Item response theory analyses of adult self-ratings of the ADHD symptoms in the current symptoms scale
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2011
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Assessment Vol. 18, no. 4 (2011), p. 476-486
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- Description: The graded response model, which is based on item response theory, was used to evaluate the psychometric properties of adult self-ratings (N = 852) of the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity symptoms presented in the Current Symptoms Scale. This scale has four ordered response categories. The results for the discrimination parameters showed that all symptoms were generally good for discriminating their respective latent traits. For virtually all symptoms, their threshold values showed that they were especially good at representing the appropriate traits from around the mean trait level onward. The item information function values for most symptoms indicated reasonable reliability from approximately the mean trait level onward. All these findings are new and extend existing psychometric information for adult self-ratings of the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in the Current Symptoms Scale.
ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder symptoms in Australian adults : Descriptive scores, incidence rates, factor structure, and gender invariance
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Attention Disorders Vol. 20, no. 4 (2016), p. 325-334
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- Description: OBJECTIVE: ADHD and Hyperkinetic Disorder (HKD) have the same 18 symptoms, covering inattention (IA), hyperactivity (HYP), and impulsivity (IMP). This study was aimed at providing descriptive scores for the different symptom groups in these disorders and how these scores varied by age and gender, the percentages of individuals meeting the symptom thresholds for the different ADHD types and HKD, the factor structure, and gender invariance of these symptoms in adults. METHOD: To accomplish this, 852 adults provided self-ratings for a scale comprising the 18 ADHD/HKD symptoms. RESULTS: The findings showed that age and gender had minimal effects on the ADHD symptoms. Also, in terms of symptom counts, 2% had HKD and 6.3% had ADHD (inattentive = 1.6%, hyperactive-impulsive = 2.7%, and combined type = 2.0%). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) provided most support for the three-factor HKD model, involving separate factors for the IA, HYP, and IMP symptoms. This model showed full measurement invariance across gender. CONCLUSION: The theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
Test-retest measurement invariance of clinic referred children’s ADHD symptoms
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Vance, Alasdair , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment Vol. 40, no. 2 (2018), p. 194-205
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- Description: This study examined the test-retest measurement invariance of ratings of the ADHD symptoms. Mothers of a group of 217 clinic-referred children (boys = 169, girls = 49; age range = 7 to 17 years) completed ratings of the ADHD symptoms presented in a modified version of the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-Symptoms and Normal Behavior Scale (SWAN-M) twice, 12 months apart. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of their ratings at both time points provided more support for the bifactor model of ADHD [orthogonal general and specific factors for inattention (IA) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) symptoms] over the 2-factor oblique model (factors for inattention IA and HI symptoms). For the bifactor model, measurement invariance testing using multiple-group CFA indicated support for configural and full scalar test-retest invariance when the chi-square difference test was applied. For metric invariance, all but one symptom showed invariance. When the differences in approximate fit indices were applied, there was support for full measurement invariance (configural, metric and scalar). The findings indicate that observed scores (based on maternal ratings of the SWAM-M), twelve months apart, are comparable as they have the same measurement properties. Several practical, theoretical, research and clinical implications of the findings are discussed. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Confirmatory factor analysis, latent profile analysis, and factor mixture modeling of the syndromes of the child behavior checklist and teacher report form
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Vance, Alasdair
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Psychological Assessment Vol. 26, no. 4 (2014), p. 1307-1316
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- Description: The current study used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), latent profile analysis (LPA), and factor mixture modeling (FMM) to examine the co-occurrence of the childhood syndromes using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher Report Form (TRF). Parents and teachers completed the CBCL and TRF, respectively, for a clinic-referred sample of 720 children, ages 7-12 years. For the CBCL, the analyses indicated most support a 2-class 2-factor FMM, and for the TRF, there was most support for a 2-class 3-factor model. The classes were all syndromes at average levels and all syndromes at high levels. The findings indicate high syndrome co-occurrence. The implications of the findings for understanding syndrome co-occurrence in the CBCL and TRF, theories of syndrome co-occurrence, and the clinical use of the CBCL and TRF are discussed.
Structure of the Wechsler intelligence scale for children - Fourth edition in a group of children with ADHD
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Vance, Alasdair , Watson, Shaun
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Frontiers in Psychology Vol. 7, no. MAY (2016), p. 1-11
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- Description: Objective: This study used confirmatory factor analysis to examine the factor structure for the 10 core WISC-IV subtests in a group of children (N = 812) with ADHD. Method: The study examined oblique four- and five-factor models, higher order models with one general secondary factor and four and five primary factors, and a bifactor model with a general factor and four specific factors. Results: The findings supported all models tested, with the bifactor model being the optimum model. For this model, only the general factor had high explained common variance and omega hierarchical value, and it predicted reading and arithmetic abilities. Conclusion: The findings favor the use of the FSIQ scores of the WISC-IV, but not the subscale index scores. © 2016 Gomez, Vance and Watson.
Confirmatory factor analysis of the combined social phobia scale and social interaction anxiety scale : Support for a bifactor model
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Frontiers in Psychology Vol. 8, no. (2017), p. 1-13
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- Description: For the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) together, this study examined support for a bifactor model, and also the internal consistency reliability and external validity of the factors in this model. Participants (N = 526) were adults from the general community who completed the SPS and SIAS. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of their ratings indicated good support for the bifactor model. For this model, the loadings for all but six items were higher on the general factor than the specific factors. The three positively worded items had negligible loadings on the general factor. The general factor explained most of the common variance in the SPS and SIAS, and demonstrated good model-based internal consistency reliability (omega hierarchical) and a strong association with fear of negative evaluation and extraversion. The practical implications of the findings for the utilization of the SPS and SIAS, and the theoretical and clinical implications for social anxiety are discussed. © 2017 Gomez and Watson.
The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: Support for a bifactor model with a dominant general factor and a specific factor for positive affect
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , McLaren, Suzanne
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Assessment Vol. 22, no. 3 (2015), p. 351-360
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- Description: Objectives: For the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) ratings, the study examined support for a bifactor model, and also the internal consistency reliability and external validity of the factors in this model. Method: Participants (N = 1,178) were older adults from the general community who completed the CES-D. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis of their ratings indicated support for the bifactor model. For this model, the general factor explained most of the covariance in the scores of the CES-D items for Depressed Affect, Somatic Symptoms and Retarded Activity, and Interpersonal Difficulties items. Most of the covariance in the scores of the Positive Affect (PA) scale was explained by its own specific factor. Additional analyses showed support for internal consistencies and external validities of general factors based on all the CES-D items, and when PA items were excluded, and also the PA-specific factor. Discussion: The findings support the use of a total CES-D score without the PA items and also the concurrent use of the PA scale score. © The Author(s) 2014.
Item response theory analyses of parent and teacher ratings of the ADHD symptoms for recoded dichotomous scores
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Vance, Alasdair , Gomez, Andre
- Date: 2011
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Attention Disorders Vol. 15, no. 4 (2011), p. 269-285
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- Description: Objective: The two-parameter logistic model (2PLM) was used to evaluate the psychometric properties of the inattention (IA) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) symptoms. Method: To accomplish this, parents and teachers completed the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale (DBRS) for a group of 934 primary school-aged children. Results: The results for the discrimination parameters showed that all the IA and HI symptoms for both groups of respondents were generally good for discriminating those with and without IA and HI, respectively. For virtually all symptoms, their threshold values showed endorsement of the symptoms when the underlying trait levels were at least 1 to 1.5 SD above the mean. The item information function values for most symptoms indicated reasonable reliability from around the mean trait levels to moderately high trait levels. Conclusion: These findings indicate good discrimination and reliability for parent and teacher ratings of the DBRS for identifying children with relatively high levels of the ADHD symptoms. (J. of Att. Dis. 2011; 15(4) 269-285) © 2011 SAGE Publications.
Children's depression inventory: Invariance across children and adolescents with and without depressive disorders
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Vance, Alasdair , Gomez, Andre
- Date: 2012
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Psychological Assessment Vol. 24, no. 1 (2012), p. 1-10
- Full Text: false
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- Description: In the study, the authors examined the measurement (configural, factor loadings, thresholds, and error variances) and structural (factor variances, covariances, and mean scores) invariance of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI; Kovacs, 1992) across ratings provided by clinic-referred children and adolescents with (N = 383) and without (N = 412) depressive disorders. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis of the Craighead, Smucker, Craighead, and Ilardi (1998) CDI model supported full measurement invariance and invariance for structural variances and covariances. Invariance for thresholds was also supported by multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) procedures that controlled for the effects of age; sex; and the presence or absence of anxiety disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and oppositional defiant/conduct disorders. The MIMIC analyses showed that for latent mean scores, the group with depressive disorders had higher scores, with at least medium effect sizes, for Self-Deprecation and Biological Dysregulation. The theoretical, psychometric, and clinical implications of the findings are discussed. © 2011 American Psychological Association.
Interrelationships of the Rothbart's temperament model constructs with revised-reinforcement sensitivity theory constructs
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun , Gomez, Andre
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 99, no. (2016), p. 118-121
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- Description: Relationships between the constructs in Rothbart's temperament model and the revised-reinforcement sensitivity theory (r-RST) were examined. A group of 329 adults from the general population completed the Adult Temperament Questionnaire and the Behavioural Inhibition System/Behavioural Activation System Scales. Correlation analyses showed that temperament negative affectivity was relatively highly associated with the RST constructs of the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS) and temperament extraversion/surgency was relatively highly associated with the behavioral approach system (BAS) construct of reward responsiveness. Temperament effortful control showed no association with the RST constructs. The overlap between the constructs in Rothbart's temperament and r-RST models is discussed. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.
ADHD and personality : A meta-analytic review
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Corr, Philip
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Clinical Psychology Review Vol. 34, no. 5 (2014), p. 376-788
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- Description: We report a meta-analysis of up to 40 data sets that examined the personality dimensions in the Five-Factor Model (FFM) and the integrated Five-Factor Model (IFFM) in relation to ADHD symptom domains of inattention (IA) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI). The IFFM incorporated the dimensions of other personality models (in particular, those of Eysenck, Tellegen, and Cloninger, as well as the FFM). Major findings were: (1) IA and HI were both associated with low conscientious inhibition/conscientiousness, and low agreeable inhibition/agreeableness, and with high negative emotionality/neuroticism; (2) conscientious inhibition and conscientiousness were more strongly related to IA than HI; (3) agreeable inhibition and agreeableness were more strongly related to HI than IA; and (4) the association of conscientious inhibition and conscientiousness with HI was moderated by age group and source from where participants were recruited (associations were stronger in children than adults, and clinical samples than community samples). These findings are discussed in relation to single and multiple pathway theories, underlying factors and processes for the personality-ADHD link, and clinical implications.
The center for epidemiologic studies depression scale : Invariance across heterosexual men, heterosexual women, gay men, and lesbians
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , McLaren, Suzanne
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Psychological Assessment Vol. 29, no. 4 (2017), p. 361-371
- Full Text: false
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- Description: The present study examined measurement invariance of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) in community groups of Australian heterosexual men (N = 1106), heterosexual women (N = 2111), gay men (N = 527), and lesbians (N = 712). Confirmatory factor analysis of CES-D item scores supported the theorized oblique 4-factor model. There was support for full measurement invariance across the 4 groups, based on differences in approximate fit indices. In contrast there was support for only partial invariance when the chi-square difference test was applied. Lack of invariance was mostly for depressed affect and somatic symptom items, with noninvariant somatic symptom items showing consistently high factor loadings and thresholds among lesbians compared with the other groups. The findings are discussed in relation to the use of the CES-D, the relevance of different depression symptoms to how depressions is experienced by the different gender and sexual orientation groups, and gender role socialization and minority sexual orientation theories. (PsycINFO Database Record
Factor structure of parent and teacher ratings of the ODD symptoms for Malaysian primary school children
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Asian Journal of Psychiatry Vol. 25, no. (2017), p. 22-26
- Full Text: false
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- Description: This present study used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine the applicability of one-, two- three- and second order Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) factor models, proposed in previous studies, in a group of Malaysian primary school children. These models were primarily based on parent reports. In the current study, parent and teacher ratings of the ODD symptoms were obtained for 934 children. For both groups of respondents, the findings showing some support for all models examined, with most support for a second order model with Burke et al. (2010) three factors (oppositional, antagonistic, and negative affect) as the primary factors. The diagnostic implications of the findings are discussed. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.
Growth mixture modeling of depression symptoms following traumatic brain injury
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Skilbeck, Clive , Thomas, Matt , Slatyer, Mark
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Frontiers in Psychology Vol. 8, no. AUG (2017), p. 1-14
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- Description: Growth Mixture Modeling (GMM) was used to investigate the longitudinal trajectory of groups (classes) of depression symptoms, and how these groups were predicted by the covariates of age, sex, severity, and length of hospitalization following Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in a group of 1074 individuals (696 males, and 378 females) from the Royal Hobart Hospital, who sustained a TBI. The study began in late December 2003 and recruitment continued until early 2007. Ages ranged from 14 to 90 years, with a mean of 35.96 years (SD = 16.61). The study also examined the associations between the groups and causes of TBI. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale within 3 weeks of injury, and at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-injury. The results revealed three groups: low, high, and delayed depression. In the low group depression scores remained below the clinical cut-off at all assessment points during the 24-months post-TBI, and in the high group, depression scores were above the clinical cut-off at all assessment points. The delayed group showed an increase in depression symptoms to 12 months after injury, followed by a return to initial assessment level during the following 12 months. Covariates were found to be differentially associated with the three groups. For example, relative to the low group, the high depression group was associated with more severe TBI, being female, and a shorter period of hospitalization. The delayed group also had a shorter period of hospitalization, were younger, and sustained less severe TBI. Our findings show considerable fluctuation of depression over time, and that a non-clinical level of depression at any one point in time does not necessarily mean that the person will continue to have non-clinical levels in the future. As we used GMM, we were able to show new findings and also bring clarity to contradictory past findings on depression and TBI. Consequently, we recommend the use of this approach in future studies in this area. © 2017 Gomez, Skilbeck, Thomas and Slatyer.
Invariance of parent ratings of the ADHD symptoms in Australian and Malaysian, and North European Australian and Malay Malaysia children: A mean and covariance structures analysis approach
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2009
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Attention Disorders Vol. 12, no. 5 (2009), p. 422-433
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- Description: Objective: This study used the mean and covariance structures analysis approach to examine the equality or invariance of ratings of the 18 ADHD symptoms. Method: 783 Australian and 928 Malaysian parents provided ratings for an ADHD rating scale. Invariance was tested across these groups (Comparison 1), and North European Australian (n = 623) and Malay Malaysian (n = 571, Comparison 2) groups. Results: Results indicate support for form and item factor loading invariance; more than half the total number of symptoms showed item intercept invariance, and 14 symptoms showed invariance for error variances. There was invariance for both the factor variances and the covariance, and the latent mean scores for hyperactivity/impulsivity. For inattention latent scores, the Malaysian (Comparison 1) and Malay Malaysian (Comparison 2) groups had higher scores. Conclusion: These results indicate fairly good support for invariance for parent ratings of the ADHD symptoms across the groups compared. (J. of Att. Diss. 2009; 12(5) 422-433)
Correlated trait-correlated method minus one analysis of the convergent and discriminant validities of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Assessment Vol. 21, no. 3 (2014), p. 372-382
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- Description: This study used the correlated trait-correlated method minus one model to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of the scales of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The SDQ scales are emotional symptoms (ES), conduct problems (CP), hyperactivity (HY), peer problems (PP), and prosocial behaviors (PS). A total of 202 adolescents provided self-ratings and were also rated by their mothers and teachers. The findings indicated support for convergent validity for all five SDQ scales for all three respondents. Generally there was more convergence between mother-adolescent ratings than mother-teacher and adolescent-teacher ratings, especially for ES and PP. There was support for the discriminant validity between the traits in all scales, except between CP and HY. The findings are discussed in relation to the construct validity and clinical use of the SDQ.
Item response theory analysis of the anxiety and mood disorders in clinic-referred children
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Vance, Alasdair
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Assessment Vol. 25, no. 2 (2016), p. 235-246
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- Description: There is evidence that the major anxiety and depressive disorders could reflect a single underlying internalization factor. For a group of 1,031 clinic-referred children, the study examined support for this factor, and used the two-parameter logistic model to examine the item response theory properties of the disorders in this factor. For the set of anxiety and depressive disorders, confirmatory factor analysis supported a one-factor model. The two-parameter logistic model analysis indicated that all the internalizing disorders in this factor were strong discriminators of the internalizing dimension. Also, they measured more of the internalizing dimension and with more precision in the upper half of the trait continuum. There was also support for the convergent validity of the internalizing dimension, in that it had large-to-medium effect size correlations with internalizing scores of other measures. The implications of the findings for clinical practice and clinical classification are discussed.
Parent Ratings of the Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptoms: Item Response Theory Analyses of Cross-National and Cross-Racial Invariance
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Burns, Leonard , Walsh, James
- Date: 2008
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment Vol. 30, no. 1 (2008), p. 10-19
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- Description: Item response theory (IRT) based differential item functioning (DIF) was used to examine the construct and normative invariance of the DSM-IV oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms for ratings across Malaysian and Australian children, and Malaysian Malay and Malaysian Chinese children. To accomplish these goals, parents completed the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale, which includes the eight DSM-IV ODD symptoms. Although the comparisons involving Malaysian and Australian children indicated DIF for five symptoms, only the symptom for “touchy” showed notable DIF. This was also the only symptom that showed DIF for the comparisons involving Malay and Chinese children. There were also minimal differences in the latent mean scores across Australian and Malaysian children and also Malay and Chinese children. These results indicate good support for the construct and normative invariance of the ODD symptoms for the samples compared.
Parent ratings of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire : What is the optimum factor model?
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasilis
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Assessment Vol. 26, no. 6 (2019), p. 1142-1153
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- Description: To date, at least 12 different models have been suggested for the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The current study used confirmatory factor analysis to examine the relative support for these models. In all, 1,407 Malaysian parents completed SDQ ratings of their children (age range = 5-13 years). Although the findings showed some degree of support for all 12 models, there was most support for an oblique six-factor model that included the five SDQ domains (emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer problems, and low prosocial behavior) and a positive construal factor comprising all the 10 SDQ positive worded items. The original proposed five-factor oblique model also showed good fit. The implications of the findings for understanding the results of past studies of the structural models of the parent version of the SDQ, and for clinical and research practice involving the SDQ are discussed.
Analysis of the convergent and discriminant validity of the CBCL, TRF, and YSR in a clinic-referred sample
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Vance, Alasdair , Gomez, Rashika
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology Vol. 42, no. 8 (2014), p. 1413-1425
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- Description: This study used the correlated trait-correlated method minus one model to examine the convergent and discriminant validity of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Teacher's Report Form (TRF) and Youth Self-Report (YSR), based on ratings of clinic-referred adolescents. A total of 294 adolescents, comprising 70.5 % males, provided self-ratings on the YSR. The adolescents were also rated by their mothers and teachers on the CBCL and TRF respectively. The findings indicated some support for convergent validity for the CBCL and TRF for Anxious/Depressed, Withdrawn/Depressed and Rule Breaking Behavior, and for the convergent validity for the CBCL and YSR for Rule Breaking Behavior. There was support for the discriminant validity between virtually all the traits. The findings are discussed in relation to the construct validity, cross-informant agreement, and clinical use of the CBCL, TRF and YSR.