An analysis of the forces required to drag sheep over various surfaces
- Authors: Harvey, Jack , Culvenor, John , Payne, Warren , Cowley, Stephen , Lawrance, Michael , Stuart, David , Williams, Robyn
- Date: 2002
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Applied Ergonomics Vol. 33, no. 6 (Nov 2002), p. 523-531
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Some occupational health and safety hazards associated with sheep shearing are related to shearing shed design. One aspect is the floor of the catching pen, from which sheep are caught and dragged to the shearing workstation. Floors can be constructed from various materials, and may be level or gently sloping. An experiment was conducted using eight experienced shearers as participants to measure the force exerted by a shearer when dragging a sheep. Results showed that significant changes in mean dragging force occurred with changes in both surface texture and slope. The mean dragging forces for different floor textures and slopes ranged from 359 N (36.6 kg) to 423N (43.2 kg), and were close to the maximum acceptable limits for pulling forces for the most capable of males. The best floor tested was a floor sloped at 1:10 constructed of timber battens oriented parallel to the path of the drag, which resulted in a mean dragging force 63.6N (15%) lower than the worst combination.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003000244
Reducing the energy cost of dragging sheep during sheep shearing
- Authors: Payne, Warren , Culvenor, John , Lawrance, Michael , Harvey, Jack , Cowley, Stephen , Stuart, David , Williams, Robyn
- Date: 2002
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Occupational Health and Safety - Australia and New Zealand Vol. 18, no. 2 (2002), p. 173-179
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The task of dragging sheep into position for shearing has been reported by shearers as the most physically demanding and one of the highest injury risk aspects of shearing, particularly with regard to back injury. This study aimed to identify which of the currently used drag paths induced the lowest energy consumption and risk of injury. The drag path with the lowest work economy (oxygen cost per sheep dragged per minute) and highest injury risk is used by left-handed shearers who are shearing from a workstation which is designed for right-handed shearers. Importantly, there were no significant differences in the work economy of the two drag paths which were used most frequently and which involved the lowest injury risk. These data have been used in advocating the adoption of simple shearing shed design solutions to assist in the control of injury risk and energy expenditure in the wool industry.
- Description: 2003000247
Selection of key trade tasks for detailed observation : Report No.1
- Authors: Stacy, R , Payne, Warren , Harvey, Jack
- Date: 2004
- Type: Text , Report
- Relation: Defence Physical Employment Standards Project: Infantry and Airfield Defence Guards
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The aim of this work package was to identify a set of key job performance tasks, which were considered to represent the critical physical performance requirements and risks relevant to Infantry and Airfield Defence Guards, for more intensive examination. A total of 34 tasks were identified for further detailed observation and analysis in the next work package (WBS: 1.1.2.2). These tasks were selected using a process of analysis which was consistent with processes used in previously reported studies, such as Rayson (1998). The objectives of this analysis process were to identify those tasks that are: 1. Most physically demanding and/or impacting on cognitive function; 2. Common to all the combat arms; 3. Specific to a particular combat arm, trade or sub-trades; and 4. Considered to involve higher levels of risk of injury. The method followed a three-step process, including: 1. A preliminary review of existing ADF task analysis survey data, competency statements and sub-trade manuals; 2. A questionnaire to subject matter experts; and 3. A series of one-day workshops at Puckapunyal. The outcome of this analysis process was a list of 34 tasks that represented a combination of physically demanding tasks, common tasks and high-risk tasks. For the purposes of detailed task observation, the tasks were provisionally allocated, 20 to Infantry and 15 to Airfield Defence Guards. One duplicate task appears in both lists.
Selection of potential endurance tests & Kinanthropometric measures: Report 2
- Authors: Payne, Warren , Brotherhood, John , Harvey, Jack , Knez, Wade , Kay, Bartholomew , Selig, Steve
- Date: 2004
- Type: Text , Report
- Relation: Defence Physical Employment Standards Projects: Infantry and Airfield Defence Guards
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Military operational tasks are physically demanding and incur the risk of injury. In order to address the issues and costs associated with the high injury rates and focus on ways to reduce the risk of injury to Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel, the ADF Chiefs of Service Committee (COSC) has endorsed a number of injury prevention strategies aimed at examining, analysing and evaluating injury-related risks and hazards within the ADF. In line with those strategies, COSC has affirmed that ADF employment policy is to be competency based and agreed that physical employment standards should be developed for combat arms trades. The purpose of the Defence Physical Employment Standards Project (DPESP) is to develop these performance-based competency standards. The ADF has employed the services of the University of Ballarat (UB) to undertake the DPESP. This involves reviewing combat arms trade tasks (CATTs), establishing a set of criterion CATTs, developing a battery of simulation and predictive tests based on the criterion CATTs to be used to assess the physical competency of ADF combat personnel, and making recommendations for associated physical employment standards. In the initial phase, the study is focused on one Army corps - Infantry, and one Air Force mustering - Airfield Defence Guards (ADG)1. The aim of this work package was to identify a range of potential tests that may be used by the ADF to predict performance on trade tasks that involve a significant endurance component and potentially a significant strength-endurance component. The work package also aimed to identify a battery of kinanthropometric tests for use within the Defence Physical Employment Standards Project (DPESP). The method used was to review the relevant academic and Defence literature and to conduct a oneday workshop attended by subject matter experts from the UB team and the ADF. The workshop was conducted in a manner that enabled the participants to comment on the literature provided by way of a background briefing paper and to use their collective experience and expertise to identify a number of potential tests and measures in keeping with the overall aim of the work package. It was assumed that the criterion endurance trade task would be the 50 km pack march. The literature review identified a range of approaches to the selection or development of a test to predicted performance on the 50 km pack march. These approaches include the prediction of endurance capacity from: • a direct measure of a related trade task (e.g. a shorter pack march) (Approach A);
Technical note : The use of subject derived scale factors for one-camera 2D analysis in underwater swimming
- Authors: Clothier, Peter , Payne, Warren , Harvey, Jack , Blanksby, Brian , Benjanuvatra, N.
- Date: 2004
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Human Movement Studies Vol. 46, no. 4 (2004), p. 333-345
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: This technical note describes a comparison of relative errors in one-camera 2D underwater motion analysis when using two different control structure methods for calibrating video images. Eleven male and six female participants performed underwater kicking swim trials. A reference structure of known length and each swimmer's actual (land measured) thigh length were each used to calibrate the movement space from which digitised thigh lengths were calculated from each trial. For each trial, mean thigh lengths calculated using the two methods were then compared to actual thigh length for each swimmer and the differences recorded. Mean differences between actual and computed thigh lengths for the two methods were shown to be similar. However, the spread of mean differences was much less when the actual thigh length was used for calibration. This result strongly supports the use of thigh length as a more accurate method of calibration for one-camera 2D underwater motion analysis.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003000878
The use of subject derived scale factors for one-camera 2D analysis in underwater swimming
- Authors: Clothier, Peter , Payne, Warren , Harvey, Jack , Blanksby, Brian , Benjanuvatra, N.
- Date: 2004
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Human Movement Studies Vol. 46, no. 4 (2004), p. 333-345
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: 2003000878
Analysis of the physical requirements of tasks undertaken by Australian infantry soldiers and airfield defence guards - abstract
- Authors: Payne, Warren , Knez, Wade , Harvey, Jack , Sinclair, Wade , Elias, G. , Ham, Daniel
- Date: 2005
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport Vol. 8, no. 4 Supplement (2005), p. 190
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The Australian Defence Force (ADF) has resolved to establish a series of physical employment standards for Infantry soldiers and Airfield Defence Guards. A key stage in establishing these standards is to analyse the physical requirements of the two jobs. The purpose of this study was to analyse the physical requirements of the key physical tasks required within the two jobs. The jobs were divided into over 100 component tasks. Some tasks were common to the two jobs while others were specific to the respective jobs. ADF subject matter experts identified 36 tasks that were considered to be the most physically demanding. These tasks were observed to determine the movement patterns (actions) and muscle groups involved, the duration, velocity and estimated of exercise intensity. An estimate was also made of the involvement of each of seven activity types (endurance, strength-endurance etc) in each task and the exercise volume contained within each task. The tasks were ranked based upon the volume of work involved within each classification of activity type and movement action. Based upon these analyses, a series of tasks were chosen as those which best reflected the range of physical requirements of an Infantry soldier and an Airfield Defence Guard. These tasks were: marching while carrying support weapons, carrying ammunition boxes, assaulting, wall climbing, sandbagging, jumping from a height, pursuiting, rope climbing, patrolling in an urban environment, population protection, patrolling in marching order, building forced entry and stair climbing, casualty evacuation, loading stores and digging.
- Description: 2003005933
Monitoring core body temperature in infantry soldiers and airfield defence guards
- Authors: Ham, Daniel , Lee, C. , Payne, Warren , Harvey, Jack
- Date: 2005
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport Vol. 8, no. 4 Supplement (2005), p. 58
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: During strenuous and/or extended exercise in hot environments, considerable body heat can be produced. If the heat produced is above the body's thermoregulatory capacities, or if these capacities are impeded, a rise in core body temperature (Tc) will occur. Infantry soldiers and Airfield Defence Guards within the Australian Defence Force (ADF) are often based in areas which expose them to high levels of thermal stress. Furthermore, they must perform physically demanding training and operations, often in full camouflage, and on occasions with a range of equipment including body armour, which further increases the risk of developing a heat illness during training tasks. The ADF is addressing this issue as part of the Defence Physical Employment Standards (DPES) project, which aims at developing new employment standards using tests that reflect job requirements, and in which soldiers and airmen will be required to complete a number of strenuous and/or extended physical tasks. Two high risk tasks involve marching for either 10 or 20 km at an average velocity of 6km/hr, wearing full camouflage and carrying a 45kg pack. A third high risk task, which simulates movement in urban terrain, is shorter in duration but higher in intensity, and involves wearing ballistic vest, helmet, and webbing. In order to enhance safety by decreasing the risk of heat injury associated with completing these three tasks, Tc is being monitored using telemetric pills. A subject who reaches a Tc of 39.5oC will be withdrawn from the task. Preliminary testing in reasonably mild environmental conditions (15-20oC WBGTO), resulted in steady increases in Tc throughout each task, though no subject's core temperature reached 39.5 in any of the tasks.
- Description: 2003005936
Review of injury data: Infantry and ADG: Report 3
- Authors: Harvey, Jack , Payne, Warren , Otago, Leonie
- Date: 2005
- Type: Text , Report
- Relation: Defence Physical Employment Standards Projects: Infantry and Airfield Defence Guards
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Military operational tasks are physically demanding and incur the risk of injury. In order to address the issues and costs associated with the high injury rates and focus on ways to reduce the risk of injury to Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel, the ADF Chiefs of Service Committee (COSC) has endorsed a number of injury prevention strategies aimed at examining, analysing and evaluating injury-related risks and hazards within the ADF. In line with those strategies, COSC has affirmed that ADF employment policy is to be competency based and agreed that physical employment standards should be developed for combat arms trades. The purpose of the Defence Physical Employment Standards Project (DPESP) is to develop these performance-based competency standards. The ADF has employed the services of the University of Ballarat (UB) to undertake the DPESP. This involves reviewing combat arms trade tasks (CATTs), establishing a set of criterion CATTs, developing a battery of simulation and predictive tests based on the criterion CATTs to be used to assess the physical competency of ADF combat personnel, and making recommendations for associated physical employment standards. In the initial phase, the study is focused on one Army corps - Infantry, and one Air Force mustering - Airfield Defence Guards (ADG)1. Data about ADF injuries can be found mainly in three systems: Defcare is the primary occupational health and safety (OHS) database administered by the Management Information Branch of the Occupational Health Safety and Compensation Branch (OHSCB); EpiTrack and Defence Injury Prevention Program (DIPP) databases are administered under separate programs within the Defence Health Service Branch (DHSB)
Selected of criterion trade tasks: Infantry and ADG: Report 8
- Authors: Payne, Warren , Harvey, Jack , Knez, Wade , Brotherhood, John , Culvenor, John , Selig, Steve , Ham, Daniel
- Date: 2005
- Type: Text , Report
- Relation: Defence Physical Employment Standards Projects: Infantry and Airfield Defence Guards
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Military operational tasks are physically demanding and incur the risk of injury. In order to address the issues and costs associated with the high injury rates and focus on ways to reduce the risk of injury to Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel, the ADF Chiefs of Service Committee (COSC) has endorsed a number of injury prevention strategies aimed at examining, analysing and evaluating injury-related risks and hazards within the ADF. In line with those strategies, COSC has affirmed that ADF employment policy is to be competency based and agreed that physical employment standards should be developed for combat arms trades. The purpose of the Defence Physical Employment Standards Project (DPESP) is to develop these performance-based competency standards. The ADF has employed the services of the University of Ballarat (UB) to undertake the DPESP. This involves reviewing combat arms trade tasks (CATTs), establishing a set of criterion CATTs, developing a battery of simulation and predictive tests based on the criterion CATTs to be used to assess the physical competency of ADF combat personnel, and making recommendations for associated physical employment standards. In the initial phase, the study is focused on one Army corps - Infantry, and one Air Force mustering - Airfield Defence Guards (ADG)1.
The effect of physically demanding infantry and ADG trade tasks on cognitive performance: A pilot observational study: Report 6
- Authors: Knez, Wade , Harvey, Jack , Payne, Warren
- Date: 2005
- Type: Text , Report
- Relation: Defence Physical Employment Standards Project: Infantry and Airfield Defence Guards.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Military operational tasks are physically demanding and incur the risk of injury. In order to address the issues and costs associated with the high injury rates and focus on ways to reduce the risk of injury to Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel, the ADF Chiefs of Service Committee (COSC) has endorsed a number of injury prevention strategies aimed at examining, analysing and evaluating injury-related risks and hazards within the ADF. In line with those strategies, COSC has affirmed that ADF employment policy is to be competency based and agreed that physical employment standards should be developed for combat arms trades. The purpose of the Defence Physical Employment Standards Project (DPESP) is to develop these performance-based competency standards. The ADF has employed the services of the University of Ballarat (UB) to undertake the DPESP. This involves reviewing combat arms trade tasks (CATTs), establishing a set of criterion CATTs, developing a battery of simulation and predictive tests based on the criterion CATTs to be used to assess the physical competency of ADF combat personnel, and making recommendations for associated physical employment standards. In the initial phase, the study is focused on one Army corps - Infantry, and one Air Force mustering - Airfield Defence Guards (ADG)1.
Trade tasks movement analysis: Infantry and ADG: Report 4
- Authors: Payne, Warren , Knez, Wade , Harvey, Jack , Sinclair, Wade , Elias, George , Ham, Daniel
- Date: 2005
- Type: Text , Report
- Relation: Defence Physical employment standards project: Infantry and Airfield Defence Guards
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel, the ADF Chiefs of Service Committee (COSC) has endorsed a number of injury prevention strategies aimed at examining, analysing and evaluating injury-related risks and hazards within the ADF. In line with those strategies, COSC has affirmed that ADF employment policy is to be competency based and agreed that physical employment standards should be developed for combat arms trades. The purpose of the Defence Physical Employment Standards Project (DPESP) is to develop these performance-based competency standards. The ADF has employed the services of the University of Ballarat (UB) to undertake the DPESP. This involves reviewing combat arms trade tasks (CATTs), establishing a set of criterion CATTs, developing a battery of simulation and predictive tests based on the criterion CATTs to be used to assess the physical competency of ADF combat personnel, and making recommendations for associated physical employment standards. In the initial phase, the study is focused on one Army corps - Infantry, and one Air Force mustering - Airfield Defence Guards (ADG)
VicHealth sport and active recreation schemes evaluation project : Phase 1 report partnerships for health
- Authors: Payne, Warren , Eime, Rochelle , Harvey, Jack
- Date: 2005
- Type: Text , Report
- Full Text: false
- Description: This report relates to an extensive state-wide research program aimed at exploring the nexus between sport and health; and in particular the development of health promoting sporting clubs. It includes innovative contributions to the development of theoretical frameworks that enable these areas to be integrated in a meaningful manner. The report was reviewed by a panel of specialists in the field of health promotion. The recommendations of this research have been adopted by the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (VicHealth).
- Description: K1
- Description: 2003002927
Capacity of women to improve physical performance: A review: Report 13
- Authors: Payne, Warren , VanHamond, Mark , Harvey, Jack
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Report
- Relation: Defence Physical employment standards project: Infantry and Airfield Defence Guards
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Defence Physical Employment Standards Project 1.1.1 Military operational tasks are physically demanding and incur the risk of injury. In order to address the issues and costs associated with the high injury rates and focus on ways to reduce the risk of injury to Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel, the ADF Chiefs of Service Committee (COSC) has endorsed a number of injury prevention strategies aimed at examining, analysing and evaluating injury-related risks and hazards within the ADF. In line with those strategies, COSC has affirmed that ADF employment policy is to be competency based and agreed that physical employment standards should be developed for combat arms trades. The purpose of the Defence Physical Employment Standards Project (DPESP) is to develop these performance-based competency standards
Heat injury risk of simulated march and urban patrol infantry tasks
- Authors: Payne, Warren , Ham, Daniel , Harvey, Jack , Lee, Craig , Sinclair, Wade , McNaughton, Lars , Rudzki, Stephan
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise Vol. 38, no. 5 (2006), p. S270-S271
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: 2003005927
Linking school-based sport programs to sport club membership
- Authors: Payne, Warren , Eime, Rochelle , Harvey, Jack , Maher, Shelley , Strachan, J.
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport Vol. 9, no. Supplement 1 (2006), p. 39-40
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: This research was undertaken as part of the evaluation of the VicHealth Participation for Health (PfH) Scheme. VicHealth allocate A$ 3.3 million per year to support Victorian state sporting associations (SSAs) through the PfH Scheme to increase population physical activity levels and health via increasing membership of sporting clubs. SSAs were required to allocate a portion of these funds to participation based programs. While setting for participation was not directed, many (n = 27, 44.0%) of the SSAs conducted school-based sport programs. This research sought to explore the factors affecting the linking of school-based programs with sporting club membership. SSAs reported that 50.6% of the PfH Scheme programs (n = 43) were delivered in a school setting. Focus-group discussions found that, in general, the SSAs did not see the school-based programs being a vehicle for directly recruiting club members. Rather, the programs were used to increase the visibility of the sport, train teachers in the sport and to involve children in physical activity. Barriers to linking school-based program participation to club membership included conflict in program delivery time with club activities, and limited ability of club volunteers to assist with school-based programs. A case-study will be presented which involves the introduction of yachting into schools. In general, the SSAs believed school-based engagement was a poor investment. They also felt that agencies such as VicHealth should advocate for the provision of adequate sport infrastructure within schools rather than the schools relying upon the limited resources of the sporting sector to provide school sport services.
Normative physical performance data: Infantry and ADG: Report 11
- Authors: Payne, Warren , Harvey, Jack , Knez, Wade , Selig, Steve , Sinclair, Wade , Ham, Daniel , Lee, Craig
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Report
- Relation: Defence Physical Employment Standards Projects: Infantry and Airfield Defence Guards
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Military operational tasks are physically demanding and incur the risk of injury. In order to address the issues and costs associated with the high injury rates and focus on ways to reduce the risk of injury to Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel, the ADF Chiefs of Service Committee (COSC) has endorsed a number of injury prevention strategies aimed at examining, analysing and evaluating injury-related risks and hazards within the ADF. In line with those strategies, COSC has affirmed that ADF employment policy is to be competency based and agreed that physical employment standards should be developed for combat arms trades. The purpose of the Defence Physical Employment Standards Project (DPESP) is to develop these performance-based competency standards. The ADF has employed the services of the University of Ballarat (UB) to undertake the DPESP. This involves reviewing combat arms trade tasks (CATTs), establishing a set of criterion CATTs, developing a battery of simulation and predictive tests based on the criterion CATTs to be used to assess the physical competency of ADF combat personnel, and making recommendations for associated physical employment standards.
Reliability of potential physical employment tests: Infantry and ADG: Report 10
- Authors: Harvey, Jack , Payne, Warren , Knez, Wade , Ham, Daniel
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Report
- Relation: Defence Physical Employment Standards Project. Infantry and Airfield Defence Guards
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Military operational tasks are physically demanding and incur the risk of injury. In order to address the issues and costs associated with the high injury rates and focus on ways to reduce the risk of injury to Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel, the ADF Chiefs of Service Committee (COSC) has endorsed a number of injury prevention strategies aimed at examining, analysing and evaluating injury-related risks and hazards within the ADF. In line with those strategies, COSC has affirmed that ADF employment policy is to be competency based and agreed that physical employment standards should be developed for combat arms trades. The purpose of the Defence Physical Employment Standards Project (DPESP) is to develop these performance-based competency standards. The ADF has employed the services of the University of Ballarat (UB) to undertake the DPESP. This involves reviewing combat arms trade tasks (CATTs), establishing a set of criterion CATTs, developing a battery of simulation and predictive tests based on the criterion CATTs to be used to assess the physical competency of ADF combat personnel, and making recommendations for associated physical employment standards. In the initial phase, the study is focused on one Army corps - Infantry, and one Air Force mustering - Airfield Defence Guards (ADG).
Retrospective surveys of injuries (2004 & 2005) : Infantry and ADG: Report 7
- Authors: Harvey, Jack , Payne, Warren , Otago, Leonie , Pascoe, Deborah
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Report
- Relation: Defence Physical Employment Standards Projects: Infantry and Airfield Defence Guards
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Military operational tasks are physically demanding and incur the risk of injury. In order to address the issues and costs associated with the high injury rates and focus on ways to reduce the risk of injury to Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel, the ADF Chiefs of Service Committee (COSC) has endorsed a number of injury prevention strategies aimed at examining, analysing and evaluating injury-related risks and hazards within the ADF. In line with those strategies, COSC has affirmed that ADF employment policy is to be competency based and agreed that physical employment standards should be developed for combat arms trades. The purpose of the Defence Physical Employment Standards Project (DPESP) is to develop these performance-based competency standards. The ADF has employed the services of the University of Ballarat (UB) to undertake the DPESP. This involves reviewing combat arms trade tasks (CATTs), establishing a set of criterion CATTs, developing a battery of simulation and predictive tests based on the criterion CATTs to be used to assess the physical competency of ADF combat personnel, and making recommendations for associated physical employment standards. In the initial phase, the study is focused on one Army corps - Infantry, and one Air Force mustering - Airfield Defence Guards (ADG).
Trade Task analysis: Infantry and ADG: Report 9
- Authors: Payne, Warren , Harvey, Jack
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Report
- Relation: Defence Physical Employment Standards Project: Infantry and Airfield Defence Guards
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Military operational tasks are physically demanding and incur the risk of injury. In order to address the issues and costs associated with the high injury rates and focus on ways to reduce the risk of injury to Australian Defence Force (ADF) personnel, the ADF Chiefs of Service Committee (COSC) has endorsed a number of injury prevention strategies aimed at examining, analysing and evaluating injury-related risks and hazards within the ADF. In line with those strategies, COSC has affirmed that ADF employment policy is to be competency based and agreed that physical employment standards should be developed for combat arms trades. The purpose of the Defence Physical Employment Standards Project (DPESP) is to develop these performance-based competency standards