An integrated model of subnational regional and urban economic development : Framework of analysis
- Authors: Jain, Ameeta
- Date: 2009
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Urban and Regional Research Vol. 33, no. 3 (2009), p. 809-826
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The mechanism of subnational regional and urban economic development has been studied extensively by economists, geographers, town planners and other academics. The existing widely varying theories of regional economic development are insufficient on their own in explaining how a region can develop and prosper. Each theory has evaluated a few facets of regional economic development. Research from these different perspectives is narrow and prevents any cross-fertilization of research from these diverse theories. Recognition of multiple factors affecting the development process has led the author to create an integrated model of regional and urban economic development. The essay first sets out to describe and explain this integrated model. Each of the components of this new model draws heavily upon seminal work in the field. This model proposes three rings. Each ring is at a different level of abstraction. The determinants of development described in each ring can influence each and every other determinant of development shown in the three-ring structure. This model recognizes that development in any centre, be it regional or urban, nascent or established, is a composite end result of the complex interplay of all the determinants. The essay then goes on to show how this model can provide a broad holistic approach to regional economic development that can assist researchers in their attempts to understand and link its various theories.
Competition between Eucalyptus victrix seedlings and grass species
- Florentine, Singarayer, Fox, John
- Authors: Florentine, Singarayer , Fox, John
- Date: 2003
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Ecological Research Vol. 18, no. 1 (Jan 2003), p. 25-39
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Competition in a natural system may be interspecific or intraspecific. In semiarid ecosystems, competition for resources between established neighboring grass species and newly recruited seedlings is very high. To examine the effects of grass species density, growing space and time of establishment on Eucalyptus victrix seedlings (interspecific competition), and the effect of density and growing space within E. victrix (intraspecific competition) we conducted an experiment under controlled conditions. We tested four hypotheses (i) E. victrix seedling growth is not affected by grass density; (ii) there is no difference in E. victrix survival and growth between early and later grass establishment; (iii) interspecific competition is not more intense than intraspecific competition in E. victrix ; and (iv) growth of E. victrix seedlings is not dependent on available growing space. In a monoculture of E. victrix , seedling mortality was higher (10%) in large pots. In mixed culture pots, where E. victrix seedlings and grass seedlings were planted on the same day, E. victrix seedlings survived for up to 4 weeks, but started to die after week five in the smallest pots. However, mortalities occurred in pots of all sizes when grass was established before E. victrix seedlings. Results also indicated that the resources necessary for the growth of individual E. victrix seedlings were more limiting under conditions of increased density of neighboring grass species rather than intraspecific competition. In particular, photosynthetic area of E. victrix seedlings was drastically reduced in mixed cultures. Although density, pot size and time of planting had impacts on E. victrix seedlings, the patterns of these impacts were variable.
- Description: C1
- Description: 2003000544
The effects of the dislocation of a dominant player on competition within a fine art cluster
- Authors: Giblin, Deidre
- Date: 2012
- Type: Text , Thesis
- Full Text:
- Description: This investigation examines the applicability of cluster theory in predicting what happens in a set of business relationships when a key player moves out for an indeterminate time but indicates it will be back. It involves a longitudinal research design using a mixed method approach to explore the dynamic inter-relationships of the fine art sector in this period of change. The main research site is the Melbourne fine art cluster, but the work also includes three situations that help to reflect the relevant system dynamics. This multidisciplinary study contributes to the field of regional development, industrial organisation and innovation by analysing how, as the structure of a cluster changes, the behaviour of cluster participants and the nature of competition in the cluster is affected. Hence, this exploratory investigation moves beyond commonalities between suppliers, resources and technologies to consider the cluster’s distinctive character and support networks which act as a significant knowledge resource to the regional cluster. Various models of cluster operation are examined in order to identify underlying issues of networks, systems and a cluster’s configuration in terms of power relationships and authority. By documenting the change process, the research contributes significant clarity to the understanding of the structural dynamics that enhance cluster strength. It demonstrates that the growth of inter-relationships and innovative activity in a dislocation period can diminish greatly as the key player returns to its pivotal role. This reinforced the importance of interactivity, both within and outside the cluster as a vital contributor to the fine art industry’s potential and success. The longitudinal design of this study allows for the consideration and examination of patterns of activity and behaviour, over time, with an emphasis on the cluster’s intangible and tangible assets while its retrospective approach provides an opportunity for comparability. Qualitative data was collected using interviews while additional data was gathered using attitudinal scales and examined using category identification. However, because of the sample size this was a minor part of the study. The study clearly demonstrates the significant control that the National Gallery of Victoria (NGV) exerts on the sector through its ability to manage information and resources and how during dislocation this influence was reduced and the cluster took on a different character. This was evident in that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Victorian fine art cluster became more self-sufficient, suggesting that the dominant player suppresses SME innovativeness in the cluster. The structure of the cluster and particularly the behaviour that a dominant player induces may be important in a consideration of the ideal nature of a cluster. The contribution of the longitudinal data shows that change in the absence of a key player can be positive but that policy needs to be revised if it is demonstrated that the cluster is vulnerable to that key player.
- Description: Doctorate (Philosophy)
- Authors: Giblin, Deidre
- Date: 2012
- Type: Text , Thesis
- Full Text:
- Description: This investigation examines the applicability of cluster theory in predicting what happens in a set of business relationships when a key player moves out for an indeterminate time but indicates it will be back. It involves a longitudinal research design using a mixed method approach to explore the dynamic inter-relationships of the fine art sector in this period of change. The main research site is the Melbourne fine art cluster, but the work also includes three situations that help to reflect the relevant system dynamics. This multidisciplinary study contributes to the field of regional development, industrial organisation and innovation by analysing how, as the structure of a cluster changes, the behaviour of cluster participants and the nature of competition in the cluster is affected. Hence, this exploratory investigation moves beyond commonalities between suppliers, resources and technologies to consider the cluster’s distinctive character and support networks which act as a significant knowledge resource to the regional cluster. Various models of cluster operation are examined in order to identify underlying issues of networks, systems and a cluster’s configuration in terms of power relationships and authority. By documenting the change process, the research contributes significant clarity to the understanding of the structural dynamics that enhance cluster strength. It demonstrates that the growth of inter-relationships and innovative activity in a dislocation period can diminish greatly as the key player returns to its pivotal role. This reinforced the importance of interactivity, both within and outside the cluster as a vital contributor to the fine art industry’s potential and success. The longitudinal design of this study allows for the consideration and examination of patterns of activity and behaviour, over time, with an emphasis on the cluster’s intangible and tangible assets while its retrospective approach provides an opportunity for comparability. Qualitative data was collected using interviews while additional data was gathered using attitudinal scales and examined using category identification. However, because of the sample size this was a minor part of the study. The study clearly demonstrates the significant control that the National Gallery of Victoria (NGV) exerts on the sector through its ability to manage information and resources and how during dislocation this influence was reduced and the cluster took on a different character. This was evident in that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Victorian fine art cluster became more self-sufficient, suggesting that the dominant player suppresses SME innovativeness in the cluster. The structure of the cluster and particularly the behaviour that a dominant player induces may be important in a consideration of the ideal nature of a cluster. The contribution of the longitudinal data shows that change in the absence of a key player can be positive but that policy needs to be revised if it is demonstrated that the cluster is vulnerable to that key player.
- Description: Doctorate (Philosophy)
Why children join and stay in sports clubs : Case studies in Australian, French and German swimming clubs
- Light, Richard, Harvey, Stephen, Memmert, Daniel
- Authors: Light, Richard , Harvey, Stephen , Memmert, Daniel
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Sport, Education and Society Vol. 18, no. 4 (2013), p. 550-566
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This article builds upon research on youth sport clubs conducted from a socio-cultural perspective by reporting on a study that inquired into the reasons why children aged 9-12 joined swimming clubs in France, Germany and Australia. Comprising three case studies it employed a mixed method approach with results considered within the framework of Côté and colleagues' Development Model of Sport Participation (DMSP). It identifies the importance of parents, the social dimensions of experience in the clubs and of appropriate competition in attracting the children to the clubs and keeping them there. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
- Description: 2003011094
- Authors: Light, Richard , Harvey, Stephen , Memmert, Daniel
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Sport, Education and Society Vol. 18, no. 4 (2013), p. 550-566
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This article builds upon research on youth sport clubs conducted from a socio-cultural perspective by reporting on a study that inquired into the reasons why children aged 9-12 joined swimming clubs in France, Germany and Australia. Comprising three case studies it employed a mixed method approach with results considered within the framework of Côté and colleagues' Development Model of Sport Participation (DMSP). It identifies the importance of parents, the social dimensions of experience in the clubs and of appropriate competition in attracting the children to the clubs and keeping them there. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
- Description: 2003011094
- Courvisanos, Jerry, Donatella, Cavagnoli
- Authors: Courvisanos, Jerry , Donatella, Cavagnoli
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Conference paper
- Relation: International Conference on Management Science and Engineering - Annual Conference Proceedings p. 1295-1307
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The aim of this paper is to explain the relationship between Human Resource Management (HRM) strategies and innovation. The paper systematically captures the impacts of HRM policies by Australian businesses in the form of organisational innovation, and consequently impacting on innovation and productivity. Two HRM strategies are identified as having operated in Australia over 40 years. One is a 'soft' HRM strategy based on greater worker autonomy; a strategy which dominated in the 1970s and 1980s. The other is a 'hard' HRM strategy based on routine worker performance measurement which has increasingly become more relevant since the 1990s and into the 21st Century as the basis for stronger competitive advantage. While recent research has found a positive relationship between HRM policies, organisational innovation, innovations and business performance, this study finds that while this was true in the 1980s and 1990s, it is not so in the 2000s. The core of the argument in this paper is that there is a positive relationship between HRM policies and organisational innovation only with the 'soft' HRM strategy, while the 'hard' strategy raises many questions about the ability to build significant innovation capacity. Also, the type of innovation capacity that is built in Australian businesses, that is, generally incremental and with only minor modifications, is examined in the context of both HRM strategies. The paper provides a framework of analysis that reframes the economics of innovation management using a unique 'containment of structure and contingency of agency' spectrum to explain innovation-successful HRM practices. This approach accounts for both internal firm management policies and external-to-the-firm effects of government economic policies. For this reason, this approach provides a historical experience that links effective HRM strategy to building innovation capacity from both firm and government levels. The experience of Australia in being unable to manage the containment-contingency innovation spectrum should be a lesson for China as it manoeuvres towards becoming a strong innovation-driven economy. © 2013 IEEE.
- Description: E1
A comprehensive spectrum trading scheme based on market competition, reputation and buyer specific requirements
- Hassan, Md Rakib, Karmakar, Gour, Kamruzzaman, Joarder, Srinivasan, Bala
- Authors: Hassan, Md Rakib , Karmakar, Gour , Kamruzzaman, Joarder , Srinivasan, Bala
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Computer Networks Vol. 84, no. (2015), p. 17-31
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: In the exclusive-use model of spectrum trading, cognitive radio devices or secondary users can buy spectrum resources from licensed users or primary users for a short or long period of time. Considering such spectrum access, a trading model is introduced where a buyer can select a set of candidate sellers based on their reputation and their offers in fulfilling its requirements, namely, offered signal quality, contract duration, coverage and bandwidth. Similarly, a seller can assess a buyer as a potential trading partner considering the buyer's reliability, which the seller can derive from the buyer's reputation and financial profile. In our scheme, seller reputation or buyer reliability can be either obtained from a reputation brokerage service, if one exists, or calculated using our model. Since in a competitive market, the price of a seller depends on that of other sellers, game theory is used to model the competition among multiple sellers. An optimization technique is used by a buyer to select the best seller(s) and optimize purchase to maximize its utility. This may result in buying from multiple sellers of certain amount of bandwidth from each, depending on price and meeting requirements and budget constraints. Stability of the model is analyzed and performance evaluation shows that it benefits sellers and buyers in terms of profit and throughput, respectively. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
- Authors: Hassan, Md Rakib , Karmakar, Gour , Kamruzzaman, Joarder , Srinivasan, Bala
- Date: 2015
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Computer Networks Vol. 84, no. (2015), p. 17-31
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: In the exclusive-use model of spectrum trading, cognitive radio devices or secondary users can buy spectrum resources from licensed users or primary users for a short or long period of time. Considering such spectrum access, a trading model is introduced where a buyer can select a set of candidate sellers based on their reputation and their offers in fulfilling its requirements, namely, offered signal quality, contract duration, coverage and bandwidth. Similarly, a seller can assess a buyer as a potential trading partner considering the buyer's reliability, which the seller can derive from the buyer's reputation and financial profile. In our scheme, seller reputation or buyer reliability can be either obtained from a reputation brokerage service, if one exists, or calculated using our model. Since in a competitive market, the price of a seller depends on that of other sellers, game theory is used to model the competition among multiple sellers. An optimization technique is used by a buyer to select the best seller(s) and optimize purchase to maximize its utility. This may result in buying from multiple sellers of certain amount of bandwidth from each, depending on price and meeting requirements and budget constraints. Stability of the model is analyzed and performance evaluation shows that it benefits sellers and buyers in terms of profit and throughput, respectively. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The perception of injury risk and safety in triathlon competition: An exploratory focus group study
- Gosling, Cameron, Donaldson, Alex, Forbes, Andrew, Gabbe, Belinda
- Authors: Gosling, Cameron , Donaldson, Alex , Forbes, Andrew , Gabbe, Belinda
- Date: 2013
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine Vol. 23, no. 1 (2013), p. 70-73
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: OBJECTIVE:: To explore stakeholder perceptions of triathlon competition safety and injury risk. DESIGN:: Qualitative focus group study. SETTING:: Triathlon stakeholders from Melbourne, Australia. PARTICIPANTS:: Competition organizers, coaches, and competitors of various skill levels, age, gender, and experience (n = 18). INTERVENTIONS:: Focus groups were conducted, recorded, and transcribed for analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:: Key themes were identified using content analysis. RESULTS:: The perceived risk of serious injury was highest for cycling. Running was most commonly linked to minor injuries. Physical and environmental factors, including course turning points, funneling of competitors into narrow sections, and the weather, were perceived as contributing to injury. Experience, skill level, feelings of vulnerability, personal awareness, club culture, and gender issues were perceived as the competitor-related factors potentially contributing to injury. The cycling mount/dismount area, cycling, and swim legs were the race sections perceived as the riskiest for competitors. Competition organizers were considered to generally have the competitors' best interest as a priority. Triathlons were acknowledged as risky activities and individual competitors accepted this risk. CONCLUSIONS:: This study has highlighted the main risks and concerns perceived by triathlon competitors, coaches, and competition organizers, which will help identify potential, context-relevant intervention strategies to reduce injury risk. © 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Association between preseason training and performance in elite Australian football
- McCaskie, Callum, Young, Warren, Fahrner, Brendan, Sim, Marc
- Authors: McCaskie, Callum , Young, Warren , Fahrner, Brendan , Sim, Marc
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Vol. 14, no. 1 (2019), p. 68-75
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Purpose: To examine the association between preseason training variables and subsequent in-season performance in an elite Australian football team. Methods: Data from 41 elite male Australian footballers (mean [SD] age = 23.4 [3.1] y, height =188.4 [7.1] cm, and mass = 86.7 [7.9] kg) were collected from 1 Australian Football League (AFL) club. Preseason training data (external load, internal load, fitness testing, and session participation) were collected across the 17-wk preseason phase (6 and 11 wk post-Christmas). Champion Data© Player Rank (CDPR), coaches’ ratings, and round 1 selection were used as in-season performance measures. CDPR and coaches’ ratings were examined over the entire season, first half of the season, and the first 4 games. Both Pearson and partial (controlling for AFL age) correlations were calculated to assess if any associations existed between preseason training variables and in-season performance measures. A median split was also employed to differentiate between higher- and lower-performing players for each performance measure. Results: Preseason training activities appeared to have almost no association with performance measured across the entire season and the first half of the season. However, many preseason training variables were significantly linked with performance measured across the first 4 games. Preseason training variables that were measured post-Christmas were the most strongly associated with in-season performance measures. Specifically, total on-field session rating of perceived exertion post-Christmas, a measurement of internal load, displayed the greatest association with performance. Conclusion: Late preseason training (especially on-field match-specific training) is associated with better performance in the early season.
- Authors: McCaskie, Callum , Young, Warren , Fahrner, Brendan , Sim, Marc
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Vol. 14, no. 1 (2019), p. 68-75
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Purpose: To examine the association between preseason training variables and subsequent in-season performance in an elite Australian football team. Methods: Data from 41 elite male Australian footballers (mean [SD] age = 23.4 [3.1] y, height =188.4 [7.1] cm, and mass = 86.7 [7.9] kg) were collected from 1 Australian Football League (AFL) club. Preseason training data (external load, internal load, fitness testing, and session participation) were collected across the 17-wk preseason phase (6 and 11 wk post-Christmas). Champion Data© Player Rank (CDPR), coaches’ ratings, and round 1 selection were used as in-season performance measures. CDPR and coaches’ ratings were examined over the entire season, first half of the season, and the first 4 games. Both Pearson and partial (controlling for AFL age) correlations were calculated to assess if any associations existed between preseason training variables and in-season performance measures. A median split was also employed to differentiate between higher- and lower-performing players for each performance measure. Results: Preseason training activities appeared to have almost no association with performance measured across the entire season and the first half of the season. However, many preseason training variables were significantly linked with performance measured across the first 4 games. Preseason training variables that were measured post-Christmas were the most strongly associated with in-season performance measures. Specifically, total on-field session rating of perceived exertion post-Christmas, a measurement of internal load, displayed the greatest association with performance. Conclusion: Late preseason training (especially on-field match-specific training) is associated with better performance in the early season.
Effects of fire regime on plant species richness and composition differ among forest, woodland and heath vegetation
- Foster, Claire, Barton, Philip, MacGregor, Christopher, Catford, Jane, Blanchard, Wade, Lindenmayer, David
- Authors: Foster, Claire , Barton, Philip , MacGregor, Christopher , Catford, Jane , Blanchard, Wade , Lindenmayer, David
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Applied Vegetation Science Vol. 21, no. 1 (2018), p. 132-143
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Question: Do the effects of fire regimes on plant species richness and composition differ among floristically similar vegetation types?. Location: Booderee National Park, south-eastern Australia. Methods: We completed floristic surveys of 87 sites in Sydney Coastal dry sclerophyll vegetation, where fire history records have been maintained for over 55 years. We tested for associations between different aspects of the recent fire history and plant species richness and composition, and whether these relationships were consistent among structurally defined forest, woodland and heath vegetation types. Results: The relationship between fire regime variables and plant species richness and composition differed among vegetation types, despite the three vegetation types having similar species pools. Fire frequency was positively related to species richness in woodland, negatively related to species richness in heath, and unrelated to species richness in forest. These different relationships were explained by differences in the associations between fire history and species traits among vegetation types. The negative relationship between fire frequency and species richness in heath vegetation was underpinned by reduced occurrence of resprouting species at high fire frequency sites (more than four fires in 55 years). However, in forest and woodland vegetation, resprouting species were not negatively associated with fire frequency. Conclusions: We hypothesize that differing relationships among vegetation types were underpinned by differences in fire behaviour, and/or biotic and abiotic conditions, leading to differences in plant species mortality and post-fire recovery among vegetation types. Our findings suggest that even when there is a high proportion of shared species between vegetation types, fires can have very different effects on vegetation communities, depending on the structural vegetation type. Both research and management of fire regimes may therefore benefit from considering vegetation types as separate management units. © 2017 International Association for Vegetation Science
- Authors: Foster, Claire , Barton, Philip , MacGregor, Christopher , Catford, Jane , Blanchard, Wade , Lindenmayer, David
- Date: 2018
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Applied Vegetation Science Vol. 21, no. 1 (2018), p. 132-143
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Question: Do the effects of fire regimes on plant species richness and composition differ among floristically similar vegetation types?. Location: Booderee National Park, south-eastern Australia. Methods: We completed floristic surveys of 87 sites in Sydney Coastal dry sclerophyll vegetation, where fire history records have been maintained for over 55 years. We tested for associations between different aspects of the recent fire history and plant species richness and composition, and whether these relationships were consistent among structurally defined forest, woodland and heath vegetation types. Results: The relationship between fire regime variables and plant species richness and composition differed among vegetation types, despite the three vegetation types having similar species pools. Fire frequency was positively related to species richness in woodland, negatively related to species richness in heath, and unrelated to species richness in forest. These different relationships were explained by differences in the associations between fire history and species traits among vegetation types. The negative relationship between fire frequency and species richness in heath vegetation was underpinned by reduced occurrence of resprouting species at high fire frequency sites (more than four fires in 55 years). However, in forest and woodland vegetation, resprouting species were not negatively associated with fire frequency. Conclusions: We hypothesize that differing relationships among vegetation types were underpinned by differences in fire behaviour, and/or biotic and abiotic conditions, leading to differences in plant species mortality and post-fire recovery among vegetation types. Our findings suggest that even when there is a high proportion of shared species between vegetation types, fires can have very different effects on vegetation communities, depending on the structural vegetation type. Both research and management of fire regimes may therefore benefit from considering vegetation types as separate management units. © 2017 International Association for Vegetation Science
The reliability of performance during computer-simulated varying gradient cycling time trials
- Clark, Bradley, Paton, Carl, O'Brien, Brendan
- Authors: Clark, Bradley , Paton, Carl , O'Brien, Brendan
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Science and Cycling Vol. 3, no. 3 (2014), p. 29-33
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Ergometer based time trials are commonly used to assess performance changes due to training or other interventions. This investigation establishes the reliability of a novel computer simulated cycling time trial. Nineteen cyclists (age: 32 ± 12 years, mass 73 ± 11 kg, height 178 ± 5 cm) completed four time trials over a 20-km course which included numerous changes in gradient. The time trials were completed over a 4-week period in order to establish both short and long-term reliability. Performance time (mean ± SD) for trials one to four was 2265 ± 149 s, 2252 ± 153 s, 2236 ± 146 s and 2240 ± 154 s respectively; the corresponding power output for consecutive trials was 293 ± 35 W, 297 ± 36 W, 299 ± 35 W and 299 ± 35 W. The coefficient of variation (± 90% confidence limits) of performance for trials separated by 7, 14, 21 and 28 days was 1.1% (0.8% – 1.5%), 1.3% (1.1% – 1.9%), 1.3% (1.1% – 1.9%) and 1.5% (1.1% – 2.1%) respectively for time; the corresponding values for power output were 2.0% (1.5% – 2.7%), 2.3% (1.8% – 3.2%), 2.6% (2.0% – 3.6%) and 3.2% (2.5% – 4.5%). Further analysis based on rider ability indicated slower riders were less reliable than faster riders by a factor of ~1.1. Reliability of time trial performance diminishes with increasing time between trials. Additionally, faster riders show better reliability than slower riders over time. Researchers should consider the effect of time between trials and athlete ability when making conclusions about intervention effectiveness.
- Authors: Clark, Bradley , Paton, Carl , O'Brien, Brendan
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Science and Cycling Vol. 3, no. 3 (2014), p. 29-33
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Ergometer based time trials are commonly used to assess performance changes due to training or other interventions. This investigation establishes the reliability of a novel computer simulated cycling time trial. Nineteen cyclists (age: 32 ± 12 years, mass 73 ± 11 kg, height 178 ± 5 cm) completed four time trials over a 20-km course which included numerous changes in gradient. The time trials were completed over a 4-week period in order to establish both short and long-term reliability. Performance time (mean ± SD) for trials one to four was 2265 ± 149 s, 2252 ± 153 s, 2236 ± 146 s and 2240 ± 154 s respectively; the corresponding power output for consecutive trials was 293 ± 35 W, 297 ± 36 W, 299 ± 35 W and 299 ± 35 W. The coefficient of variation (± 90% confidence limits) of performance for trials separated by 7, 14, 21 and 28 days was 1.1% (0.8% – 1.5%), 1.3% (1.1% – 1.9%), 1.3% (1.1% – 1.9%) and 1.5% (1.1% – 2.1%) respectively for time; the corresponding values for power output were 2.0% (1.5% – 2.7%), 2.3% (1.8% – 3.2%), 2.6% (2.0% – 3.6%) and 3.2% (2.5% – 4.5%). Further analysis based on rider ability indicated slower riders were less reliable than faster riders by a factor of ~1.1. Reliability of time trial performance diminishes with increasing time between trials. Additionally, faster riders show better reliability than slower riders over time. Researchers should consider the effect of time between trials and athlete ability when making conclusions about intervention effectiveness.
Capturing the moment : understanding embodied interactions in early primary physical education
- Smee, Cameron, Luguetti, C, Spaaij, R., McDonald, B.
- Authors: Smee, Cameron , Luguetti, C , Spaaij, R. , McDonald, B.
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy Vol. 26, no. 5 (2021), p. 517-532
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Several studies demonstrate the benefits of understanding explicit and tacit embodied interactions in physical education (PE). However, there is little research that explores the embodied interactions that occur in early primary PE classes (years 1 and 2), where children (are socialized to) embody various body values, attitudes and stigma. We adopted a micro-sociological approach to examine the embodied interactions of a group of early primary school children. The study provides new insight into how primary age children embody the world around them in their PE interactions and the impact this embodiment has on them and on their peers. Purpose: Using a micro-sociological approach, the aim of this study was to examine the embodied interactions of a group of year 1 and 2 children (ages 6–8) in PE classes. Participants and settings: The study was conducted at a public primary school in Australia over a six-month period. The lessons were filmed by the lead author, yielding a total of 12 h and 21 min of footage. Observer XT, a systematic observation programme, was utilized to aid in the coding, management and analysis of observational data, allowing for the creation of multiple coding schemes. Findings: The findings highlighted two distinct themes. First, competition, which involved the constant comparison of performance between the children. Second, skill mastery, which involved the children engaging in acts that displayed their advanced understanding of how to perform certain skills. While the emphasis on competition and skill mastery has been echoed across PE literature, this study showed how those with the most cultural resources (sport experience and physical capital) were able to embody these goals to produce high levels of emotional energy during Interactional Rituals. The findings also indicated the pedagogical implications of these micro-moments. The implementation of an approach characterized by a lack of differentiation and minimal teacher intervention created an environment ripe for embodied engagement in competition and skill mastery. Implications: The micro-sociological approach provided a unique insight into how primary age children are embodying the world around them in their PE interactions and the impact this embodiment is having on themselves and their peers. This approach also provides insight into the pedagogical implications of this embodiment, and highlights the need for more creative and/or student-centred pedagogies in primary PE. © 2020 Association for Physical Education.
- Authors: Smee, Cameron , Luguetti, C , Spaaij, R. , McDonald, B.
- Date: 2021
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy Vol. 26, no. 5 (2021), p. 517-532
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Several studies demonstrate the benefits of understanding explicit and tacit embodied interactions in physical education (PE). However, there is little research that explores the embodied interactions that occur in early primary PE classes (years 1 and 2), where children (are socialized to) embody various body values, attitudes and stigma. We adopted a micro-sociological approach to examine the embodied interactions of a group of early primary school children. The study provides new insight into how primary age children embody the world around them in their PE interactions and the impact this embodiment has on them and on their peers. Purpose: Using a micro-sociological approach, the aim of this study was to examine the embodied interactions of a group of year 1 and 2 children (ages 6–8) in PE classes. Participants and settings: The study was conducted at a public primary school in Australia over a six-month period. The lessons were filmed by the lead author, yielding a total of 12 h and 21 min of footage. Observer XT, a systematic observation programme, was utilized to aid in the coding, management and analysis of observational data, allowing for the creation of multiple coding schemes. Findings: The findings highlighted two distinct themes. First, competition, which involved the constant comparison of performance between the children. Second, skill mastery, which involved the children engaging in acts that displayed their advanced understanding of how to perform certain skills. While the emphasis on competition and skill mastery has been echoed across PE literature, this study showed how those with the most cultural resources (sport experience and physical capital) were able to embody these goals to produce high levels of emotional energy during Interactional Rituals. The findings also indicated the pedagogical implications of these micro-moments. The implementation of an approach characterized by a lack of differentiation and minimal teacher intervention created an environment ripe for embodied engagement in competition and skill mastery. Implications: The micro-sociological approach provided a unique insight into how primary age children are embodying the world around them in their PE interactions and the impact this embodiment is having on themselves and their peers. This approach also provides insight into the pedagogical implications of this embodiment, and highlights the need for more creative and/or student-centred pedagogies in primary PE. © 2020 Association for Physical Education.
Automatic detection of pitching and throwing events in baseball with inertial measurement sensors
- Murray, Nick, Black, Georgia, Whiteley, Rod, Gahan, Peter, Cole, Michael, Utting, Andy, Gabbett, Tim
- Authors: Murray, Nick , Black, Georgia , Whiteley, Rod , Gahan, Peter , Cole, Michael , Utting, Andy , Gabbett, Tim
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Vol. 12, no. 4 (2017), p. 533-537
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Purpose: Throwing loads are known to be closely related to injury risk. However, for logistic reasons, typically only pitchers have their throws counted, and then only during innings. Accordingly, all other throws made are not counted, so estimates of throws made by players may be inaccurately recorded and underreported. A potential solution to this is the use of wearable microtechnology to automatically detect, quantify, and report pitch counts in baseball. This study investigated the accuracy of detection of baseball pitching and throwing in both practice and competition using a commercially available wearable microtechnology unit. Methods: Seventeen elite youth baseball players (mean ± SD age 16.5 ± 0.8 y, height 184.1 ± 5.5 cm, mass 78.3 ± 7.7 kg) participated in this study. Participants performed pitching, fielding, and throwing during practice and competition while wearing a microtechnology unit. Sensitivity and specificity of a pitching and throwing algorithm were determined by comparing automatic measures (ie, microtechnology unit) with direct measures (ie, manually recorded pitching counts). Results: The pitching and throwing algorithm was sensitive during both practice (100%) and competition (100%). Specificity was poorer during both practice (79.8%) and competition (74.4%). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the microtechnology unit is sensitive to detect pitching and throwing events, but further development of the pitching algorithm is required to accurately and consistently quantify throwing loads using microtechnology. © 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc.
- Authors: Murray, Nick , Black, Georgia , Whiteley, Rod , Gahan, Peter , Cole, Michael , Utting, Andy , Gabbett, Tim
- Date: 2017
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Vol. 12, no. 4 (2017), p. 533-537
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Purpose: Throwing loads are known to be closely related to injury risk. However, for logistic reasons, typically only pitchers have their throws counted, and then only during innings. Accordingly, all other throws made are not counted, so estimates of throws made by players may be inaccurately recorded and underreported. A potential solution to this is the use of wearable microtechnology to automatically detect, quantify, and report pitch counts in baseball. This study investigated the accuracy of detection of baseball pitching and throwing in both practice and competition using a commercially available wearable microtechnology unit. Methods: Seventeen elite youth baseball players (mean ± SD age 16.5 ± 0.8 y, height 184.1 ± 5.5 cm, mass 78.3 ± 7.7 kg) participated in this study. Participants performed pitching, fielding, and throwing during practice and competition while wearing a microtechnology unit. Sensitivity and specificity of a pitching and throwing algorithm were determined by comparing automatic measures (ie, microtechnology unit) with direct measures (ie, manually recorded pitching counts). Results: The pitching and throwing algorithm was sensitive during both practice (100%) and competition (100%). Specificity was poorer during both practice (79.8%) and competition (74.4%). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the microtechnology unit is sensitive to detect pitching and throwing events, but further development of the pitching algorithm is required to accurately and consistently quantify throwing loads using microtechnology. © 2017 Human Kinetics, Inc.
Priority effects and density promote coexistence between the facultative predator Chrysomya rufifacies and its competitor Calliphora stygia
- Dawson, Blake, Wallman, James, Evans, Maldwyn, Butterworth, Nathan, Barton, Philip
- Authors: Dawson, Blake , Wallman, James , Evans, Maldwyn , Butterworth, Nathan , Barton, Philip
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Oecologia Vol. 199, no. 1 (2022), p. 181-191
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Highly competitive ephemeral resources like carrion tend to support much greater diversity relative to longer-lived resources. The coexistence of diverse communities on short-lived carrion is a delicate balance, maintained by several processes including competition. Despite this balance, few studies have investigated the effect of competition on carrion, limiting our understanding of how competition drives coexistence. We investigated how priority effects and larval density influence coexistence between two blowfly species, the facultative predator Chrysomya rufifacies and its competitor Calliphora stygia, which occupy broadly similar niches but differ in their ecological strategies for exploiting carrion. We examined how adult oviposition, larval survival, developmental duration, and adult fitness were affected by the presence of differently aged heterospecific larval masses, and how these measures varied under three larval densities. We found C. rufifacies larval survival was lowest in conspecific masses with low larval densities. In heterospecific masses, survival increased, particularly at high larval density, with priority effects having minimal effect, suggesting a dependency on collective exodigestion. For C. stygia, we found survival to be constant across larval densities in a conspecific mass. In heterospecific masses, survival decreased drastically when C. rufifacies arrived first, regardless of larval density, suggesting C. stygia is temporally constrained to avoid competition with C. rufifacies. Neither species appeared to completely outcompete the other, as they were either constrained by density requirements (C. rufifacies) or priority effects (C. stygia). Our results provide new mechanistic insights into the ecological processes allowing for coexistence on a competitively intense, ephemeral resource such as carrion. © 2022, The Author(s).
- Authors: Dawson, Blake , Wallman, James , Evans, Maldwyn , Butterworth, Nathan , Barton, Philip
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Oecologia Vol. 199, no. 1 (2022), p. 181-191
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Highly competitive ephemeral resources like carrion tend to support much greater diversity relative to longer-lived resources. The coexistence of diverse communities on short-lived carrion is a delicate balance, maintained by several processes including competition. Despite this balance, few studies have investigated the effect of competition on carrion, limiting our understanding of how competition drives coexistence. We investigated how priority effects and larval density influence coexistence between two blowfly species, the facultative predator Chrysomya rufifacies and its competitor Calliphora stygia, which occupy broadly similar niches but differ in their ecological strategies for exploiting carrion. We examined how adult oviposition, larval survival, developmental duration, and adult fitness were affected by the presence of differently aged heterospecific larval masses, and how these measures varied under three larval densities. We found C. rufifacies larval survival was lowest in conspecific masses with low larval densities. In heterospecific masses, survival increased, particularly at high larval density, with priority effects having minimal effect, suggesting a dependency on collective exodigestion. For C. stygia, we found survival to be constant across larval densities in a conspecific mass. In heterospecific masses, survival decreased drastically when C. rufifacies arrived first, regardless of larval density, suggesting C. stygia is temporally constrained to avoid competition with C. rufifacies. Neither species appeared to completely outcompete the other, as they were either constrained by density requirements (C. rufifacies) or priority effects (C. stygia). Our results provide new mechanistic insights into the ecological processes allowing for coexistence on a competitively intense, ephemeral resource such as carrion. © 2022, The Author(s).
What if curriculum theorists were to share centre stage after school hours?
- O'Meara, James, Spittle, Michael
- Authors: O'Meara, James , Spittle, Michael
- Date: 2007
- Type: Conference paper
- Relation: Paper presented at 2007 National Biennial Conference of the Australian Curriculum Studies Association: Curriculum Centre Stage: Inclusivity, Creativity and Diversity, Melbourne : 7th-10th July 2007
- Full Text:
- Description: The after school hours time period is seen as a critical time for encouraging children between the ages of 5-7 to be active and play more sport. Often, existing age-appropriate junior sport programs represent a form of curriculum used in this time period. The curriculum in these programs is based on non-competitive, modified activities to minimise the risk of emotional harm to children and prepare them to play the mature form of the game. This paper uses Marsh and Willis' curriculum continuum to advocate an alternative perspective on addressing the needs of those children wishing to have rules and competition in the games they play as they participate in junior sports development programs. This perspective is supported by an analysis of two of the age-appropriate junior sport programs. Examples are drawn from the comments of Executive Officers, Program Officers, delivers, and parents. Key themes running through the comments were that some children were being discouraged from continued participation in sport due to the removal of competition and a feeling that they were not playing a version of the game they recognised.
- Description: 2003005030
- Authors: O'Meara, James , Spittle, Michael
- Date: 2007
- Type: Conference paper
- Relation: Paper presented at 2007 National Biennial Conference of the Australian Curriculum Studies Association: Curriculum Centre Stage: Inclusivity, Creativity and Diversity, Melbourne : 7th-10th July 2007
- Full Text:
- Description: The after school hours time period is seen as a critical time for encouraging children between the ages of 5-7 to be active and play more sport. Often, existing age-appropriate junior sport programs represent a form of curriculum used in this time period. The curriculum in these programs is based on non-competitive, modified activities to minimise the risk of emotional harm to children and prepare them to play the mature form of the game. This paper uses Marsh and Willis' curriculum continuum to advocate an alternative perspective on addressing the needs of those children wishing to have rules and competition in the games they play as they participate in junior sports development programs. This perspective is supported by an analysis of two of the age-appropriate junior sport programs. Examples are drawn from the comments of Executive Officers, Program Officers, delivers, and parents. Key themes running through the comments were that some children were being discouraged from continued participation in sport due to the removal of competition and a feeling that they were not playing a version of the game they recognised.
- Description: 2003005030
- Sheetal,, Singh, Randeep, Kumar, Rajiv
- Authors: Sheetal, , Singh, Randeep , Kumar, Rajiv
- Date: 2022
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of public affairs Vol. 22, no. 3 (2022), p. n/a
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: The main aim of this paper is to examine the effect of prominent forces on the sustainable competitiveness of the Indian sugar supply chain with the role of government as a moderator. A survey involving managers working in Indian sugar companies was conducted and partial least square (PLS) method was used to test the proposed research model. The findings supported the positive relationshipbetween suppliers' power and competitiveness suppliers and industry rivalry buyers' power and industry rivalry and government dynamics and competitiveness in the discussed industry. Furthermore, entry barriers exerted a hypothesized negative relationship with competitiveness. The government is working as a moderator between the suppliers' (sugarcane growers') power and the competitiveness of the discussed industry as hypothesized. This study discerns the foundational literature from extant research work lays down basic underpinnings for contextual discussion on competitive forces in the discussed industry and adds empirical facet by surveying the industry professionals. These findings may draw the attention of incumbents, industry practitioners, academicians, and policy‐makers to the impact that selected environmental forces have on competitive landscape of the sugar industry.
An investigation of expertise in cycling : eye tracking, think aloud and the influence of a competitor
- Massey, Hollie, Whitehead, Amy, Marchant, David, Polman, Remco, Williams, Emily
- Authors: Massey, Hollie , Whitehead, Amy , Marchant, David , Polman, Remco , Williams, Emily
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Psychology of Sport and Exercise Vol. 49, no. (2020), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objectives: Two studies investigated expert-novice differences in information-seeking behaviour, cognitions and performance during cycling time trials (TT). Study 1 examined trained and novice cyclist's cognitions whilst performing a TT, using a Think Aloud (TA) protocol and eye-tracking techniques. Study 2 investigated expertise differences during alone and competitive TTs. Methods: in Study 1, six trained and seven novice cyclists performed a 16.1 km TT. In Study 2, eight trained and ten novice cyclists performed three 16.1 km TT; a baseline TT, an alone TT and a trial against a virtual competitor. In both studies, participants were asked to TA and in Study 1 they also wore mobile gaze-tracking glasses. Performance feedback and a simulated TT course were visually displayed during all trials, as was a virtual avatar during the competitor trial. Verbalisations were coded into primary and secondary themes. Cognitions and pacing strategies were compared between groups and across the duration of the TTs. In Study 1, eye-tracking data for total dwell time and gaze frequency were calculated for each area of interest (Time Elapsed, Power, Heart Rate, Cadence, Distance Covered, Speed and Course Scenery). Results: In Study 1, no significant differences were found in information-seeking behaviour between groups, however there were expertise differences in the cognitive strategies used. Trained cyclists’ verbalisations were more performance-relevant (i.e., power output), whereas the untrained group were more focused on task completion (i.e., distance and time) and irrelevant information. Both groups talked more about distance and motivational thoughts in the later stages of the trial, and dwell time on distance feedback also increased in this final 4 km. In Study 2, the trained group performed faster than the untrained group but there were no significant differences in pace or performance between alone and competitive TTs for either group. Differences in cognitions were found between groups and across the TT duration. Conclusion: Both studies demonstrate that cognitive processes differ as a function of expertise during self-paced cycling time trials. There were no differences in information-seeking behaviour between trained and untrained cyclists and there was no effect of an opponent on pace or performance. © 2020
- Authors: Massey, Hollie , Whitehead, Amy , Marchant, David , Polman, Remco , Williams, Emily
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Psychology of Sport and Exercise Vol. 49, no. (2020), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objectives: Two studies investigated expert-novice differences in information-seeking behaviour, cognitions and performance during cycling time trials (TT). Study 1 examined trained and novice cyclist's cognitions whilst performing a TT, using a Think Aloud (TA) protocol and eye-tracking techniques. Study 2 investigated expertise differences during alone and competitive TTs. Methods: in Study 1, six trained and seven novice cyclists performed a 16.1 km TT. In Study 2, eight trained and ten novice cyclists performed three 16.1 km TT; a baseline TT, an alone TT and a trial against a virtual competitor. In both studies, participants were asked to TA and in Study 1 they also wore mobile gaze-tracking glasses. Performance feedback and a simulated TT course were visually displayed during all trials, as was a virtual avatar during the competitor trial. Verbalisations were coded into primary and secondary themes. Cognitions and pacing strategies were compared between groups and across the duration of the TTs. In Study 1, eye-tracking data for total dwell time and gaze frequency were calculated for each area of interest (Time Elapsed, Power, Heart Rate, Cadence, Distance Covered, Speed and Course Scenery). Results: In Study 1, no significant differences were found in information-seeking behaviour between groups, however there were expertise differences in the cognitive strategies used. Trained cyclists’ verbalisations were more performance-relevant (i.e., power output), whereas the untrained group were more focused on task completion (i.e., distance and time) and irrelevant information. Both groups talked more about distance and motivational thoughts in the later stages of the trial, and dwell time on distance feedback also increased in this final 4 km. In Study 2, the trained group performed faster than the untrained group but there were no significant differences in pace or performance between alone and competitive TTs for either group. Differences in cognitions were found between groups and across the TT duration. Conclusion: Both studies demonstrate that cognitive processes differ as a function of expertise during self-paced cycling time trials. There were no differences in information-seeking behaviour between trained and untrained cyclists and there was no effect of an opponent on pace or performance. © 2020
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