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Transfer of strength and power training to sports performance

- Young, Warren

  • Authors: Young, Warren
  • Date: 2006
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Vol. 1, no. (2006), p. 74-83
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  • Description: The purposes of this review are to identify the factors that contribute to the transference of strength and power training to sports performance and to provide resistance-training guidelines. Using sprinting performance as an example, exercises involving bilateral contractions of the leg muscles resulting in vertical movement, such as squats and jump squats, have minimal transfer to performance. However, plyometric training, including unilateral exercises and horizontal movement of the whole body, elicits significant increases in sprint acceleration performance, thus highlighting the importance of movement pattern and contraction velocity specificity. Relatively large gains in power output in nonspecific movements (intramuscular coordination) can be accompanied by small changes in sprint performance. Research on neural adaptations to resistance training indicates that intermuscular coordination is an important component in achieving transfer to sports skills. Although the specificity of resistance training is important, general strength training is potentially useful for the purposes of increasing body mass, decreasing the risk of soft-tissue injuries, and developing core stability. Hypertrophy and general power exercises can enhance sports performance, but optimal transfer from training also requires a specific exercise program.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003002126

Resistance training for short sprints and maximum-speed sprints

- Young, Warren, Benton, Dean, Duthie, Grant, Pryor, John

Should static stretching be used during a warm-up for strength and power activities?

- Young, Warren, Behm, David

The importance of a sport-specific stimulus for training agility

- Young, Warren, Farrow, Damian

  • Authors: Young, Warren , Farrow, Damian
  • Date: 2013
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Strength and Conditioning Journal Vol. 35, no. 2 (2013), p. 39-43
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  • Description: The purpose of this article is to review recent evidence to help guide the training of agility. agility skill usually involves reacting to a stimulus before performing a movement with a change of direction or velocity. research has shown that better performers can be distinguished from lower skilled athletes by the ability to quickly and accurately react to opponent's movements, but not to a generic stimulus such as a flashing light. therefore, training for agility should include a perceptual and decision-making component involving reacting to movements of others, and this may be accomplished with evasive drills or smallsided games. Copyright © National Strength and Conditioning Association.
  • Description: 2003011107

Movement demands in Australian Rules football as indicators of muscle damage

- Young, Warren, Hepner, Jamie, Robbins, Daniel

  • Authors: Young, Warren , Hepner, Jamie , Robbins, Daniel
  • Date: 2012
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 26, no. 2 (2012), p. 492-496
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  • Description: The purpose of this study was to determine if there is an association between variables that describe movements in an Australian Rules football (ARF) game with muscle damage. Fourteen elite junior ARF players were monitored with a global positioning system (GPS) during a match, and muscle damage was estimated by determining creatine kinase (CK) 24 hours postmatch. The players were median split based on CK levels, into a high and low CK group, and the groups were compared with independent t-tests. The primary finding was that the group that experienced greater muscle damage (high CK group) generally covered significantly (p < 0.05) greater distances. This was the case for running speeds between 4 and 7 m·s -1 and, with the exception of high acceleration, all intensities of acceleration and deceleration. The high, as compared with the low, CK group also produced a significantly greater (42%) "player load." All of these significant differences were accompanied by large effect sizes. Group-specific Pearson (r) correlations between CK level and GPS variables suggest that a certain volume of movement is required before the elicitation of a positive relationship beyond trivial or small. Correlations between CK and running speeds >4 m·s -1 and moderate-high acceleration and deceleration were negative in the low CK (lesser volumes) group. With the exception of low-intensity acceleration/deceleration, the same relationships were positive and generally of a moderate-to-large magnitude in the high CK (greater volumes) group. It may be that a certain volume of movement is required for that movement to be strongly associated with CK levels. It was concluded that selected GPS variables obtained from ARF games can be used as indicators of muscle damage, and this information may be used to individualize recovery strategies after games. © 2012 National Strength and Conditioning Association.

Specificity of sprint and agility training methods

- Young, Warren, McDowell, Mark, Scarlett, Bentley

  • Authors: Young, Warren , McDowell, Mark , Scarlett, Bentley
  • Date: 2001
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 15, no. 3 (2001), p. 315-319
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  • Description: The purpose of this study was to determine if straight sprint training transferred to agility performance tests that involved various change-of-direction complexities and if agility training transferred to straight sprinting speed. Thirty-six males were tested on a 30-m straight sprint and 6 agility tests with 2-5 changes of direction at various angles. The subjects participated in 2 training sessions per week for 6 weeks using 20-40-m straight sprints (speed) or 20-40-m change-of-direction sprints (3-5 changes of 100°) (agility). After the training period, the subjects were retested, and the speed training resulted in significant improvements (p < 0.05) in straight sprinting speed but limited gains in the agility tests. Generally, the more complex the agility task, the less the transfer from the speed training to the agility task. Conversely, the agility training resulted in significant improvements in the change-of-direction tests (p < 0.05) but no significant improvement (p > 0.05) in straight sprint performance. We concluded that straight speed and agility training methods are specific and produce limited transfer to the other. These findings have implications for the design of speed and agility training and testing protocols.
  • Description: 2003003767

Relationship between a modified Thomas test and leg range of motion in Australian rules football kicking

- Young, Warren, Clothier, Peter, Otago, Leonie, Bruce, Lyndell, Liddell, David

  • Authors: Young, Warren , Clothier, Peter , Otago, Leonie , Bruce, Lyndell , Liddell, David
  • Date: 2003
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Sport Rehabilitation Vol. 12, no. 4 (2003), p. 343-350
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  • Description: Context: Flexibility tests are sometimes thought to be related to range of motion in dynamic activities, but such a relationship remains to be determined. Objective: To determine the correlation between flexibility and hip and knee angles in Australian football kicking. Design: Correlation. Setting: Biomechanics laboratory. Participants: 16 Australian Rules football players. Main Outcome Measures: Hip and knee angles of the preferred kicking leg in a relaxed position were determined with a modified Thomas test. Maximum hip extension, the knee-flexion angle in this position, the maximum knee-flexion angle, and the hip angle at this position during the swing phase of maximum-effort drop-punt kicks were determined. Results: Significant correlations were found between hip flexibility and maximum hip extension (r =.65, P < .01) and hip angle at the maximum knee-flexion angle (r = .70, P < .01). Conclusions: The data indicate a moderate association between hip flexibility and hip angles during kicking.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003000537

Physical qualities predict change-of-direction speed but not defensive agility in Australian rules football

- Young, Warren, Miller, Ian, Talpey, Scott

  • Authors: Young, Warren , Miller, Ian , Talpey, Scott
  • Date: 2015
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Vol. 29, no. 1 (2015), p. 206-212
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  • Description: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between selected physical qualities, change-ofdirection (COD) speed, and defensive agility performance in Australian Rules football players. Twenty-four male communitylevel players were assessed on sprint acceleration (10-m time), maximum strength (3 repetition-maximum half squat), leg power (countermovement jump), reactive strength (drop jump), and a single COD speed test and a defensive agility test. Change-of-direction speed was correlated with reactive strength (r = 20.645, p = 0.001) and sprint acceleration (r = 0.510, p = 0.011). Multiple regression indicated that the combined physical qualities explained 56.7% of the variance associated with COD speed (adjusted R2 = 0.567, p ≤ 0.05). Participants were median split into faster and slower COD speed groups, and these were compared by independent t-tests. The faster group was significantly better (p ≤ 0.05) on the sprint acceleration and reactive strength tests (large effect size). The correlations between physical qualities and agility were trivial to small (r = -0.101 to 0.123, p > 0.05) and collectively explained only 14.2% of the variance associated with agility performance (adjusted R2 = -0.142, p > 0.05). When faster and slower agility groups were compared, there were trivial to moderate differences (p > 0.05) in all physical qualities. It was concluded that reactive strength and sprint acceleration are important for COD speed, but the physical qualities assessed are not associated with defensive agility performance. For agility tasks similar to those in this study, sprint and resistance training should not be emphasized, and training other factors, such as the development of sportspecific technique and cognitive skill, is recommended. © 2015 National Strength and Conditioning Association.

Development of muscle mass : How much is optimum for performance?

- Young, Warren, Talpey, Scott, Bartlett, Rogan, Lewis, Mitchell, Mundy, Stephanie, Smyth, Andrew, Welsh, Tim

  • Authors: Young, Warren , Talpey, Scott , Bartlett, Rogan , Lewis, Mitchell , Mundy, Stephanie , Smyth, Andrew , Welsh, Tim
  • Date: 2019
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Strength and Conditioning Journal Vol. 41, no. 3 (2019), p. 47-50
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  • Description: Training for muscle hypertrophy can be expected to induce some increase in total body mass, and this can have positive or negative consequences for athletic performance. Positive effects may be increased strength, increased resistance to being pushed aside, and greater momentum when running, whereas possible negative effects may be reduced capacity to accelerate, decelerate, change direction, and jump. These possible effects of gaining muscle and total body mass suggest that strength and conditioning coaches should give thoughtful consideration to the amount of hypertrophy training prescribed throughout an athletes's development and should be determined by the specific needs of the athlete.
  • Description: TRAINING FOR MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY CAN BE EXPECTED TO INDUCE SOME INCREASE IN TOTAL BODY MASS, AND THIS CAN HAVE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES FOR ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE. POSITIVE EFFECTS MAY BE INCREASED STRENGTH, INCREASED RESISTANCE TO BEING PUSHED ASIDE, AND GREATER MOMENTUM WHEN RUNNING, WHEREAS POSSIBLE NEGATIVE EFFECTS MAY BE REDUCED CAPACITY TO ACCELERATE, DECELERATE, CHANGE DIRECTION, AND JUMP. THESE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF GAINING MUSCLE AND TOTAL BODY MASS SUGGEST THAT STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING COACHES SHOULD GIVE THOUGHTFUL CONSIDERATION TO THE AMOUNT OF HYPERTROPHY TRAINING PRESCRIBED THROUGHOUT AN ATHLETE'S DEVELOPMENT AND SHOULD BE DETERMINED BY THE SPECIFIC NEEDS OF THE ATHLETE.