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The behavioural inhibition system and behavioural approach system (BIS/BAS) scales : Measurement and structural invariance across adults and adolescents

- Cooper, Andrew, Gomez, Rapson, Aucote, Helen

  • Authors: Cooper, Andrew , Gomez, Rapson , Aucote, Helen
  • Date: 2007
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 43, no. 2 (2007), p. 295-305
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  • Description: Confirmatory factor analytic procedures were used to examine the factor structure of Carver and White's BIS/BAS Scales, and also its invariance across adults and adolescents. This measure, developed originally for adult use, has four scales: one for the Behavioural Inhibition System, and three for the Behavioural Approach System. To accomplish the aims, 631 adults and 300 adolescents completed the measure. The findings provided good support for the 4-factor structure, and for between-group invariance for the measurement (configural and metric) and structural (factor variances and covariances) models. These results mean that data obtained on the BIS/BAS Scales from early adolescents are directly comparable to scores from adults. © 2006 Elsevier.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003005420

The inter-relations of mother and father attachment, self-esteem and aggression during late adolescence

- Gomez, Rapson, McLaren, Suzanne

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , McLaren, Suzanne
  • Date: 2007
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Aggressive Behavior Vol. 33, no. 2 (2007), p. 160-169
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  • Description: This study examined three models depicting the relations between mother and father attachment, self-esteem and aggression. A total of 385 participants (173 males and 212 females), aged from 18 to 20 years, completed self-rating questionnaires covering mother and father attachment, self-esteem and aggression. Results showed that self-esteem had additive and mediation effects on both the father attachment-aggression and mother attachment-aggression relationships, and also moderated the mother attachment-aggression relation. These findings are discussed in terms of different models for the inter-relations of mother and father attachment, self-esteem and aggression in late adolescence. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003005738

Gender invariance of the five-factor model of personality among adolescents : A mean and covariance structure analysis approach

- Gomez, Rapson

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson
  • Date: 2006
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 41, no. 4 (2006), p. 755-765
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  • Description: The study used the mean and covariance structure analysis approach to test for gender invariance for the five-factor model of personality. The participants were 220 female and 218 male adolescents, between 15 and 17 years of age. All participants completed a five-factor model self-rating questionnaire, which had five items for each factor. The results supported configural invariance. All the extraversion, conscientiousness, and emotional stability items, and all but one agreeableness item showed metric and scalar invariance. For openness, three items failed to show metric and scalar invariance. Apart from openness, all the other four latent factors showed invariance for latent variances. All the mean scores for the latent factors showed invariance. Overall, therefore, there was fairly good support for gender invariance for the five-factor model. © 2006.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003002048

Help-seeking by rural residents for mental health problems: The importance of agrarian values

- Judd, Fiona, Jackson, Henry, Komiti, Angela, Murray, Greg, Fraser, Caitlin, Grieve, Aaron, Gomez, Rapson

  • Authors: Judd, Fiona , Jackson, Henry , Komiti, Angela , Murray, Greg , Fraser, Caitlin , Grieve, Aaron , Gomez, Rapson
  • Date: 2006
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol. 40, no. 9 (2006), p. 769-776
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  • Description: Objective: To examine the role of stoicism, self-efficacy and perceived stigma in predicting help-seeking by rural residents, for mental health problems. Method: A cross-sectional community survey was conducted with a sample of 467 rural residents (58% female), who completed self-report questionnaires assessing current levels of symptomatology, disability, perceived stigma, self-efficacy, stoicism, attitudes towards and experience of seeking help for psychological problems. Results: Overall, 7.6% (n = 129) of respondents had sought help from a general practitioner and/or mental health professional for psychological problems or a mental health issue. More women than men reported having sought such help. Lifetime help-seeking for a psychological problem or mental health issue was positively associated with higher levels of distress and lower levels of stoicism and, to a lesser extent, lower levels of self-efficacy. Conclusions: Efforts to improve help-seeking by rural residents for mental health problems should focus on understanding and addressing attitudes, such as stoicism which act as barriers to help-seeking. © 2006 The Authors; Journal compilation © 2006 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003002045

Measurement and structural invariance of parent ratings of ADHD and ODD symptoms across gender for American and Malaysian children

- Burns, Leonard, Walsh, James, Gomez, Rapson, Hafetz, Nina

  • Authors: Burns, Leonard , Walsh, James , Gomez, Rapson , Hafetz, Nina
  • Date: 2006
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Psychological Assessment Vol. 18, no. 4 (2006), p. 452-457
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  • Description: The purpose of this study was to examine the measurement (configural, metric, scalar, and residual) and structural (factor variance, factor covariance, and factor means) invariance of parent ratings of the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-inattention (ADHD-IN), ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity (ADHD-HI), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms as described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) across boys and girls. In an American pediatric sample (N = 1,015) and a Malaysian elementary school-age sample (N = 928), there was strong support for configural, metric, scalar, residual, factor variance, and covariance invariance across gender within each sample. Both American and Malaysian boys had significantly higher scores on the ADHD-IN and ADHD-HI factor means than did girls, whereas only in the American sample did boys score significantly higher on the ODD factor than did girls. The implications of the results for the study of gender, ethnic, and cultural differences associated with ADHD and ODD are discussed. © 2006 APA, all rights reserved.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003002033

The association of avoidance coping style, and perceived mother and father support with anxiety/depression among late adolescents : Applicability of resiliency models

- Gomez, Rapson, McLaren, Suzanne

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , McLaren, Suzanne
  • Date: 2006
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 40, no. 6 (2006), p. 1165-1176
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  • Description: This study examined the applicability of the compensatory, the risk-protective, the challenge, and the protective-protective models of resiliency for the prediction of anxiety/depression from avoidance coping style (the risk factor) and perceived mother and father support (the protective factors). A total of 331 participants, with age ranging from 18 to 20 years, completed self-rating questionnaires covering perceived mother support, perceived father support, avoidance coping style, and anxiety/depression. Results showed that for perceived mother support as the protective factor, there was support for the compensatory, the risk-protective, and the challenge models. With perceived father support as the protective factor, there was support for the compensatory and challenge models. When both perceived mother and father support were considered together, there was support for the protective-protective model. © 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003002027

A multitrait-multisource confirmatory factor analytic approach to the construct validity of ADHD and ODD rating scales with Malaysian children

- Gomez, Rapson, Burns, Leonard, Walsh, James, Hafetz, Nina

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Burns, Leonard , Walsh, James , Hafetz, Nina
  • Date: 2005
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology Vol. 33, no. 2 (2005), p. 241-254
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  • Description: Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to model a multitrait by multisource matrix to determine the convergent and discriminant validity of measures of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-inattention (IN), ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in 917 Malaysian elementary school children. The three trait factors were ADHD-IN, ADHD-HI, and ODD. The two source factors were parents and teachers. Similar to earlier studies with Australian and Brazilian children, the parent and teacher measures failed to show convergent and discriminant validity with Malaysian children. The study outlines the implications of such strong source effects in ADHD-IN, ADHD-HI, and ODD measures for the use of such parent and teacher scales to study the symptom dimensions. © 2005 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003001246

An item response theory analysis of the Carver and White (1994) BIS/BAS Scales

- Gomez, Rapson, Cooper, Andrew, Gomez, Andre

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Cooper, Andrew , Gomez, Andre
  • Date: 2005
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 39, no. 6 (2005), p. 1093-1103
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  • Description: The Carver and White BIS/BAS Scales comprise a scale for measuring behavioural inhibition sensitivity and three scales for measuring the behavioural activation sensitivity factors of reward responsiveness, drive and fun seeking. Item response theory (IRT), using Samejima's (1969) graded response model, was used to examine the psychometric properties of these four scales. A total of 520 adult participants completed the BIS/BAS Scales. Although all items in all four scales were reasonably effective in discriminating their respective traits, they provided good measures of their respective latent traits from only moderately low to moderately high trait levels. Also, the category response curves for the first three of the four response options for the items in the reward responsiveness scale showed considerable overlap. These findings suggest some limitations in the psychometric qualities of the BIS/BAS Scale. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003001244

Convergent, discriminant and concurrent validities of measures of the behavioural approach and behavioural inhibition systems : Confirmatory factor analytic approach

- Gomez, Rapson, Gomez, Andre

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Gomez, Andre
  • Date: 2005
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 38, no. 1 (2005), p. 87-102
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  • Description: Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) suggests that personality reflects the operation of the behavioural inhibition system (BIS), and the behavioural approach system (BAS). Several measures have been proposed for the BAS and BIS. Based on ratings by 358 adults of the BAS measures of EPI impulsivity, Carver and White's (CW) BAS and GRAPES reward expectancy, and the BIS related measures of STAI-anxiety, CW BIS and GRAPES punishment expectancy, this study used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine their convergent and discriminant validities. CFA was also used to examine the relations of the BAS and BIS factors with latent extraversion and neuroticism. The results of this study indicated support for the convergent validities of all the BAS and BIS measures. With the exception of GRAPES reward expectancy, there was some support for their discriminant validities also. All BIS factors correlated negatively with extraversion and positively with neuroticism. Among the BAS measures, only EPI impulsivity correlated positively with both extraversion and neuroticism. These findings support their concurrent validities. © 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003001242

Item response theory analysis of the spiritual well-being questionnaire

- Gomez, Rapson, Fisher, John

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Fisher, John
  • Date: 2005
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 38, no. 5 (2005), p. 1107-1121
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  • Description: Recently, Gomez and Fisher (2003) published the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ). This is a self-rating measure with separate 5-item scales for personal, communal, environmental, and transcendental spiritual well-being. This study used item response theory (IRT) to examine the psychometric properties of these scales. A sample comprising 4462 participants from mainly secondary schools and universities completed the SWBQ. Samejima's graded response model was used for the analyses. The results showed that the discrimination parameters for all items in the four scales were moderate to large. The threshold parameters showed adequate representation of the relevant traits from low to the mean trait level for personal, communal and environmental items, and from low to moderately high trait level for the transcendental items. With the exception of five items, all other items showed good item information function values, and therefore acceptable reliability. The findings also indicated that the number of response options could be decreased and increased at the low and high trait levels, respectively. Thus while there was general support for the psychometric properties of the SWBQ from an IRT perspective, there were also indications that this measure can be further improved. © 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003001243

The spiritual well-being questionnaire : Testing for model applicability, measurement and structural equivalencies, and latent mean differences across gender

- Gomez, Rapson, Fisher, John

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Fisher, John
  • Date: 2005
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 39, no. 8 (2005), p. 1383-1393
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  • Description: Fisher (1998) proposed a spiritual well-being model, comprising primary factors for the domains of personal, communal, environmental and transcendental well-being, that cohere to form a single higher order or global spiritual well-being dimension. In line with this model, Gomez and Fisher (2003) published the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ), with scales for measuring personal, communal, environmental and transcendental spiritual well-being. This study used multi-group confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine gender equivalencies of the measurement and structural models of the SWBQ, and the latent mean in the four SWBQ factors. A total of 3101 females and 1361 males, with age ranging from 15 to 32 years, completed the SWBQ. The statistical fit results supported the invariance of the measurement model, and some aspects of the structural model. The practical fit indices results provided support for the invariance of both the measurement and structural models. The results also showed little gender differences. Together, these findings support gender equivalencies for the SWBQ. © 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
  • Description: C1

An item response theory analysis of measures of the behavioural activation and inhibition systems

- Cooper, Andrew, Gomez, Rapson

Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory : Comparing the separable and joint subsystems. Hypotheses in the predictions of pleasant and unpleasant emotional information processing

- Gomez, Rapson, Cooper, Andrew, McOrmond, Rhonda, Tatlow, Sarah

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Cooper, Andrew , McOrmond, Rhonda , Tatlow, Sarah
  • Date: 2004
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 37, no. 2 (2004), p. 289-305
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  • Description: This study compared the applicability of the separable subsystems hypothesis and the joint subsystems hypothesis of Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) in understanding the processing of pleasant and unpleasant emotional stimuli. In all 132 participants completed questionnaires covering trait impulsivity and anxiety, and reward expectancy and punishment expectancy. Following this, participants were tested individually on three tasks measuring processing of pleasant, unpleasant and neutral information. One task involved processing the valence of words. The second involved free recall of these words, and the third task involved developing stories based on emotionally ambiguous statements. The findings were mixed, with the results for the word processing and free recall tasks being consistent with the separable subsystems hypothesis, and the results for the story completion task being consistent with the joint subsystems hypothesis. The implications of task characteristics in relation to the RST and cognitive processing of emotional information are discussed. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003000962

Item response theory analyses of the parent and teacher versions of DSM-IV ADHD rating scales

- Gomez, Rapson

A multitrait-multisource confirmatory factor analytic approach to the construct validity of ADHD rating scales

- Gomez, Rapson, Burns, Leonard, Walsh, James, De Moura, Marcela Alves

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Burns, Leonard , Walsh, James , De Moura, Marcela Alves
  • Date: 2003
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Psychological Assessment Vol. 15, no. 1 (2003), p. 3-16
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  • Description: Confirmatory factor analysis was used to model a multitrait-multisource design to evaluate the construct validity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) rating scales. The 2 trait factors were the ADHD inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity dimensions. The 2 source factors were parents and teachers. In Study 1, parents and teachers rated 1,475 Australian elementary school children on the ADHD symptoms. In Study 2, parents and teachers rated 285 Brazilian elementary school children on the ADHD symptoms. Similar results occurred in both studies with most of the ADHD symptoms containing more source than trait variance, thus providing weak evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity of the symptoms as measured by rating scales. The study outlines the implications of such strong source effects for understanding ADHD.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003000493

Children with cormobid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder : Mediation by hostile biased social cognitions on the relation between perceived maternal parenting styles and the disruptive behavior symptoms

- Gomez, Rapson, Gomez, Andre

Convergent and discriminant validity of trait and source effects in ADHD-inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity measures across a 3-month interval

- Burns, Leonard, Walsh, James, Gomez, Rapson

  • Authors: Burns, Leonard , Walsh, James , Gomez, Rapson
  • Date: 2003
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology Vol. 31, no. 5 (2003), p. 529-541
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  • Description: Confirmatory factor analysis was used to model a multitrait (ADHD-inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity) by multi-source (teachers and parents) design across a 3-month interval in a sample of 360 Australian elementary school children. The purpose was to evaluate the convergent and discriminant validity of the ADHD-inattention (IN) and hyperactivity/ impulsivity (H/I) measures. Although similar traits and similar sources showed stronger correlations across time than dissimilar traits and dissimilar sources, the amount of source variance in the ADHD-IN and ADHD-H/I measures was substantial and consistent across the interval (M = 59%; range = 35-84%). This large amount of source variance raises the possibility that the correlations of the IN and H/I rating scales with other constructs (e.g., social competence, conduct problems) represent mostly source rather than trait effects. Multitrait by multisource analyses provide a means to answer this question and further advance understanding of ADHD.
  • Description: C1

Domains of spiritual well-being and development and validation of the spiritual well-being questionnaire

- Gomez, Rapson, Fisher, John

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Fisher, John
  • Date: 2003
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 35, no. 8 (2003), p. 1975-1991
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  • Description: Fisher (1998) proposed a spiritual well-being model, comprising the domains of personal, communal, environmental and transcendental well-being, and a single global spiritual well-being dimension. This paper reports on four studies aimed at testing Fisher's theoretical model, and establishing the validity and reliability of a new self-rating questionnaire (Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire; SWBQ), developed to reflect this model. All four studies supported Fisher's model. The SWBQ showed good reliability (Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability and variance extracted), and validity (construct, concurrent, discriminant, predictive and factorial independence from personality). The SWBQ has the advantage over other existing spiritual well-being measures in that it is based on a broader and more empirically based conceptualization of spiritual well-being, and has well established psychometric properties. © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003000503

Generalised anxiety disorder : Relationships with Eysenck's, Gray's and Newman's theories

- Gomez, Rapson, Francis, Lee M.

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson , Francis, Lee M.
  • Date: 2003
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Personality and Individual Differences Vol. 34, no. 1 (2003), p. 3-17
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  • Description: This study examined how the presence and severity of Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) were associated with trait anxiety, neuroticism, and extraversion. A total of 40 individuals with a diagnosis of GAD and 40 non-GAD control participants completed self-rating questionnaires covering GAD symptoms, trait anxiety, neuroticism, and extraversion. Results indicated that the GAD group had significantly higher scores for neuroticism and trait anxiety, and significantly lower scores for extraversion than the control group. Among individuals with GAD, the severity of GAD was positively associated with trait anxiety and neuroticism, and negatively with extraversion. Also, the additional variance contributed by neuroticism and extraversion over trait anxiety was significant, while trait anxiety made no additional contribution over that made by neuroticism and extraversion. The interaction of neuroticism and extraversion failed to contribute to both the presence and the severity of GAD. These findings are discussed in terms of how the personality models of Eysenck, Gray, and Newman are related to the presence and severity of GAD. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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  • Description: 2003000568

Underlying processes in the poor response inhibition of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

- Gomez, Rapson

  • Authors: Gomez, Rapson
  • Date: 2003
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Attention Disorders Vol. 6, no. 3 (2003), p. 111-122
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  • Description: This study evaluated the effects of reward, punishment, and reward + punishment on the impulsive responses of ADHD children. The impulsive responses of ADHD and normal control boys (30 per group) were compared during performance of a go/no-go task, administered under reward-only, punishment-only, and reward + punishment conditions. When differences in aggression, anxiety, and IQ between these groups were controlled for, results indicated that the impulsivity levels of the ADHD group were higher than the control group in all three reinforcement conditions. Also, the ADHD group was more impulsive in the reward + punishment condition, compared to the reward-only and punishment-only conditions, and there was no difference between the reward-only and punishment-only conditions. The control groups showed no difference across the three reinforcement conditions. These findings raise the possibility that the poor response inhibition of ADHD children may be related to both a generalized inhibitory deficit and a response modulation deficit.
  • Description: C1
  • Description: 2003000492