Eye tracking to investigate cue processing in medical decision making : A scoping review
- Authors: Al-Moteri, Modi , Symmons, Mark , Plummer, Virginia , Cooper, Simon J.
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: Computers in Human Behavior Vol. 66, no. (2017), p. 52-66
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- Description: Eye-tracking techniques have been adopted as a research tool for a wide range of applications in healthcare studies. Recently, healthcare researchers have started to show interest in using eye-tracking techniques to study medical decision-making. Mapping the literature pertaining to eye tracking using a systematic approach is valuable at this point to bring together all the studies to date on how medical decision-makers make decisions, and the results may contribute to clinical training. This review follows Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review framework to improve our understanding of visual cue processing in medical decision-making. A diverse range of studies was identified, and the results are presented descriptively to develop a more coherent understanding of different aspects of cue processing and errors in medical decision-making. The review shows the need for more extensive investigations of cue processing and medical decision-making. Crown Copyright (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Can you tickle yourself if you swap bodies with someone else?
- Authors: Van Doorn, George , Hohwy, Jakob , Symmons, Mark
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Consciousness and Cognition Vol. 23, no. (2014), p. 1-11
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- Description: The effect of the body transfer illusion on the perceived strength of self- and externally-generated "tickle" sensations was investigated. As expected, externally generated movement produced significantly higher ratings of tickliness than those associated with self-generated movements. Surprisingly, the body transfer illusion had no influence on the ratings of tickliness, suggesting that highly surprising, and therefore hard to predict, experiences of body image and first-person perspective do not abolish the attenuation of tickle sensations. In addition, evidence was found that a version of the rubber hand illusion exists within the body transfer illusion. We situate our findings within the larger debate over sensory attenuation: (1) there is an attenuation of prediction errors that depends upon the context in which sensory input is predicted (i.e., efference copy), and (2) sensory attenuation is a necessary consequence of self-generated movement irrespective of context (i.e., active inference). The results support the notion of active inference.
Floating sensations prior to sleep and out-of-body experiences
- Authors: De Foe, Alexander , Van Doorn, George , Symmons, Mark
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Parapsychology Vol. 77, no. 2 (2013), p. 271-280
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- Description: Floating sensations prior to sleep and out-of-body experiences
Capture of kinesthesis by a competing cutaneous input
- Authors: Van Doorn, George , Hohwy, Jakob , Symmons, Mark
- Date: 2012
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics Vol. 74, no. 7 (2012), p. 1539-1551
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- Description: In four experiments, blindfolded participants were presented with pairs of stimuli simultaneously, one to each index finger. Participants moved one index finger, which was presented with cutaneous and/or kinesthetic stimuli, and this movement caused a raised line to move underneath the other, stationary index finger in a yoked manner. The stimuli were 180 masculine rotations of each other (e.g., < and >), and thus when a < was traced with the moving finger, it caused a > to be felt at the stationary finger. When asked to report the experience, participants predominantly reported the cutaneous stimulus, seemingly being ignorant of the kinesthetic stimulus. This appears to be an intrahaptic capture phenomenon, which is of interest because it suggests that conflict between intrahaptic sensory stimuli can go unnoticed; sometimes we are unaware of how we moved, and sometimes we do not know what we touched. The results are interpreted in light of optimal integration, perceptual suppression, reafference suppression, and inattentional blindness.
Cutaneous inputs yield judgments of line length that are equal to, or better than, those based on kinesthetic inputs
- Authors: Van Doorn, George , Richardson, Barry , Symmons, Mark , Howell, Jacqui
- Date: 2012
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: Haptics: Perception, Devices, Mobility, and Communication: International Confernce, EuroHaptics 2012 p. 25-30
- Full Text: false
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Research note: Induced out-of-body experiences are associated with a sensation of leaving the body
- Authors: De Foe, Alexander , Van Doorn, George , Symmons, Mark
- Date: 2012
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Australian Journal of Parapsychology Vol. 12, no. 2 (2012), p. 177-185
- Full Text: false
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- Description: Individuals who have had an out-of-body experience (OBE) report that the centre of their awareness appears to, temporarily, shift to a location that is spatially distinct from the location of their physical body. Research suggests that some OBErs report a sensation of leaving their physical body prior to their OBEs, while others instead report spontaneously finding themselves outside of their body. The present study evaluated data collected from 194 participants who claimed to have had an OBE. Instances of spontaneous and autonomously induced OBEs were considered. Binary Logistic Regression identified one item that predicted whether a participant was more likely to have had an induced, rather than a spontaneous, OBE: whether a participant had experienced a sensation of leaving their physical body prior to the OBE.
The misperception of length in vision, haptics and audition
- Authors: Howell, Jacqui , Symmons, Mark , Van Doorn, George
- Date: 2012
- Type: Text , Book
- Relation: Haptics: Perception, Devices, Mobility, and Communication: International Conference, EuroHaptics. Part 1 2012 Vol. 7283
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- Description: Participants felt, saw and heard stimuli travel over predetermined distances in three orientations – gravitational-vertical, radial and horizontal. On all trials participants were required to judge the length of the distance travelled. Judgments based on visual information over-estimated length in the radial direction, while those based on haptic information overestimated length in the gravitational-vertical direction. Length estimates based on auditory information were similar across the three orientations. A combined modality condition using visual, haptic and auditory information mimicked the vision condition. Results are interpreted in light of the horizontal-vertical illusion.
The more they move the less they know: Cutaneous capture of kinesthesis?
- Authors: Vandoorn, George , Hohwy, Jakob , Symmons, Mark , Howell, Jacqui
- Date: 2012
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: IEEE Haptics Symposium 2012 p. 177-182
- Full Text: false
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A comparison of the haptic and visual horizontal-vertical illusion
- Authors: Howell, Jacqui , Symmons, Mark , Wuillemin, Dianne
- Date: 2010
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: Haptics: Generating and Perceiving Tangible Sensations Vol. 2, p. 347-352
- Full Text: false
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- Description: Participants attempted to create squares of four different sizes in two orientations in one of three modality conditions - physically adjusting a tangible template while blindfolded (haptic condition), directing the experimenter to adjust the template (vision condition), or adjusting the template themselves without the blindfold (mixed-mode condition). The side of square was robustly overestimated, resulting in a rectangle elongated in the horizontal direction - evidence for the horizontal-vertical illusion. There was no difference in the illusion’s strength as a function of modality conditions or orientation
Visual and haptic influence on perception of stimulus size
- Authors: Van Doorn, George , Richardson, Barry , Wuillemin, Dianne , Symmons, Mark
- Date: 2010
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Attention, Perception & Psychophysics Vol. 72, no. 3 (2010), p. 813-822
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- Description: In six experiments, subjects judged the sizes of squares that were presented visually and/or haptically, in unimodal or bimodal conditions. We were interested in which mode most affected size judgments in the bimodal condition when the squares presented to each mode actually differed in size. Three factors varied: whether haptic exploration was passive or active, whether the choice set from which the subjects selected their responses was visual or haptic, and whether cutaneous information was provided in addition to kinesthetic information. To match the task for each mode, visual presentations consisted of a cursor that moved along a square pathway to correspond to the haptic experience of successive segments revealed during exploration. We found that the visual influence on size judgments was greater than the influence of haptics when the haptic experience involved only kinesthesis, passive movement, and a visual choice set. However, when cutaneous input was added to kinesthetic information, size judgments were most influenced by the haptic mode. The results support hypotheses of sensory integration, rather than capture of one sense by the other.
The importance of temperature information in virtual training environments
- Authors: Van Doorn, George , Symmons, Mark , Richardson, Barry
- Date: 2009
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: SimTect 2009 Conference Proceedings p. 393-397
- Full Text: false
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- Description: Thermal input is an important, but often unacknowledged, source of information in our interactions with the environment. Besides the extremes that alert us to discomfort and danger, even a small change in temperature adds to the richness of the haptic experience. Temperature assists us in establishing that we have made contact with a surface and it helps to determine what that surface might be. It is not yet clear how important or redundant that temperature information is, a question of particular importance to builders of virtual reality interfaces and environments. Indeed, it is possible that as an under-exploited channel, temperature could be used to code for other information not easily conveyed with current technologies. For example, temperature conveyed by Peltier tiles may intuitively code for hardness - and therefore material type - in simulations or teleremote applications. Temperature may also enhance the learning experience by increasing presence or immersion. The findings from several experiments are brought together to discuss the efficacy of adding temperature feedback to simulation applications. In the first, Peltier tiles are added to an exoskeleton device designed to provide kinaesthetic feedback when interacting in a virtual environment. The effects are explored in terms of useability and the potential to increase presence or realism of virtual objects. We also describe an experiment in which movement was either active or passive-guided. In the active condition the degree of "coldness" felt at the fingertip was reported as less intense than when movement was passive. It appears that intentionality of movement played some role in the attenuation of the stimulus. Other work suggests that the perception of temperature is not influenced by a simultaneously present colour. For example, perceiving cold is not enhanced when it is processed in conjunction with a blue colour. This article will review the relevant literature and, in conjunction with the data we have collected, establish whether introducing temperature to virtual training environments is advisable.
The effectiveness of an ecodrive course for heavy vehicle drivers
- Authors: Symmons, Mark , Rose, Geoffrey , Van Doorn, George
- Date: 2008
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: Proceedings of the Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference 2008 p. 1-8
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- Description: Amongst other changes, ecodriving requires drivers to drive more smoothly – to “flow” the vehicle. In order to save fuel and reduce emissions drivers must operate at lower engine revolutions, change up gears as soon as possible, and anticipate traffic conditions and drive defensively. A field trial was conducted using a 30 km metropolitan circuit and B-double heavy vehicles. Compared to their pre-course measures, the trained group reduced their fuel consumption by an average of 27%, the number of gear changes by 29%, and the number of brake applications by 41%. Importantly, these gains were not offset by increases in the time taken to complete the circuit – indeed average speed increased slightly. Further, the benefits did not lose any strength 12 weeks after the training, at which point the pilot trial concluded – in fact for some variables the results continued to improve over time. The number of drivers participating in the trial was relatively small and some questions remain unanswered, including actual road safety implications, building a strong case for a larger trial.