A hydrogen supply-chain model powering Australian isolated communities
- Hasan, Tanvir, Hassan, Nur, Shah, Rakibuzzaman, Emami, Kianoush, Anderson, Jake
- Authors: Hasan, Tanvir , Hassan, Nur , Shah, Rakibuzzaman , Emami, Kianoush , Anderson, Jake
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Energy Reports Vol. 9, no. (2023), p. 209-214
- Full Text:
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- Description: This article proposes a supply chain-based green hydrogen microgrid modelling for a number of remote Australian communities. Green hydrogen can be used as an emissions-free fuel source for electricity generation in places where large-scale renewable energy production is impossible due to land availability, population, or government regulations. This research focuses on the Torres Strait Island communities in northern Australia, where the transition from diesel to renewable electricity generation is difficult due to very limited land availability on most islands. Due to geographical constraints, low population and smaller electrical load, the green hydrogen needs to be sourced from somewhere else. This research presents a green hydrogen supply chain model that leverages the land availability of one island to produce hydrogen to supply other island communities. In addition, this research presents a model of producing and transporting green hydrogen while supplying cheaper electricity to the communities at focus. The study has used a transitional scenario planning approach and the HOMER simulation platform to find the least-cost solution. Based on the results, a levelised cost of energy range of AU$0.42 and AU$0.44 was found. With the help of a green hydrogen supply chain, CO2 emissions at the selected sites could be cut by 90 %. This study can be used as a guide for small clustered communities that could not support or justify large-scale renewable generation facilities but need more opportunities to install renewable generation. © 2023
- Authors: Hasan, Tanvir , Hassan, Nur , Shah, Rakibuzzaman , Emami, Kianoush , Anderson, Jake
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Energy Reports Vol. 9, no. (2023), p. 209-214
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This article proposes a supply chain-based green hydrogen microgrid modelling for a number of remote Australian communities. Green hydrogen can be used as an emissions-free fuel source for electricity generation in places where large-scale renewable energy production is impossible due to land availability, population, or government regulations. This research focuses on the Torres Strait Island communities in northern Australia, where the transition from diesel to renewable electricity generation is difficult due to very limited land availability on most islands. Due to geographical constraints, low population and smaller electrical load, the green hydrogen needs to be sourced from somewhere else. This research presents a green hydrogen supply chain model that leverages the land availability of one island to produce hydrogen to supply other island communities. In addition, this research presents a model of producing and transporting green hydrogen while supplying cheaper electricity to the communities at focus. The study has used a transitional scenario planning approach and the HOMER simulation platform to find the least-cost solution. Based on the results, a levelised cost of energy range of AU$0.42 and AU$0.44 was found. With the help of a green hydrogen supply chain, CO2 emissions at the selected sites could be cut by 90 %. This study can be used as a guide for small clustered communities that could not support or justify large-scale renewable generation facilities but need more opportunities to install renewable generation. © 2023
A lightweight integrity protection scheme for low latency smart grid applications
- Jolfaei, Alireza, Kant, Krishna
- Authors: Jolfaei, Alireza , Kant, Krishna
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Computers and Security Vol. 86, no. (2019), p. 471-483
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- Description: The substation communication protocol used in smart grid allows the transmission of messages without integrity protection for applications that require very low communication latency. This leaves the real-time measurements taken by phasor measurement units (PMUs) vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks, and hence makes high voltage to medium voltage (HV/MV) substations vulnerable to cyber-attacks. In this paper, a lightweight and secure integrity protection algorithm has been proposed to maintain the integrity of PMU data, which fills the missing integrity protection in the IEC 61850-90-5 standard, when the MAC identifier is declared 0. The rigorous security analysis proves the security of the proposed integrity protection method against ciphertext-only attacks and known/chosen plaintext attacks. A comparison with existing integrity protection methods shows that our method is much faster, and is also the only integrity protection scheme that meets the strict timing requirement. Not only the proposed method can be used in power protection applications, but it also can be used in emerging anomaly detection scenarios, where a fast integrity check coupled with low latency communications is used for multiple rounds of message exchanges. This paper is an extension of work originally reported in Proceedings of 14th International Conference on Security and Cryptography (Jolfaei and Kant, 2017).
- Authors: Jolfaei, Alireza , Kant, Krishna
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Computers and Security Vol. 86, no. (2019), p. 471-483
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The substation communication protocol used in smart grid allows the transmission of messages without integrity protection for applications that require very low communication latency. This leaves the real-time measurements taken by phasor measurement units (PMUs) vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks, and hence makes high voltage to medium voltage (HV/MV) substations vulnerable to cyber-attacks. In this paper, a lightweight and secure integrity protection algorithm has been proposed to maintain the integrity of PMU data, which fills the missing integrity protection in the IEC 61850-90-5 standard, when the MAC identifier is declared 0. The rigorous security analysis proves the security of the proposed integrity protection method against ciphertext-only attacks and known/chosen plaintext attacks. A comparison with existing integrity protection methods shows that our method is much faster, and is also the only integrity protection scheme that meets the strict timing requirement. Not only the proposed method can be used in power protection applications, but it also can be used in emerging anomaly detection scenarios, where a fast integrity check coupled with low latency communications is used for multiple rounds of message exchanges. This paper is an extension of work originally reported in Proceedings of 14th International Conference on Security and Cryptography (Jolfaei and Kant, 2017).
A longitudinal study on a place-based school-university partnership : listening to the voices of in-service teachers
- Authors: Ma, Hongming , Green, Monica
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Teaching and Teacher Education Vol. 129, no. (2023), p.
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- Description: This paper reports on a longitudinal place-based study by two Australian teacher educators investigating their three-year science-based school-university partnership. The study examined key benefits, challenges, and tensions within the partnership. Data collection was drawn from focus group interviews with in-service teachers across each partnership year. While findings portray the partnership as a catalyst for increased science learning opportunities for school students, teaching opportunities for pre-service teachers, and new in-service teacher roles and responsibilities, the study highlights the evolving nature of partnership development, including the need for continuous negotiation of labor division and stakeholder expectations. © 2023 The Authors
- Authors: Ma, Hongming , Green, Monica
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Teaching and Teacher Education Vol. 129, no. (2023), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This paper reports on a longitudinal place-based study by two Australian teacher educators investigating their three-year science-based school-university partnership. The study examined key benefits, challenges, and tensions within the partnership. Data collection was drawn from focus group interviews with in-service teachers across each partnership year. While findings portray the partnership as a catalyst for increased science learning opportunities for school students, teaching opportunities for pre-service teachers, and new in-service teacher roles and responsibilities, the study highlights the evolving nature of partnership development, including the need for continuous negotiation of labor division and stakeholder expectations. © 2023 The Authors
A low-cost system for monitoring pH, dissolved oxygen and algal density in continuous culture of microalgae
- Nguyen, Dung, Nguyen, Huy, Dang, Huyen, Nguyen, Viet, Nguyen, Linh
- Authors: Nguyen, Dung , Nguyen, Huy , Dang, Huyen , Nguyen, Viet , Nguyen, Linh
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: HardwareX Vol. 12, no. (2022), p.
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- Description: In a continuous and closed system of culturing microalgae, constantly monitoring and controlling pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and microalgal density in the cultivation environment are paramount, which ultimately influence on the growth rate and quality of the microalgae products. Apart from the pH and DO parameters, the density of microalgae can be used to contemplate what light condition in the culture chamber is or when nutrients should be supplemented, which both also decide productivity of the cultivation. Moreover, the microalgal density is considered as an indicator indicating when the microalgae can be harvested. Therefore, this work proposes a low-cost monitoring equipment that can be employed to observe pH, DO and microalgal density over time in a culture environment. The measurements obtained by the proposed monitoring device can be utilized for not only real-time observations but also controlling other sub-systems in a continuous culture model including stirring, ventilating, nutrient supplying and harvesting, which leads to more efficiency in the microalgal production. More importantly, it is proposed to utilize the off-the-shelf materials to fabricate the equipment with a total cost of about 513 EUR, which makes it practical as well as widespread. The proposed monitoring apparatus was validated in a real-world closed system of cultivating a microalgae strain of Chlorella vulgaris. The obtained results indicate that the measurement accuracies are 0.3%, 3.8% and 8.6% for pH, DO and microalgae density quantities, respectively. © 2022 The Author(s)
- Authors: Nguyen, Dung , Nguyen, Huy , Dang, Huyen , Nguyen, Viet , Nguyen, Linh
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: HardwareX Vol. 12, no. (2022), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: In a continuous and closed system of culturing microalgae, constantly monitoring and controlling pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and microalgal density in the cultivation environment are paramount, which ultimately influence on the growth rate and quality of the microalgae products. Apart from the pH and DO parameters, the density of microalgae can be used to contemplate what light condition in the culture chamber is or when nutrients should be supplemented, which both also decide productivity of the cultivation. Moreover, the microalgal density is considered as an indicator indicating when the microalgae can be harvested. Therefore, this work proposes a low-cost monitoring equipment that can be employed to observe pH, DO and microalgal density over time in a culture environment. The measurements obtained by the proposed monitoring device can be utilized for not only real-time observations but also controlling other sub-systems in a continuous culture model including stirring, ventilating, nutrient supplying and harvesting, which leads to more efficiency in the microalgal production. More importantly, it is proposed to utilize the off-the-shelf materials to fabricate the equipment with a total cost of about 513 EUR, which makes it practical as well as widespread. The proposed monitoring apparatus was validated in a real-world closed system of cultivating a microalgae strain of Chlorella vulgaris. The obtained results indicate that the measurement accuracies are 0.3%, 3.8% and 8.6% for pH, DO and microalgae density quantities, respectively. © 2022 The Author(s)
A multi-objective deep reinforcement learning framework
- Nguyen, Thanh, Nguyen, Ngoc, Vamplew, Peter, Nahavandi, Saeid, Dazeley, Richard, Lim, Chee
- Authors: Nguyen, Thanh , Nguyen, Ngoc , Vamplew, Peter , Nahavandi, Saeid , Dazeley, Richard , Lim, Chee
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence Vol. 96, no. (2020), p.
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- Description: This paper introduces a new scalable multi-objective deep reinforcement learning (MODRL) framework based on deep Q-networks. We develop a high-performance MODRL framework that supports both single-policy and multi-policy strategies, as well as both linear and non-linear approaches to action selection. The experimental results on two benchmark problems (two-objective deep sea treasure environment and three-objective Mountain Car problem) indicate that the proposed framework is able to find the Pareto-optimal solutions effectively. The proposed framework is generic and highly modularized, which allows the integration of different deep reinforcement learning algorithms in different complex problem domains. This therefore overcomes many disadvantages involved with standard multi-objective reinforcement learning methods in the current literature. The proposed framework acts as a testbed platform that accelerates the development of MODRL for solving increasingly complicated multi-objective problems. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
- Authors: Nguyen, Thanh , Nguyen, Ngoc , Vamplew, Peter , Nahavandi, Saeid , Dazeley, Richard , Lim, Chee
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence Vol. 96, no. (2020), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This paper introduces a new scalable multi-objective deep reinforcement learning (MODRL) framework based on deep Q-networks. We develop a high-performance MODRL framework that supports both single-policy and multi-policy strategies, as well as both linear and non-linear approaches to action selection. The experimental results on two benchmark problems (two-objective deep sea treasure environment and three-objective Mountain Car problem) indicate that the proposed framework is able to find the Pareto-optimal solutions effectively. The proposed framework is generic and highly modularized, which allows the integration of different deep reinforcement learning algorithms in different complex problem domains. This therefore overcomes many disadvantages involved with standard multi-objective reinforcement learning methods in the current literature. The proposed framework acts as a testbed platform that accelerates the development of MODRL for solving increasingly complicated multi-objective problems. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
A quadtree-polygon-based scaled boundary finite element method for image-based mesoscale fracture modelling in concrete
- Guo, H., Ooi, Ean Tat, Saputra, Albert, Yang, Zhenjun, Natarajan, Sundararajan, Ooi, Ean Hin, Song, Chongmin
- Authors: Guo, H. , Ooi, Ean Tat , Saputra, Albert , Yang, Zhenjun , Natarajan, Sundararajan , Ooi, Ean Hin , Song, Chongmin
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article , acceptedVersion
- Relation: Engineering Fracture Mechanics Vol. 211, no. (2019), p. 420-441
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: A quadtree-polygon scaled boundary finite element-based approach for image-based modelling of concrete fracture at the mesoscale is developed. Digital images representing the two-phase mesostructure of concrete, which comprises of coarse aggregates and mortar are either generated using a take-and-place algorithm with a user-defined aggregate volume ratio or obtained from X-ray computed tomography as an input. The digital images are automatically discretised for analysis by applying a balanced quadtree decomposition in combination with a smoothing operation. The scaled boundary finite element method is applied to model the constituents in the concrete mesostructure. A quadtree formulation within the framework of the scaled boundary finite element method is advantageous in that the displacement compatibility between the cells are automatically preserved even in the presence of hanging nodes. Moreover, the geometric flexibility of the scaled boundary finite element method facilitates the use of arbitrary sided polygons, allowing better representation of the aggregate boundaries. The computational burden is significantly reduced as there are only finite number of cell types in a balanced quadtree mesh. The cells in the mesh are connected to each other using cohesive interface elements with appropriate softening laws to model the fracture of the mesostructure. Parametric studies are carried out on concrete specimens subjected to uniaxial tension to investigate the effects of various parameters e.g. aggregate size distribution, porosity and aggregate volume ratio on the fracture of concrete at the meso-scale. Mesoscale fracture of concrete specimens obtained from X-ray computed tomography scans are carried out to demonstrate its feasibility.
- Authors: Guo, H. , Ooi, Ean Tat , Saputra, Albert , Yang, Zhenjun , Natarajan, Sundararajan , Ooi, Ean Hin , Song, Chongmin
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article , acceptedVersion
- Relation: Engineering Fracture Mechanics Vol. 211, no. (2019), p. 420-441
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: A quadtree-polygon scaled boundary finite element-based approach for image-based modelling of concrete fracture at the mesoscale is developed. Digital images representing the two-phase mesostructure of concrete, which comprises of coarse aggregates and mortar are either generated using a take-and-place algorithm with a user-defined aggregate volume ratio or obtained from X-ray computed tomography as an input. The digital images are automatically discretised for analysis by applying a balanced quadtree decomposition in combination with a smoothing operation. The scaled boundary finite element method is applied to model the constituents in the concrete mesostructure. A quadtree formulation within the framework of the scaled boundary finite element method is advantageous in that the displacement compatibility between the cells are automatically preserved even in the presence of hanging nodes. Moreover, the geometric flexibility of the scaled boundary finite element method facilitates the use of arbitrary sided polygons, allowing better representation of the aggregate boundaries. The computational burden is significantly reduced as there are only finite number of cell types in a balanced quadtree mesh. The cells in the mesh are connected to each other using cohesive interface elements with appropriate softening laws to model the fracture of the mesostructure. Parametric studies are carried out on concrete specimens subjected to uniaxial tension to investigate the effects of various parameters e.g. aggregate size distribution, porosity and aggregate volume ratio on the fracture of concrete at the meso-scale. Mesoscale fracture of concrete specimens obtained from X-ray computed tomography scans are carried out to demonstrate its feasibility.
A review of practical tools for rapid monitoring of membrane bioreactors
- Scholes, Emily, Verheyen, Vincent, Brook-Carter, Phillip
- Authors: Scholes, Emily , Verheyen, Vincent , Brook-Carter, Phillip
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: Water Research Vol. 102, no. (2016), p. 252-262
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- Reviewed:
- Description: The production of high quality effluent from membrane bioreactors (MBRs) arguably requires less supervision than conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes. Nevertheless, the use of membranes brings additional issues of activated sludge filterability, cake layer formation and membrane fouling. From a practical standpoint, process engineers and operators require simple tools which offer timely information about the biological health and filterability of the mixed liquor as well as risks of membrane fouling. To this end, a range of analytical tools and biological assays are critically reviewed from this perspective. This review recommends that Capillary Suction Time (CST) analysis along with Total Suspended and Volatile Solids (TSS/VSS) analysis is used daily. For broad characterisation, total carbon and nitrogen analysis offer significant advantages over the commonly used chemical and biological oxygen demand (COD/BOD) analyses. Of the technologies for determining the vitality of the microbial biomass the most robust and reproducible, are the second generation adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) test kits. Extracellular polymer concentrations are best monitored by measurement of turbidity after centrifugation. Taken collectively these tools can be used routinely to ensure timely intervention and smoother operation of MBR systems. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.
- Authors: Scholes, Emily , Verheyen, Vincent , Brook-Carter, Phillip
- Date: 2016
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: Water Research Vol. 102, no. (2016), p. 252-262
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The production of high quality effluent from membrane bioreactors (MBRs) arguably requires less supervision than conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes. Nevertheless, the use of membranes brings additional issues of activated sludge filterability, cake layer formation and membrane fouling. From a practical standpoint, process engineers and operators require simple tools which offer timely information about the biological health and filterability of the mixed liquor as well as risks of membrane fouling. To this end, a range of analytical tools and biological assays are critically reviewed from this perspective. This review recommends that Capillary Suction Time (CST) analysis along with Total Suspended and Volatile Solids (TSS/VSS) analysis is used daily. For broad characterisation, total carbon and nitrogen analysis offer significant advantages over the commonly used chemical and biological oxygen demand (COD/BOD) analyses. Of the technologies for determining the vitality of the microbial biomass the most robust and reproducible, are the second generation adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) test kits. Extracellular polymer concentrations are best monitored by measurement of turbidity after centrifugation. Taken collectively these tools can be used routinely to ensure timely intervention and smoother operation of MBR systems. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd.
A review of the scaled boundary finite element method for two-dimensional linear elastic fracture mechanics
- Song, Chongmin, Ooi, Ean Tat, Natarajan, Sundararajan
- Authors: Song, Chongmin , Ooi, Ean Tat , Natarajan, Sundararajan
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: Engineering Fracture Mechanics Vol. 187, no. (2018), p. 45-73
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The development and the application of the scaled boundary finite element method for fracture analysis is reviewed. In this method, polygonal elements (referred to as subdomains) of arbitrary number of edges are constructed, with the only limitation that the whole boundary is directly visible from the scaling centre. The element solution is semi-analytical. When applied to two-dimensional linear fracture mechanics, any kinds of stress singularities are represented analytically without local refinement, special elements and enrichment functions. The flexibility of polygons to represent arbitrary geometric shapes leads to simple yet efficient remeshing algorithms to model crack propagation. Coupling procedures with the extended finite element method, meshless method and boundary element method to handle changes in the crack morphology have been established. These developments result in an efficient framework for fracture modelling. Examples of applications are provided to demonstrate their feasibility. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
- Authors: Song, Chongmin , Ooi, Ean Tat , Natarajan, Sundararajan
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: Engineering Fracture Mechanics Vol. 187, no. (2018), p. 45-73
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: The development and the application of the scaled boundary finite element method for fracture analysis is reviewed. In this method, polygonal elements (referred to as subdomains) of arbitrary number of edges are constructed, with the only limitation that the whole boundary is directly visible from the scaling centre. The element solution is semi-analytical. When applied to two-dimensional linear fracture mechanics, any kinds of stress singularities are represented analytically without local refinement, special elements and enrichment functions. The flexibility of polygons to represent arbitrary geometric shapes leads to simple yet efficient remeshing algorithms to model crack propagation. Coupling procedures with the extended finite element method, meshless method and boundary element method to handle changes in the crack morphology have been established. These developments result in an efficient framework for fracture modelling. Examples of applications are provided to demonstrate their feasibility. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
A study on green hydrogen-based isolated microgrid
- Hasan, Tanvir, Emami, Kianoush, Shah, Rakibuzzaman, Hassan, Nur, Anderson, Jake, Thomas, Dane, Louis, Alan
- Authors: Hasan, Tanvir , Emami, Kianoush , Shah, Rakibuzzaman , Hassan, Nur , Anderson, Jake , Thomas, Dane , Louis, Alan
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Energy Reports Vol. 8, no. (2022), p. 259-267
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This paper assesses the techno-economic feasibility of a green hydrogen-based microgrid for a remote Australian island. Hydrogen can be used to provide clean energy in areas where large-scale renewable energy sources are not feasible owing to geography, government regulations, or regulatory difficulties. This study not only identifies the appropriate component size for a hydrogen-based microgrid but also provides an economic perspective of decarbonising Thursday Island in Torres Straits, Queensland, Australia. Due to geographical constraints, the green hydrogen production system needs to be distinct from the electrical network. This research shows how to produce green hydrogen, transport it, and generate power at a low cost. The study was performed utilising the HOMER simulation platform to find the least cost solution. The simulation results demonstrate an AU$0.01 reduction in Levelised Cost of Energy compared to the present electricity generation cost which is AU$0.56. The inclusion of a green hydrogen system will potentially minimise CO2 emissions by 99.6% while ensuring almost 100% renewable penetration. The results of this study will also serve as a guide for the placement of hydrogen-based microgrids in similar remote locations around the world where numerous remote energy systems are located close to each other. © 2022 The Authors
- Authors: Hasan, Tanvir , Emami, Kianoush , Shah, Rakibuzzaman , Hassan, Nur , Anderson, Jake , Thomas, Dane , Louis, Alan
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Energy Reports Vol. 8, no. (2022), p. 259-267
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This paper assesses the techno-economic feasibility of a green hydrogen-based microgrid for a remote Australian island. Hydrogen can be used to provide clean energy in areas where large-scale renewable energy sources are not feasible owing to geography, government regulations, or regulatory difficulties. This study not only identifies the appropriate component size for a hydrogen-based microgrid but also provides an economic perspective of decarbonising Thursday Island in Torres Straits, Queensland, Australia. Due to geographical constraints, the green hydrogen production system needs to be distinct from the electrical network. This research shows how to produce green hydrogen, transport it, and generate power at a low cost. The study was performed utilising the HOMER simulation platform to find the least cost solution. The simulation results demonstrate an AU$0.01 reduction in Levelised Cost of Energy compared to the present electricity generation cost which is AU$0.56. The inclusion of a green hydrogen system will potentially minimise CO2 emissions by 99.6% while ensuring almost 100% renewable penetration. The results of this study will also serve as a guide for the placement of hydrogen-based microgrids in similar remote locations around the world where numerous remote energy systems are located close to each other. © 2022 The Authors
A technique for parallel share-frequent sensor pattern mining from wireless sensor networks
- Rashid, Md. Mamunur, Gondal, Iqbal, Kamruzzaman, Joarder
- Authors: Rashid, Md. Mamunur , Gondal, Iqbal , Kamruzzaman, Joarder
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 14th Annual International Conference on Computational Science, ICCS 2014; Cairns, Australia; 10th-12th June 2014; published in Procedia Computer Science p. 124-133
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: WSNs generate huge amount of data in the form of streams and mining useful knowledge from these streams is a challenging task. Existing works generate sensor association rules using occurrence frequency of patterns with binary frequency (either absent or present) or support of a pattern as a criterion. However, considering the binary frequency or support of a pattern may not be a sufficient indicator for finding meaningful patterns from WSN data because it only reflects the number of epochs in the sensor data which contain that pattern. The share measure of sensorsets could discover useful knowledge about numerical values associated with sensor in a sensor database. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a new type of behavioral pattern called share-frequent sensor patterns by considering the non-binary frequency values of sensors in epochs. To discover share-frequent sensor patterns from sensor dataset, we propose a novel parallel technique. In this technique, we develop a novel tree structure, called parallel share-frequent sensor pattern tree (PShrFSP-tree) that is constructed at each local node independently, by capturing the database contents to generate the candidate patterns using a pattern growth technique with a single scan and then merges the locally generated candidate patterns at the final stage to generate global share-frequent sensor patterns. Comprehensive experimental results show that our proposed model is very efficient for mining share-frequent patterns from WSN data in terms of time and scalability.
- Authors: Rashid, Md. Mamunur , Gondal, Iqbal , Kamruzzaman, Joarder
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 14th Annual International Conference on Computational Science, ICCS 2014; Cairns, Australia; 10th-12th June 2014; published in Procedia Computer Science p. 124-133
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: WSNs generate huge amount of data in the form of streams and mining useful knowledge from these streams is a challenging task. Existing works generate sensor association rules using occurrence frequency of patterns with binary frequency (either absent or present) or support of a pattern as a criterion. However, considering the binary frequency or support of a pattern may not be a sufficient indicator for finding meaningful patterns from WSN data because it only reflects the number of epochs in the sensor data which contain that pattern. The share measure of sensorsets could discover useful knowledge about numerical values associated with sensor in a sensor database. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a new type of behavioral pattern called share-frequent sensor patterns by considering the non-binary frequency values of sensors in epochs. To discover share-frequent sensor patterns from sensor dataset, we propose a novel parallel technique. In this technique, we develop a novel tree structure, called parallel share-frequent sensor pattern tree (PShrFSP-tree) that is constructed at each local node independently, by capturing the database contents to generate the candidate patterns using a pattern growth technique with a single scan and then merges the locally generated candidate patterns at the final stage to generate global share-frequent sensor patterns. Comprehensive experimental results show that our proposed model is very efficient for mining share-frequent patterns from WSN data in terms of time and scalability.
About [q]-regularity properties of collections of sets
- Kruger, Alexander, Thao, Nguyen
- Authors: Kruger, Alexander , Thao, Nguyen
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications Vol. 416, no. 2 (2014), p. 471-496
- Relation: http://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/DP110102011
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: We examine three primal space local Holder type regularity properties of finite collections of sets, namely, [q]-semiregularity, [q]-subregularity, and uniform [q]-regularity as well as their quantitative characterizations. Equivalent metric characterizations of the three mentioned regularity properties as well as a sufficient condition of [q]-subregularity in terms of Frechet normals are established. The relationships between [q]-regularity properties of collections of sets and the corresponding regularity properties of set-valued mappings are discussed.
- Description: We examine three primal space local Holder type regularity properties of finite collections of sets, namely, [q]-semiregularity, [q]-subregularity, and uniform [q]-regularity as well as their quantitative characterizations. Equivalent metric characterizations of the three mentioned regularity properties as well as a sufficient condition of [q]-subregularity in terms of Frechet normals are established. The relationships between [q]-regularity properties of collections of sets and the corresponding regularity properties of set-valued mappings are discussed. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
- Authors: Kruger, Alexander , Thao, Nguyen
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications Vol. 416, no. 2 (2014), p. 471-496
- Relation: http://purl.org/au-research/grants/arc/DP110102011
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: We examine three primal space local Holder type regularity properties of finite collections of sets, namely, [q]-semiregularity, [q]-subregularity, and uniform [q]-regularity as well as their quantitative characterizations. Equivalent metric characterizations of the three mentioned regularity properties as well as a sufficient condition of [q]-subregularity in terms of Frechet normals are established. The relationships between [q]-regularity properties of collections of sets and the corresponding regularity properties of set-valued mappings are discussed.
- Description: We examine three primal space local Holder type regularity properties of finite collections of sets, namely, [q]-semiregularity, [q]-subregularity, and uniform [q]-regularity as well as their quantitative characterizations. Equivalent metric characterizations of the three mentioned regularity properties as well as a sufficient condition of [q]-subregularity in terms of Frechet normals are established. The relationships between [q]-regularity properties of collections of sets and the corresponding regularity properties of set-valued mappings are discussed. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Abrasion injuries on artificial turf : A systematic review
- Twomey, Dara, Petrass, Lauren, Fleming, Paul, Lenehan, Kurt
- Authors: Twomey, Dara , Petrass, Lauren , Fleming, Paul , Lenehan, Kurt
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport Vol. 22, no. 5 (2019), p. 550-556
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objectives: To review the incidence of abrasion injuries sustained on artificial turf playing fields and the level of evidence existing on player perceptions of abrasion injuries on these surfaces. Design: Systematic review. Method: A systematic search was performed using SPORTDiscus, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus and Science Direct databases. Inclusion criteria included: abrasion type injuries measured; conducted on artificial/synthetic turf; type of sport reported; peer-reviewed original research; English language search terms, but no language restrictions. A quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality scale. Results: The search yielded 76 potential articles, with 25 meeting all inclusion criteria. Twenty articles were injury-based and five were perception–based. The differences in injury definition and the lack of details of the playing surfaces produced varying results on the rate of injuries on artificial turf. Regardless of the condition of the surface, the level of play, or the sport, players perceived the fear of abrasion injuries as a major disadvantage of artificial turf surfaces. Conclusions: The review highlighted the current disparity that exists between players’ perceptions of abrasion injuries and the level of evidence of abrasion injury risk on artificial turf playing surfaces. There is a need for the inclusion of greater detail of playing surfaces’ specifications and condition, and an injury definition sufficiently sensitive to better measure abrasion injury incidence and severity. Without this more detailed information, it is likely that the strongly perceived risk of abrasion injuries will continue as a barrier to the adoption of artificial playing surfaces.
- Authors: Twomey, Dara , Petrass, Lauren , Fleming, Paul , Lenehan, Kurt
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport Vol. 22, no. 5 (2019), p. 550-556
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objectives: To review the incidence of abrasion injuries sustained on artificial turf playing fields and the level of evidence existing on player perceptions of abrasion injuries on these surfaces. Design: Systematic review. Method: A systematic search was performed using SPORTDiscus, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus and Science Direct databases. Inclusion criteria included: abrasion type injuries measured; conducted on artificial/synthetic turf; type of sport reported; peer-reviewed original research; English language search terms, but no language restrictions. A quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality scale. Results: The search yielded 76 potential articles, with 25 meeting all inclusion criteria. Twenty articles were injury-based and five were perception–based. The differences in injury definition and the lack of details of the playing surfaces produced varying results on the rate of injuries on artificial turf. Regardless of the condition of the surface, the level of play, or the sport, players perceived the fear of abrasion injuries as a major disadvantage of artificial turf surfaces. Conclusions: The review highlighted the current disparity that exists between players’ perceptions of abrasion injuries and the level of evidence of abrasion injury risk on artificial turf playing surfaces. There is a need for the inclusion of greater detail of playing surfaces’ specifications and condition, and an injury definition sufficiently sensitive to better measure abrasion injury incidence and severity. Without this more detailed information, it is likely that the strongly perceived risk of abrasion injuries will continue as a barrier to the adoption of artificial playing surfaces.
Adaptation of quadtree meshes in the scaled boundary finite element method for crack propagation modelling
- Ooi, Ean Tat, Man, Hou, Natarajan, Sundararajan, Song, Chongmin
- Authors: Ooi, Ean Tat , Man, Hou , Natarajan, Sundararajan , Song, Chongmin
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Engineering Fracture Mechanics Vol. 144, no. (2015), p. 101-117
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: A crack propagation modelling technique combining the scaled boundary finite element method and quadtree meshes is developed. This technique automatically satisfies the compatibility requirement between adjacent quadtree cells irrespective of the presence of hanging nodes. The quadtree structure facilitates efficient data storage and rapid computations. Only a single cell is required to accurately model the stress field near crack tips. Crack growth is modelled by splitting the cells in the mesh into two. The resulting polygons are directly modelled by the scaled boundary formulation with minimal changes to the mesh. Four numerical examples demonstrate the salient features of the technique. © 2015.
- Authors: Ooi, Ean Tat , Man, Hou , Natarajan, Sundararajan , Song, Chongmin
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Engineering Fracture Mechanics Vol. 144, no. (2015), p. 101-117
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: A crack propagation modelling technique combining the scaled boundary finite element method and quadtree meshes is developed. This technique automatically satisfies the compatibility requirement between adjacent quadtree cells irrespective of the presence of hanging nodes. The quadtree structure facilitates efficient data storage and rapid computations. Only a single cell is required to accurately model the stress field near crack tips. Crack growth is modelled by splitting the cells in the mesh into two. The resulting polygons are directly modelled by the scaled boundary formulation with minimal changes to the mesh. Four numerical examples demonstrate the salient features of the technique. © 2015.
ADHD symptoms among adolescents : measurement invariance across mother and adolescent self-ratings
- Gomez, Rapson, Houghton, Stephen
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Houghton, Stephen
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 213, no. (2023), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This study employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine measurement invariance (configural, metric, and scalar) across mother and adolescent self-ratings of ADHD symptoms [inattention (IA), hyperactivity (HY), and impulsivity (IM)] as presented in the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale (DBRS; Barkley & Murphy, 1998). The ADHD model used for this analysis was the ICD-10 3-factor model, with factors for IA, HY and IM. Findings supported configural invariance. Of the 18 ADHD symptoms, 4 symptoms (three of which were IA symptoms) lacked metric invariance. Nine thresholds (1 IA symptom, 6 HY symptoms, and 2 IM symptoms) lacked scalar invariance, with six being for the first thresholds. The psychometric and practical implications of the findings are discussed. © 2023 The Authors
- Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Houghton, Stephen
- Date: 2023
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 213, no. (2023), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This study employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine measurement invariance (configural, metric, and scalar) across mother and adolescent self-ratings of ADHD symptoms [inattention (IA), hyperactivity (HY), and impulsivity (IM)] as presented in the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale (DBRS; Barkley & Murphy, 1998). The ADHD model used for this analysis was the ICD-10 3-factor model, with factors for IA, HY and IM. Findings supported configural invariance. Of the 18 ADHD symptoms, 4 symptoms (three of which were IA symptoms) lacked metric invariance. Nine thresholds (1 IA symptom, 6 HY symptoms, and 2 IM symptoms) lacked scalar invariance, with six being for the first thresholds. The psychometric and practical implications of the findings are discussed. © 2023 The Authors
Aerodynamic drag measurements of FIFA-approved footballs
- Alam, Firoz, Chowdhury, Harun, George, Steven, Mustary, Israt, Zimmer, Gary
- Authors: Alam, Firoz , Chowdhury, Harun , George, Steven , Mustary, Israt , Zimmer, Gary
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 2014 Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association p. 703-708
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Increasing technological advancements and demand for performance compel the ball manufacturers to introduce new designs. Construction of spherical footballs has been significantly changed over the years since 1970 from 32-panel leather stitched ball to 8-panel synthetic thermally bonded modern football. Despite being most popular game in the world, no data is available on aerodynamic properties of recently FIFA approved balls such as Adidas Cafusa (thermally bonded 32-panel), Nike Maxim (32- panel stitched), Umbro Neo (14-panel stitched, and Mitre Ultimax (26-panel stitched) footballs. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to determine aerodynamic drag of these balls and compare the findings with other balls introduced in late 2000. The aerodynamic forces were measured experimentally for a range of wind speeds in wind tunnel environment and their nondimensional coefficients were determined and compared. Additionally, a field test was also carried out to understand the perception of professional footballers.
- Authors: Alam, Firoz , Chowdhury, Harun , George, Steven , Mustary, Israt , Zimmer, Gary
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: 2014 Conference of the International Sports Engineering Association p. 703-708
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Increasing technological advancements and demand for performance compel the ball manufacturers to introduce new designs. Construction of spherical footballs has been significantly changed over the years since 1970 from 32-panel leather stitched ball to 8-panel synthetic thermally bonded modern football. Despite being most popular game in the world, no data is available on aerodynamic properties of recently FIFA approved balls such as Adidas Cafusa (thermally bonded 32-panel), Nike Maxim (32- panel stitched), Umbro Neo (14-panel stitched, and Mitre Ultimax (26-panel stitched) footballs. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to determine aerodynamic drag of these balls and compare the findings with other balls introduced in late 2000. The aerodynamic forces were measured experimentally for a range of wind speeds in wind tunnel environment and their nondimensional coefficients were determined and compared. Additionally, a field test was also carried out to understand the perception of professional footballers.
Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019 : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- Kyu, Hmwe, Vongpradith, Avina, Sirota, Sarah, Novotney, Amanda, Troeger, Christopher, Doxey, Matthew, Bender, Rose, Ledesma, Jorge, Biehl, Molly, Albertson, Samuel, Frostad, Joseph, Burkart, Katrin, Bennitt, Fiona, Zhao, Jeff, Gardner, William, Hagins, Hailey, Bryazka, Dana, Dominguez, Regina, Abate, Semagn, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abdoli, Amir, Abdoli, Gholamreza, Abedi, Aidin, Abedi, Vida, Abegaz, Tadesse, Abidi, Hassan, Aboagye, Richard, Nguyen, Huy, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Authors: Kyu, Hmwe , Vongpradith, Avina , Sirota, Sarah , Novotney, Amanda , Troeger, Christopher , Doxey, Matthew , Bender, Rose , Ledesma, Jorge , Biehl, Molly , Albertson, Samuel , Frostad, Joseph , Burkart, Katrin , Bennitt, Fiona , Zhao, Jeff , Gardner, William , Hagins, Hailey , Bryazka, Dana , Dominguez, Regina , Abate, Semagn , Abdelmasseh, Michael , Abdoli, Amir , Abdoli, Gholamreza , Abedi, Aidin , Abedi, Vida , Abegaz, Tadesse , Abidi, Hassan , Aboagye, Richard , Nguyen, Huy , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Lancet Infectious Diseases Vol. 22, no. 11 (2022), p. 1626-1647
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: The global burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) and corresponding risk factors in children older than 5 years and adults has not been studied as comprehensively as it has been in children younger than 5 years. We assessed the burden and trends of LRIs and risk factors across all age groups by sex, for 204 countries and territories. Methods: In this analysis of data for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we used clinician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis as our case definition for LRIs. We included International Classification of Diseases 9th edition codes 079.6, 466–469, 470.0, 480–482.8, 483.0–483.9, 484.1–484.2, 484.6–484.7, and 487–489 and International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes A48.1, A70, B97.4–B97.6, J09–J15.8, J16–J16.9, J20–J21.9, J91.0, P23.0–P23.4, and U04–U04.9. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse 23 109 site-years of vital registration data, 825 site-years of sample vital registration data, 1766 site-years of verbal autopsy data, and 681 site-years of mortality surveillance data. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse age–sex-specific incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews of the literature, population-based survey data, and claims and inpatient data. Additionally, we estimated age–sex-specific LRI mortality that is attributable to the independent effects of 14 risk factors. Findings: Globally, in 2019, we estimated that there were 257 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 240–275) LRI incident episodes in males and 232 million (217–248) in females. In the same year, LRIs accounted for 1·30 million (95% UI 1·18–1·42) male deaths and 1·20 million (1·07–1·33) female deaths. Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates were 1·17 times (95% UI 1·16–1·18) and 1·31 times (95% UI 1·23–1·41) greater in males than in females in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, LRI incidence and mortality rates declined at different rates across age groups and an increase in LRI episodes and deaths was estimated among all adult age groups, with males aged 70 years and older having the highest increase in LRI episodes (126·0% [95% UI 121·4–131·1]) and deaths (100·0% [83·4–115·9]). During the same period, LRI episodes and deaths in children younger than 15 years were estimated to have decreased, and the greatest decline was observed for LRI deaths in males younger than 5 years (–70·7% [–77·2 to –61·8]). The leading risk factors for LRI mortality varied across age groups and sex. More than half of global LRI deaths in children younger than 5 years were attributable to child wasting (population attributable fraction [PAF] 53·0% [95% UI 37·7–61·8] in males and 56·4% [40·7–65·1] in females), and more than a quarter of LRI deaths among those aged 5–14 years were attributable to household air pollution (PAF 26·0% [95% UI 16·6–35·5] for males and PAF 25·8% [16·3–35·4] for females). PAFs of male LRI deaths attributed to smoking were 20·4% (95% UI 15·4–25·2) in those aged 15–49 years, 30·5% (24·1–36·9) in those aged 50–69 years, and 21·9% (16·8–27·3) in those aged 70 years and older. PAFs of female LRI deaths attributed to household air pollution were 21·1% (95% UI 14·5–27·9) in those aged 15–49 years and 18·2% (12·5–24·5) in those aged 50–69 years. For females aged 70 years and older, the leading risk factor, ambient particulate matter, was responsible for 11·7% (95% UI 8·2–15·8) of LRI deaths. Interpretation: The patterns and progress in reducing the burden of LRIs and key risk factors for mortality varied across age groups and sexes. The progress seen in children younger than 5 years was clearly a result of targeted interventions, such as vaccination and reduction of exposure to risk factors. Similar interventions for other age groups could contribute to the achievement of multiple Sustainable Development Goals targets, including promoting well eing at all ages and reducing health inequalities. Interventions, including addressing risk factors such as child wasting, smoking, ambient particulate matter pollution, and household air pollution, would prevent deaths and reduce health disparities. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Muhammad Aziz Rahman and Huy Nguyen” is provided in this record**
- Authors: Kyu, Hmwe , Vongpradith, Avina , Sirota, Sarah , Novotney, Amanda , Troeger, Christopher , Doxey, Matthew , Bender, Rose , Ledesma, Jorge , Biehl, Molly , Albertson, Samuel , Frostad, Joseph , Burkart, Katrin , Bennitt, Fiona , Zhao, Jeff , Gardner, William , Hagins, Hailey , Bryazka, Dana , Dominguez, Regina , Abate, Semagn , Abdelmasseh, Michael , Abdoli, Amir , Abdoli, Gholamreza , Abedi, Aidin , Abedi, Vida , Abegaz, Tadesse , Abidi, Hassan , Aboagye, Richard , Nguyen, Huy , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Lancet Infectious Diseases Vol. 22, no. 11 (2022), p. 1626-1647
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: The global burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) and corresponding risk factors in children older than 5 years and adults has not been studied as comprehensively as it has been in children younger than 5 years. We assessed the burden and trends of LRIs and risk factors across all age groups by sex, for 204 countries and territories. Methods: In this analysis of data for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we used clinician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis as our case definition for LRIs. We included International Classification of Diseases 9th edition codes 079.6, 466–469, 470.0, 480–482.8, 483.0–483.9, 484.1–484.2, 484.6–484.7, and 487–489 and International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes A48.1, A70, B97.4–B97.6, J09–J15.8, J16–J16.9, J20–J21.9, J91.0, P23.0–P23.4, and U04–U04.9. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse 23 109 site-years of vital registration data, 825 site-years of sample vital registration data, 1766 site-years of verbal autopsy data, and 681 site-years of mortality surveillance data. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse age–sex-specific incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews of the literature, population-based survey data, and claims and inpatient data. Additionally, we estimated age–sex-specific LRI mortality that is attributable to the independent effects of 14 risk factors. Findings: Globally, in 2019, we estimated that there were 257 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 240–275) LRI incident episodes in males and 232 million (217–248) in females. In the same year, LRIs accounted for 1·30 million (95% UI 1·18–1·42) male deaths and 1·20 million (1·07–1·33) female deaths. Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates were 1·17 times (95% UI 1·16–1·18) and 1·31 times (95% UI 1·23–1·41) greater in males than in females in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, LRI incidence and mortality rates declined at different rates across age groups and an increase in LRI episodes and deaths was estimated among all adult age groups, with males aged 70 years and older having the highest increase in LRI episodes (126·0% [95% UI 121·4–131·1]) and deaths (100·0% [83·4–115·9]). During the same period, LRI episodes and deaths in children younger than 15 years were estimated to have decreased, and the greatest decline was observed for LRI deaths in males younger than 5 years (–70·7% [–77·2 to –61·8]). The leading risk factors for LRI mortality varied across age groups and sex. More than half of global LRI deaths in children younger than 5 years were attributable to child wasting (population attributable fraction [PAF] 53·0% [95% UI 37·7–61·8] in males and 56·4% [40·7–65·1] in females), and more than a quarter of LRI deaths among those aged 5–14 years were attributable to household air pollution (PAF 26·0% [95% UI 16·6–35·5] for males and PAF 25·8% [16·3–35·4] for females). PAFs of male LRI deaths attributed to smoking were 20·4% (95% UI 15·4–25·2) in those aged 15–49 years, 30·5% (24·1–36·9) in those aged 50–69 years, and 21·9% (16·8–27·3) in those aged 70 years and older. PAFs of female LRI deaths attributed to household air pollution were 21·1% (95% UI 14·5–27·9) in those aged 15–49 years and 18·2% (12·5–24·5) in those aged 50–69 years. For females aged 70 years and older, the leading risk factor, ambient particulate matter, was responsible for 11·7% (95% UI 8·2–15·8) of LRI deaths. Interpretation: The patterns and progress in reducing the burden of LRIs and key risk factors for mortality varied across age groups and sexes. The progress seen in children younger than 5 years was clearly a result of targeted interventions, such as vaccination and reduction of exposure to risk factors. Similar interventions for other age groups could contribute to the achievement of multiple Sustainable Development Goals targets, including promoting well eing at all ages and reducing health inequalities. Interventions, including addressing risk factors such as child wasting, smoking, ambient particulate matter pollution, and household air pollution, would prevent deaths and reduce health disparities. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Muhammad Aziz Rahman and Huy Nguyen” is provided in this record**
An investigation of correlation factors linking footing resistance on sand with cone penetration test results
- Gavin, Kenneth, Tolooiyan, Ali
- Authors: Gavin, Kenneth , Tolooiyan, Ali
- Date: 2012
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Computers and Geotechnics Vol. 46, no. (2012), p. 84-92
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Significant research effort has led to improvements in our ability to estimate the ultimate bearing resistance of footings in sand. These techniques often estimate the footing resistance at relatively large displacements, typically 10% of the footing width, q b0.1. Cone Penetration Test (CPT) design methods typically link q b0.1 and q c through a constant reduction factor, α. A range of α factors for shallow footings have been proposed, some methods suggest that α is constant and while others that it varies with footing width and depth (or stress level). There is a dearth of field data with which to compare these correlation factors, in particular where foundation width and depth have been varied in the same ground conditions. For this reason finite element analyses have proven to be a useful tool for performing the parametric studies required to asses factors controlling α. This paper describes the results of numerical analyses performed to investigate α factors for soil profiles which were calibrated using the results of the CPT tests performed at a dense sand test-bed site. The numerical model was first used to perform parametric analyses to consider the effect of footing width, B and footing depth, D on the α factor mobilised in dense Blessington sand. In order to assess the effects of relative density, footing tests in a range of natural sands with variable in situ densities were modeled. The results of the finite element analyses suggest that a direct correlation between q b0.1 and q c can be established at a given test site which is independent of footing width and depth and is relatively weakly dependent on the sands relative density if the zone of influence of the foundation considered is large enough. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
- Authors: Gavin, Kenneth , Tolooiyan, Ali
- Date: 2012
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Computers and Geotechnics Vol. 46, no. (2012), p. 84-92
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Significant research effort has led to improvements in our ability to estimate the ultimate bearing resistance of footings in sand. These techniques often estimate the footing resistance at relatively large displacements, typically 10% of the footing width, q b0.1. Cone Penetration Test (CPT) design methods typically link q b0.1 and q c through a constant reduction factor, α. A range of α factors for shallow footings have been proposed, some methods suggest that α is constant and while others that it varies with footing width and depth (or stress level). There is a dearth of field data with which to compare these correlation factors, in particular where foundation width and depth have been varied in the same ground conditions. For this reason finite element analyses have proven to be a useful tool for performing the parametric studies required to asses factors controlling α. This paper describes the results of numerical analyses performed to investigate α factors for soil profiles which were calibrated using the results of the CPT tests performed at a dense sand test-bed site. The numerical model was first used to perform parametric analyses to consider the effect of footing width, B and footing depth, D on the α factor mobilised in dense Blessington sand. In order to assess the effects of relative density, footing tests in a range of natural sands with variable in situ densities were modeled. The results of the finite element analyses suggest that a direct correlation between q b0.1 and q c can be established at a given test site which is independent of footing width and depth and is relatively weakly dependent on the sands relative density if the zone of influence of the foundation considered is large enough. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
An investigation of expertise in cycling : eye tracking, think aloud and the influence of a competitor
- Massey, Hollie, Whitehead, Amy, Marchant, David, Polman, Remco, Williams, Emily
- Authors: Massey, Hollie , Whitehead, Amy , Marchant, David , Polman, Remco , Williams, Emily
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Psychology of Sport and Exercise Vol. 49, no. (2020), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objectives: Two studies investigated expert-novice differences in information-seeking behaviour, cognitions and performance during cycling time trials (TT). Study 1 examined trained and novice cyclist's cognitions whilst performing a TT, using a Think Aloud (TA) protocol and eye-tracking techniques. Study 2 investigated expertise differences during alone and competitive TTs. Methods: in Study 1, six trained and seven novice cyclists performed a 16.1 km TT. In Study 2, eight trained and ten novice cyclists performed three 16.1 km TT; a baseline TT, an alone TT and a trial against a virtual competitor. In both studies, participants were asked to TA and in Study 1 they also wore mobile gaze-tracking glasses. Performance feedback and a simulated TT course were visually displayed during all trials, as was a virtual avatar during the competitor trial. Verbalisations were coded into primary and secondary themes. Cognitions and pacing strategies were compared between groups and across the duration of the TTs. In Study 1, eye-tracking data for total dwell time and gaze frequency were calculated for each area of interest (Time Elapsed, Power, Heart Rate, Cadence, Distance Covered, Speed and Course Scenery). Results: In Study 1, no significant differences were found in information-seeking behaviour between groups, however there were expertise differences in the cognitive strategies used. Trained cyclists’ verbalisations were more performance-relevant (i.e., power output), whereas the untrained group were more focused on task completion (i.e., distance and time) and irrelevant information. Both groups talked more about distance and motivational thoughts in the later stages of the trial, and dwell time on distance feedback also increased in this final 4 km. In Study 2, the trained group performed faster than the untrained group but there were no significant differences in pace or performance between alone and competitive TTs for either group. Differences in cognitions were found between groups and across the TT duration. Conclusion: Both studies demonstrate that cognitive processes differ as a function of expertise during self-paced cycling time trials. There were no differences in information-seeking behaviour between trained and untrained cyclists and there was no effect of an opponent on pace or performance. © 2020
- Authors: Massey, Hollie , Whitehead, Amy , Marchant, David , Polman, Remco , Williams, Emily
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Psychology of Sport and Exercise Vol. 49, no. (2020), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objectives: Two studies investigated expert-novice differences in information-seeking behaviour, cognitions and performance during cycling time trials (TT). Study 1 examined trained and novice cyclist's cognitions whilst performing a TT, using a Think Aloud (TA) protocol and eye-tracking techniques. Study 2 investigated expertise differences during alone and competitive TTs. Methods: in Study 1, six trained and seven novice cyclists performed a 16.1 km TT. In Study 2, eight trained and ten novice cyclists performed three 16.1 km TT; a baseline TT, an alone TT and a trial against a virtual competitor. In both studies, participants were asked to TA and in Study 1 they also wore mobile gaze-tracking glasses. Performance feedback and a simulated TT course were visually displayed during all trials, as was a virtual avatar during the competitor trial. Verbalisations were coded into primary and secondary themes. Cognitions and pacing strategies were compared between groups and across the duration of the TTs. In Study 1, eye-tracking data for total dwell time and gaze frequency were calculated for each area of interest (Time Elapsed, Power, Heart Rate, Cadence, Distance Covered, Speed and Course Scenery). Results: In Study 1, no significant differences were found in information-seeking behaviour between groups, however there were expertise differences in the cognitive strategies used. Trained cyclists’ verbalisations were more performance-relevant (i.e., power output), whereas the untrained group were more focused on task completion (i.e., distance and time) and irrelevant information. Both groups talked more about distance and motivational thoughts in the later stages of the trial, and dwell time on distance feedback also increased in this final 4 km. In Study 2, the trained group performed faster than the untrained group but there were no significant differences in pace or performance between alone and competitive TTs for either group. Differences in cognitions were found between groups and across the TT duration. Conclusion: Both studies demonstrate that cognitive processes differ as a function of expertise during self-paced cycling time trials. There were no differences in information-seeking behaviour between trained and untrained cyclists and there was no effect of an opponent on pace or performance. © 2020
Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud) competition altered wheat grain quality : A study under elevated atmospheric CO2 levels and drought conditions
- Fernando, Nimesha, Florentine, Singarayer, Naiker, Mani, Panozzo, Joe, Chauhan, Bhagirath
- Authors: Fernando, Nimesha , Florentine, Singarayer , Naiker, Mani , Panozzo, Joe , Chauhan, Bhagirath
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Food Chemistry Vol. 276, no. (2019), p. 285-290
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Annual ryegrass is one of the most serious, costly weeds of winter cropping systems in Australia. To determine whether its competition-mediated plant defence mechanisms effect on wheat grain quality, wheat (cv. Yitpi) and annual ryegrass were grown under two levels of CO2 (400 ppm; (a[CO2]) vs 700 ppm; (e[CO2]), two levels of water (well-watered vs drought) and two types of competition (wheat only; (W), and wheatxannual ryegrass; (W x R) with four replicates. The competitionx[CO2] interaction had a significant effect on wheat grain protein content, where it was increased in W x R under both e[CO2] (+ 17%) and a[CO2] (+ 21%). Grain yield, total grain reducing power and phenolic content were significantly affected by [CO2] x drought x competition. In a summary, annual ryegrass competition significantly altered the wheat grain quality under both [CO2] levels (depending on the soil water level), while also decreasing the grain yield.
- Authors: Fernando, Nimesha , Florentine, Singarayer , Naiker, Mani , Panozzo, Joe , Chauhan, Bhagirath
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Food Chemistry Vol. 276, no. (2019), p. 285-290
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Annual ryegrass is one of the most serious, costly weeds of winter cropping systems in Australia. To determine whether its competition-mediated plant defence mechanisms effect on wheat grain quality, wheat (cv. Yitpi) and annual ryegrass were grown under two levels of CO2 (400 ppm; (a[CO2]) vs 700 ppm; (e[CO2]), two levels of water (well-watered vs drought) and two types of competition (wheat only; (W), and wheatxannual ryegrass; (W x R) with four replicates. The competitionx[CO2] interaction had a significant effect on wheat grain protein content, where it was increased in W x R under both e[CO2] (+ 17%) and a[CO2] (+ 21%). Grain yield, total grain reducing power and phenolic content were significantly affected by [CO2] x drought x competition. In a summary, annual ryegrass competition significantly altered the wheat grain quality under both [CO2] levels (depending on the soil water level), while also decreasing the grain yield.
Arylpyrrole and fipronil analogues that inhibit the motility and/or development of Haemonchus contortus in vitro
- Herath, Dilrukshi, Song, Hongjian, Preston, Sarah, Jabbar, Abdul, Wang, Tao, McGee, Sean, Hofmann, Andreas, Garcia-Bustos, Jose, Chang, Bill, Koehler, Anson, Liu, Yuxiu, Ma, Qiaoqiao, Zhang, Penqxiang, Zhao, Qiqi, Wang, Qingmin, Gasser, Robin
- Authors: Herath, Dilrukshi , Song, Hongjian , Preston, Sarah , Jabbar, Abdul , Wang, Tao , McGee, Sean , Hofmann, Andreas , Garcia-Bustos, Jose , Chang, Bill , Koehler, Anson , Liu, Yuxiu , Ma, Qiaoqiao , Zhang, Penqxiang , Zhao, Qiqi , Wang, Qingmin , Gasser, Robin
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance Vol. 8, no. 3 (2018), p. 379-385
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- Description: Due to widespread drug resistance in parasitic nematodes, there is a need to develop new anthelmintics. Given the cost and time involved in developing a new drug, the repurposing of known chemicals can be a promising, alternative approach. In this context, we tested a library (n = 600) of natural product-inspired pesticide analogues against exsheathed third stage-larvae (xL3s) of Haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm) using a whole-organism, phenotypic screening technique that measures the inhibition of motility and development in treated larvae. In the primary screen, we identified 32 active analogues derived from chemical scaffolds of arylpyrrole or fipronil. The seven most promising compounds, selected based on their anthelmintic activity and/or limited cytotoxicity, are arylpyrroles that reduced the motility of fourth-stage larvae (L4s) with significant potency (IC 50 values ranged from 0.04 ± 0.01
- Authors: Herath, Dilrukshi , Song, Hongjian , Preston, Sarah , Jabbar, Abdul , Wang, Tao , McGee, Sean , Hofmann, Andreas , Garcia-Bustos, Jose , Chang, Bill , Koehler, Anson , Liu, Yuxiu , Ma, Qiaoqiao , Zhang, Penqxiang , Zhao, Qiqi , Wang, Qingmin , Gasser, Robin
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance Vol. 8, no. 3 (2018), p. 379-385
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Due to widespread drug resistance in parasitic nematodes, there is a need to develop new anthelmintics. Given the cost and time involved in developing a new drug, the repurposing of known chemicals can be a promising, alternative approach. In this context, we tested a library (n = 600) of natural product-inspired pesticide analogues against exsheathed third stage-larvae (xL3s) of Haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm) using a whole-organism, phenotypic screening technique that measures the inhibition of motility and development in treated larvae. In the primary screen, we identified 32 active analogues derived from chemical scaffolds of arylpyrrole or fipronil. The seven most promising compounds, selected based on their anthelmintic activity and/or limited cytotoxicity, are arylpyrroles that reduced the motility of fourth-stage larvae (L4s) with significant potency (IC 50 values ranged from 0.04 ± 0.01