Adolescent pornography use : A systematic literature review of research trends 2000-2017
- Authors: Alexandraki, Kyriaki , Stavropoulos, Vasileios , Anderson, Emma , Latifi, Mohammad , Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: Current Psychiatry Reviews Vol. 14, no. 1 (2018), p. 47-58
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Pornography Use (PU) has been defined as the viewing of explicit materials in the form of pictures and videos, in which people are performing intercourse with clearly exposed and visible genitals. The prevalence of PU has increased dramatically among adolescents, partly attributed to the wide availability of such online material. Objective: The aim of this systematic literature review is to map the research interest in the field and to examine whether statistically significant results have emerged from the areas of research focus. Methods: To address these aims: a) the PRISMA guidelines are adopted and; b) an integrative conceptualization (derived from the merging of two widely accepted models of understanding of Internet use behaviours) was introduced to guide the synthesis of the findings. Results: In total, 57 studies were integrated into the present literature review. Findings were concep-tualized/ classified into individual, contextual and activity factors related to PU in adolescence. In that context, individual associated factors, such as development, victimization, mental health and religiosity, appear to have primarily captivated research interest demonstrating significant relationships with adolescent PU. Conclusion: Results indicate that more research focus on contextual and activity related factors is required to improve the level of understanding of adolescent PU and to inform a more holistic conceptual framework of understanding of the phenomenon during adolescence that could potentially guide future research.
Associations between comorbid stress and internet gaming disorder symptoms : are there cultural and gender variations?
- Authors: Andreetta, Jesse , Teh Msc, Justin , Burleigh, Tyrone , Gomez, Rapson , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Asia-Pacific Psychiatry Vol. 12, no. 2 (2020), p.
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Introduction: The American Psychiatric Association has requested additional studies examine risk, protective, and cultural factors in relation to Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). The present study aimed to explore the association between stress as a potential IGD risk effect, the possible exacerbating role of cultural orientation (vertical individualism [VI]), and how this may vary between genders. Methods: The sample included adult gamers from the USA, UK, and Australia. Analyses were conducted via linear regression, moderation, and moderated moderation. Results: The results suggested that higher stress symptoms act to increase IGD risk. Gender and VI also influenced this association. Discussion: Males presenting with higher levels of stress and VI were at greater risk of IGD compared to females who exhibited a reduction in IGD-related behaviors. This demonstrates a need for more research to determine how culture and gender can act to mitigate or worsen the risks associated with excessive gaming. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
Marital status and problem gambling among Australian older adults : The mediating role of loneliness
- Authors: Botterill, Emma , Gill, Peter , McLaren, Suzanne , Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Gambling Studies Vol. 32, no. 3 (2016), p. 1027-1038
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Problem gambling rates in older adults have risen dramatically in recent years and require further investigation. Limited available research has suggested that social needs may motivate gambling and hence problem gambling in older adults. Un-partnered older adults may be at greater risk of problem gambling than those with a partner. The current study explored whether loneliness mediated the marital status-problem gambling relationship, and whether gender moderated the mediation model. It was hypothesised that the relationship between being un-partnered and higher levels of loneliness would be stronger for older men than older women. A community sample of Australian men (n = 92) and women (n = 91) gamblers aged from 60 to 90 years (M = 69.75, SD = 7.28) completed the UCLA Loneliness Scale and the Problem Gambling Severity Index. The results supported the moderated mediation model, with loneliness mediating the relationship between marital status and problem gambling for older men but not for older women. It appears that felt loneliness is an important predictor of problem gambling in older adults, and that meeting the social and emotional needs of un-partnered men is important.
Can the severity of dependence scale be usefully applied to 'ecstasy'?
- Authors: Bruno, Raimondo , Matthews, Allison , Topp, Libby , Degenhardt, Louisa , Gomez, Rapson , Dunn, Matthew
- Date: 2009
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Neuropsychobiology Vol. 60, no. 3-4 (2009), p. 137-147
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background/Aims: Although use of 'ecstasy' (drugs sold as containing 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is prevalent, it is typically infrequent, and treatment presentations involving ecstasy as a principal problem drug are relatively rare. Human case reports and animal literature suggest dependence potential, although there may be some unique aspects to this syndrome for ecstasy in comparison to other substances. The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) was examined to determine whether this could usefully identify 'dependent' ecstasy consumers. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 1,658 frequent (at least monthly) ecstasy consumers across Australia, assessing drug use, associated harms and risk behaviours. Dependence was evaluated with the SDS, using a cut-off of ≥4 to identify potential 'dependence'. Results: One fifth of the participants were screened as potentially dependent. These individuals used ecstasy more frequently, in greater amounts, engaged more extensively in risk behaviours and reported greater role interference than other participants. These findings were independent of methamphetamine use or dependence. The underlying structure of the ecstasy SDS was bifactorial. Conclusions: The SDS has demonstrated construct validity as a screening tool to identify ecstasy users at elevated risk of experiencing adverse consequences, including features of dependence. The underlying structure of dependence symptoms differs for ecstasy compared to other drug classes, and some dependent consumers use the drug infrequently. The unique neurotoxic potential and entactogenic effects of ecstasy may require a distinct nosological classification for the experience of dependence associated with the drug. Copyright © 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel.
Choosing a cut-off on the severity of dependence scale for ecstasy use
- Authors: Bruno, Raimondo , Gomez, Rapson , Matthews, Allison
- Date: 2011
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Open Addiction Journal Vol. 4, no. 13-14 (2011)
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Despite controversy about the potential for the development of dependence in relation to ecstasy [1], some people do experience problems with ecstasy use, and full case reports of dependence have been identified [2]. The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) is a brief, five-item screening instrument that has demonstrated validity in identifying cases of DSM cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine and benzodiazepine dependence. This study aimed to determine a cut-off score on the SDS that could provide a useful indication of individuals that are potentially ecstasy dependent according to DSM criteria.
- Description: Despite controversy about the potential for the development of dependence in relation to ecstasy [1], some people do experience problems with ecstasy use, and full case reports of dependence have been identified [2]. The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) is a brief, five-item screening instrument that has demonstrated validity in identifying cases of DSM cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine and benzodiazepine dependence. This study aimed to determine a cut-off score on the SDS that could provide a useful indication of individuals that are potentially ecstasy dependent according to DSM criteria
Convergent and discriminant validity of trait and source effects in ADHD-inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity measures across a 3-month interval
- Authors: Burns, Leonard , Walsh, James , Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2003
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology Vol. 31, no. 5 (2003), p. 529-541
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Confirmatory factor analysis was used to model a multitrait (ADHD-inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity) by multi-source (teachers and parents) design across a 3-month interval in a sample of 360 Australian elementary school children. The purpose was to evaluate the convergent and discriminant validity of the ADHD-inattention (IN) and hyperactivity/ impulsivity (H/I) measures. Although similar traits and similar sources showed stronger correlations across time than dissimilar traits and dissimilar sources, the amount of source variance in the ADHD-IN and ADHD-H/I measures was substantial and consistent across the interval (M = 59%; range = 35-84%). This large amount of source variance raises the possibility that the correlations of the IN and H/I rating scales with other constructs (e.g., social competence, conduct problems) represent mostly source rather than trait effects. Multitrait by multisource analyses provide a means to answer this question and further advance understanding of ADHD.
- Description: C1
Measurement and structural invariance of parent ratings of ADHD and ODD symptoms across gender for American and Malaysian children
- Authors: Burns, Leonard , Walsh, James , Gomez, Rapson , Hafetz, Nina
- Date: 2006
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Psychological Assessment Vol. 18, no. 4 (2006), p. 452-457
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The purpose of this study was to examine the measurement (configural, metric, scalar, and residual) and structural (factor variance, factor covariance, and factor means) invariance of parent ratings of the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattention (ADHD-IN), ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity (ADHD-HI), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) across boys and girls. In an American pediatric sample (N = 1,015) and a Malaysian elementary school-age sample (N = 928), there was strong support for configural, metric, scalar, residual, factor variance, and covariance invariance across gender within each sample. Both American and Malaysian boys had significantly higher scores on the ADHD-IN and ADHD-HI factor means than did girls, whereas only in the American sample did boys score significantly higher on the ODD factor than did girls. The implications of the results for the study of gender, ethnic, and cultural differences associated with ADHD and ODD are discussed. © 2006 APA, all rights reserved.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003002033
Understanding source effects in ADHD rating scales : Reply to DuPaul (2003)
- Authors: Burns, Leonard , Gomez, Rapson , Walsh, James , De Moura, Marcela Alves
- Date: 2003
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Psychological Assessment Vol. 15, no. 1 (2003), p. 118-119
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: G.J. DuPaul (2003) offered two suggestions for additional research to understand the strong source effects reported by R. Gomez, G. L. Burns, J. A. Walsh, and M. A. de Moura (2003) in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) rating scales. The first suggestion was to determine whether the source effects represent mostly bias or accuracy. The second suggestion was to minimize source effects through the development of better ADHD rating scales. Because source effects can represent bias or accuracy, it is important to minimize the bias aspect through content validation procedures prior to attempts to determine whether source effects better reflect bias or accuracy. This comment offers various suggestions to reduce the bias in ADHD rating scales.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003000494
An item response theory analysis of measures of the behavioural activation and inhibition systems
- Authors: Cooper, Andrew , Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2004
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Psychology Vol. 39, no. 5-6 (Oct-Dec 2004), p. 194-194
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: C1
The behavioural inhibition system and behavioural approach system (BIS/BAS) scales : Measurement and structural invariance across adults and adolescents
- Authors: Cooper, Andrew , Gomez, Rapson , Aucote, Helen
- Date: 2007
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 43, no. 2 (2007), p. 295-305
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Confirmatory factor analytic procedures were used to examine the factor structure of Carver and White's BIS/BAS Scales, and also its invariance across adults and adolescents. This measure, developed originally for adult use, has four scales: one for the Behavioural Inhibition System, and three for the Behavioural Approach System. To accomplish the aims, 631 adults and 300 adolescents completed the measure. The findings provided good support for the 4-factor structure, and for between-group invariance for the measurement (configural and metric) and structural (factor variances and covariances) models. These results mean that data obtained on the BIS/BAS Scales from early adolescents are directly comparable to scores from adults. © 2006 Elsevier.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003005420
The relationships between the BIS and BAS, anger and responses to anger
- Authors: Cooper, Andrew , Gomez, Rapson , Buck, Emily
- Date: 2008
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 44, no. 2 (2008), p. 403-413
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The aim of the current study was to examine the relations of the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) and the Behavioural Approach System (BAS) with anger and other responses in situations depicting anger provocation. In all, 36 male and 64 female pharmacy workers completed the BIS/BAS Scales, the Spielberger State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI), and the Anger Response Inventory (ARI). The BIS/BAS Scales have one scale for the BIS, and three subscales for the BAS (Reward Responsiveness, Drive, and Fun-Seeking). The ARI contains 23 anger scenarios. Participants were asked to imagine themselves in that scenario and then indicate how angry they would feel and how they would respond in that situation. It was found that the BIS and BAS-Drive related to STAXI trait anger, with the BIS relating to expressing anger inwardly and BAS-Drive negatively relating to the control of angry feelings. With the ARI scenarios, both BIS and BAS-Drive predicted Anger Arousal. When controlling for Anger Arousal, BAS-Fun Seeking significantly predicted aggressive responses to the anger scenarios, while BIS significantly predicted anger responses directed inwardly. The results are discussed in light of the relations between the BIS and BAS and anger. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Description: C1
The Development of a short form of the sensitivity to punishment and sensitivity to reward questionnaire
- Authors: Cooper, Andrew , Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2008
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Individual Differences Vol. 29, no. 2 (2008), p. 90-104
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ) has been proposed as a measure of the behavioral approach system (BAS) and behavioral inhibition system (BIS). Previous research with the SPSRQ has highlighted potential problems with the factor structure of the measure and individual item properties. The aim of the current studies was to use factor analytic and item response theory (IRT) methods to examine the psychometric properties of the SPSRQ. A further aim was to develop a short version of the SPSRQ. In Study 1, 393 adult participants completed the SPSRQ. The results from this study highlighted problems with the factor structure and item properties that had been noted in previous research. On this basis, a short form of the measure was proposed. In Study 2, the short form of the SPSRQ was tested with an independent sample (N = 327). These analyses suggested the short form of the SPSRQ had an improved factor structure, good item properties, and acceptable reliability.
Personality traits of the behavioural approach and inhibition systems : Associations with processing of emotional stimuli
- Authors: Gomez, Andre , Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2002
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 32, no. 8 (2002), p. 1299-1316
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: This study examined the relationships of the traits associated with Gray's behavioral approach system (BAS) and behavioural inhibition system (BIS) with cognitive processing of emotional information. Initially, participants completed questionnaires covering trait impulsivity and anxiety, and BAS and BIS sensitivities. They were then tested individually. After completing a questionnaire of current positive and negative moods, they completed three tasks measuring processing of pleasant, unpleasant and neutral information. Consistent with Gray's theory, the results showed that impulsivity and BAS sensitivity were associated with the processing of pleasant information, while anxiety and BIS sensitivity were associated with the processing of unpleasant information. These findings imply that Gray's BAS-BIS theory can be extended to cognitive processing of emotional information. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Description: 2003000180
Invariance of parent and teacher ratings of the ADHD Symptoms for an Australian community sample of primary school children
- Authors: Gomez, Andre , Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2010
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Advances in Psychology Research, Volume 66 Chapter 11 p. 291-302
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: DSM-IV conceptualizes Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in terms of two symptoms groups, namely inattention (IA; 9 symptoms) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI; 9 symptoms). The current study used confronatory factor analysis to examine the invariance of parent and teacher ratings of the ADHD symptoms for an Australian community sample of primary school children. To achieve this goal, parents and teachers of 1475 children completed a DSM-IV based ADHD rating scale. The results indicated support for configural invariance, and for full metric, scalar and error variances invariance. Findings also indicated invariance fro IA and HI latent variances, covariance between these factors, and their latent mean scores. These findings extend existing data in this area. The clinical and theoretical implication of the findings are discussed.
Personality Inventory for DSM-5, Brief Form : Factor structure, reliability, and coefficient of congruence
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Watson, Shaun , Stavropoulos, Vasileios
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality Disorders-Theory Research and Treatment Vol. 11, no. 1 (2020), p. 69-77
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The Personality Inventory for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. Brief Form (PID-5-BF), is a 25-item self-report questionnaire that measures the severity of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition-proposed personality pathology constructs of negative affectivity, detachment. antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism. The current study used exploratory factor analysis, exploratory structural equation modeling, and confirmatory factor analysis to examine the support for the theoretically proposed 5-factor model. In total, 502 adults (male = 182, female = 320, age = 18-67 years [M = 28.93, SD = 10.95]) provided ratings for the PID-5-BF. For the theorized 5-factor model, there was support for its factor structure, internal consistency reliabilities (Cronbach's. ordinal alpha, and omega) of the factors, and coefficient of congruence of the factors considering a previous Danish study. The findings also supported a strong general factor for a bifactor model involving a general factor alongside the 5 group factors. Together, the findings support the use of the 5 personality pathology constructs and the total PID-5-BF scores in clinical and research settings.
Item response theory analysis of the spiritual well-being questionnaire
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Fisher, John
- Date: 2005
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 38, no. 5 (2005), p. 1107-1121
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Recently, Gomez and Fisher (2003) published the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ). This is a self-rating measure with separate 5-item scales for personal, communal, environmental, and transcendental spiritual well-being. This study used item response theory (IRT) to examine the psychometric properties of these scales. A sample comprising 4462 participants from mainly secondary schools and universities completed the SWBQ. Samejima's graded response model was used for the analyses. The results showed that the discrimination parameters for all items in the four scales were moderate to large. The threshold parameters showed adequate representation of the relevant traits from low to the mean trait level for personal, communal and environmental items, and from low to moderately high trait level for the transcendental items. With the exception of five items, all other items showed good item information function values, and therefore acceptable reliability. The findings also indicated that the number of response options could be decreased and increased at the low and high trait levels, respectively. Thus while there was general support for the psychometric properties of the SWBQ from an IRT perspective, there were also indications that this measure can be further improved. © 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003001243
The interrelations of perceptions of family adaptability and cohesion, self-esteem, and anxiety/depression in late adolescence
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , McLaren, Suzanne
- Date: 2009
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Psychology of Family Relationships Chapter p. 115-132
- Full Text: false
Item response theory analyses of the parent and teacher versions of DSM-IV ADHD rating scales
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2004
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Australian Journal of Psychology Vol. 56, no. (2004), p. 187-187
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: C1
The effects of perceived maternal parenting styles on the disruptive behaviours of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder/oppositional defiant disorder : Mediation by hostile biased social cognitions
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Gomez, Andre
- Date: 2002
- Type: Text , Book chapter
- Relation: Advances in Psychology, Volume II Chapter 8 p. 37-55
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: B1
- Description: 2003000181
Australian parent and teacher ratings of the DSM-IV ADHD symptoms: Differential symptom functioning and parent-teacher agreement and differences
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson
- Date: 2007
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Attention Disorders Vol. 11, no. 1 (2007), p. 17-27
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objective: The aims of the study were to examine differential symptom functioning (DSF) and agreement across parent and teacher ratings for the DSM-IV ADHD inattention (IA) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) symptoms, listed in the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale (DBRS). Method: DSF was examined using a parametric technique involving ordinal logistic regression, and also a nonparametric technique known as kernel smoothing implemented in the program TestGraf. To accomplish the aims, Australian parents and teachers completed the DBRS for 213 children, between 6 and 11 years of age. Results: The results of both analytical procedures showed no DSF across all the IA and HI symptoms. Additional results indicated low parent-teacher agreement. Conclusion: The absence of DSF suggests that previous reports of low parent-teacher agreement are likely to reflect a true state of affairs and that parent and teacher ratings can be compared. In this context, the low parent-teacher agreement can be interpreted as indication that the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are situation specific. (J. of Att. Dis. 2007; 11(1) 17-27) © 2007 Sage Publications.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003005732