature are typically distance based which measure the spatial distance between two feature vectors in high dimensional feature space. However, this type of similarity measures do not have any perceptual meaning and ignore the neighborhood influence in the similarity decision making process. In this paper, we propose a novel dissimilarity measure, which can measure both the distance and perceptual similarity of two image features in feature space. Results show the proposed similarity measure has a significant improvement over the traditional distance based similarity measure commonly used in literature.
Description: International Conference Image and Vision Computing New Zealand

A novel scaled boundary finite element formulation with stabilization and its application to image-based elastoplastic analysis

- He, Ke, Song, Chongmin, Ooi, Ean Tat

Authors: He, Ke , Song, Chongmin , Ooi, Ean Tat
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Journal article
Relation: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering Vol. 115, no. 8 (2018), p. 956-985
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Description: Digital images are increasingly being used as input data for computational analyses. This study presents an efficient numerical technique to perform image-based elastoplastic analysis of materials and structures. The quadtree decomposition algorithm is employed for image-based mesh generation, which is fully automatic and highly efficient. The quadtree cells are modeled by scaled boundary polytope elements, which eliminate the issue of hanging nodes faced by standard finite elements. A novel, simple, and efficient scaled boundary elastoplastic formulation with stablisation is developed. In this formulation, the return-mapping calculation is only required to be performed at a single point in a polytope element, which facilitates the computational efficiency of the elastoplastic analysis and simplicity of implementation. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed technique for performing the elastoplastic analysis of high-resolution images.

A patient agent to manage blockchains for remote patient monitoring

- Uddin, Ashraf, Stranieri, Andrew, Gondal, Iqbal, Balasubramanian, Venki

Authors: Uddin, Ashraf , Stranieri, Andrew , Gondal, Iqbal , Balasubramanian, Venki
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Conference proceedings
Relation: 7th International Conference on Global Telehealth, GT 2018; Colombo, Sri Lanka; 10th-11th October 2018; published in Studies in Health Technology and Informatics Vol. 254, p. 105-115
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Description: Continuous monitoring of patient's physiological signs has the potential to augment traditional medical practice, particularly in developing countries that have a shortage of healthcare professionals. However, continuously streamed data presents additional security, storage and retrieval challenges and further inhibits initiatives to integrate data to form electronic health record systems. Blockchain technologies enable data to be stored securely and inexpensively without recourse to a trusted authority. Blockchain technologies also promise to provide architectures for electronic health records that do not require huge government expenditure that challenge developing nations. However, Blockchain deployment, particularly with streamed data challenges existing Blockchain algorithms that take too long to place data in a block, and have no mechanism to determine whether every data point in every stream should be stored in such a secure way. This article presents an architecture that involves a Patient Agent, coordinating the insertion of continuous data streams into Blockchains to form an electronic health record.
Description: Studies in Health Technology and Informatics

A potentially important role for T cells and regulatory T cells in Langerhans cell histiocytosis

- Mitchell, Jenne, Berzins, Stuart, Kannourakis, George

Authors: Mitchell, Jenne , Berzins, Stuart , Kannourakis, George
Date: 2018
Type: Text , Journal article , Review
Relation: Clinical Immunology Vol. 194, no. (2018), p. 19-25
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Description: Langerhans cell histiocytosis is characterized by lesions containing inflammatory immune cells, including myeloid cells and T cells. Patient mortality remains unacceptably high and new treatment options are required. Several LCH studies have identified aberrant frequencies of T cell subsets with potential immune regulatory properties. High numbers of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and gamma-delta T cells have been reported in patients with LCH, although, the cause of their presence or their significance is not yet clear. This review describes the current understanding of how LCH develops and progresses, focusing on the growing evidence that regulatory T cell subsets may be important and discussing the exciting potential for harnessing these cells to treat LCH using immune based therapies.

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