Association of cardiovascular disease risk factors with estimated dietary salt consumption in Bangladeshi adults : a nationally representative cross-sectional study
- Barua, Lingkan, Akhter, Tahmina, Bhuiyan, Rijwan, Sathi, Halima, Banik, Palash, Faruque, Mithila, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Islam, Sheikh
- Authors: Barua, Lingkan , Akhter, Tahmina , Bhuiyan, Rijwan , Sathi, Halima , Banik, Palash , Faruque, Mithila , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz , Islam, Sheikh
- Date: 2025
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Clinical Hypertension Vol. 27, no. 1 (2025), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This population-based, nationally representative cross-sectional study assessed the daily salt consumption status and its associated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors using weighted data from the STEPwise approach to noncommunicable disease risk factor surveillance conducted in 2018 in Bangladesh. It included a non-institutionalized adults’ population of 6189 men and women aged 18–69 years. Their daily salt consumption was estimated using the spot urine sodium concentration following the Tanaka equation and reported according to the standard nomenclature proposed by the World Hypertension League and partner organizations involved in dietary salt reduction. Out of a total of 6189 participants, 2.4% consumed the recommended amount of salt (<5 g/day), 67.8% consumed a high amount of salt (
- Authors: Barua, Lingkan , Akhter, Tahmina , Bhuiyan, Rijwan , Sathi, Halima , Banik, Palash , Faruque, Mithila , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz , Islam, Sheikh
- Date: 2025
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Clinical Hypertension Vol. 27, no. 1 (2025), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: This population-based, nationally representative cross-sectional study assessed the daily salt consumption status and its associated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors using weighted data from the STEPwise approach to noncommunicable disease risk factor surveillance conducted in 2018 in Bangladesh. It included a non-institutionalized adults’ population of 6189 men and women aged 18–69 years. Their daily salt consumption was estimated using the spot urine sodium concentration following the Tanaka equation and reported according to the standard nomenclature proposed by the World Hypertension League and partner organizations involved in dietary salt reduction. Out of a total of 6189 participants, 2.4% consumed the recommended amount of salt (<5 g/day), 67.8% consumed a high amount of salt (
- Le, David, Saba, Maya, Bhurawala, Habib, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Shah, Smita, Saini, Bandana
- Authors: Le, David , Saba, Maya , Bhurawala, Habib , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz , Shah, Smita , Saini, Bandana
- Date: 2025
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Pharmacy Vol. 13, no. 1 (2025), p. 11
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Vaping, particularly the use of nicotine vaping products (NVPs), has emerged as a public health concern. The regulatory environment surrounding NVPs in Australia has rapidly evolved, shifting from a prescription-only model to availability through community pharmacies. Pharmacists play a critical role in addressing vaping-related health concerns. This study explores Australian pharmacists' perspectives on their professional roles and the support needed to manage vaping-related enquiries. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 practicing pharmacists using a topic guide developed from the current literature and team expertise. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically using an inductive approach to identify key themes. Key themes included , , and . Pharmacists expressed significant uncertainty about the risks and harms associated with vaping. There was apprehension around the regulatory complexity of supplying NVPs, and participants called for greater education and support, particularly around NVP's place in smoking cessation and potential vaping cessation services. Effective public health messaging and risk communication about vaping are crucial. At the centre of recent legislative changes, pharmacists require training and professional support to address vaping-related scenarios and provide counselling that aligns with individual risk perceptions, ensuring NVP use is clinically appropriate.
Smoking among healthcare professionals in australia : a scoping review
- Salehin, Masudus, Lam, Louisa, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Authors: Salehin, Masudus , Lam, Louisa , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2025
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 22, no. 1 (2025), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Studies showed healthcare professionals who are non-smokers are more likely to deliver smoking cessation advice to their patients than those who are smokers. However, healthcare professionals continue to smoke across the globe. This scoping review assessed the available data on the prevalence and predictors of smoking among healthcare professionals in Australia. Following the PRISMA extension for the Scoping Review checklist, a systematic literature search was conducted on CINAHL, MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library in August 2024. Articles published between 1990 and 2024 were considered, and finally, 26 papers met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Australian healthcare professionals showed varying smoking prevalence. For physicians, it was 10.2% in 1990 to 7.4% in 2013; among dentists, 6% in 1993 to 4.9% in 2004; and among nurses, 21.7% in 1991 and 10.3% during 2014–15. The highest smoking rates were observed among Aboriginal health workers (AHWs): 63.6% in 1995 to 24.6% in 2021. Age was a positive predictor for smoking among nurses, and so was male gender among dentists, physicians, and nurses; other predictors included area of specialty, lower emotional wellbeing, etc. This review highlighted a declining trend in smoking among healthcare professionals in Australia; however, it was not proportionate among the different health specialties. © 2025 by the authors.
- Authors: Salehin, Masudus , Lam, Louisa , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2025
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 22, no. 1 (2025), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Studies showed healthcare professionals who are non-smokers are more likely to deliver smoking cessation advice to their patients than those who are smokers. However, healthcare professionals continue to smoke across the globe. This scoping review assessed the available data on the prevalence and predictors of smoking among healthcare professionals in Australia. Following the PRISMA extension for the Scoping Review checklist, a systematic literature search was conducted on CINAHL, MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library in August 2024. Articles published between 1990 and 2024 were considered, and finally, 26 papers met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Australian healthcare professionals showed varying smoking prevalence. For physicians, it was 10.2% in 1990 to 7.4% in 2013; among dentists, 6% in 1993 to 4.9% in 2004; and among nurses, 21.7% in 1991 and 10.3% during 2014–15. The highest smoking rates were observed among Aboriginal health workers (AHWs): 63.6% in 1995 to 24.6% in 2021. Age was a positive predictor for smoking among nurses, and so was male gender among dentists, physicians, and nurses; other predictors included area of specialty, lower emotional wellbeing, etc. This review highlighted a declining trend in smoking among healthcare professionals in Australia; however, it was not proportionate among the different health specialties. © 2025 by the authors.
Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050 : a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Vollset, Stein, Ababneh, Hazim, Abate, Yohannes, Abbafati, Christiana, Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh, Abbasian, Mohammadreza, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd Al Magied, Abdallah, ElHafeez, Samar, Abdelkader, Atef, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abd-Elsalam, Sherief, Abdi, Parsa, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdoun, Meriem, Abdullahi, Auwal, Abebe, Mesfin, Abiodun, Olumide, Aboagye, Richard, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abouzid, Mohamed, Aboye, Girma, Abreu, Lucas, Absalan, Abdorrahim, Abualruz, Hasan, Abubakar, Bilyaminu, Abukhadijah, Hana, Addolorato, Giovanni, Ganesan, Balasankar, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Authors: Vollset, Stein , Ababneh, Hazim , Abate, Yohannes , Abbafati, Christiana , Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh , Abbasian, Mohammadreza , Abbastabar, Hedayat , Abd Al Magied, Abdallah , ElHafeez, Samar , Abdelkader, Atef , Abdelmasseh, Michael , Abd-Elsalam, Sherief , Abdi, Parsa , Abdollahi, Mohammad , Abdoun, Meriem , Abdullahi, Auwal , Abebe, Mesfin , Abiodun, Olumide , Aboagye, Richard , Abolhassani, Hassan , Abouzid, Mohamed , Aboye, Girma , Abreu, Lucas , Absalan, Abdorrahim , Abualruz, Hasan , Abubakar, Bilyaminu , Abukhadijah, Hana , Addolorato, Giovanni , Ganesan, Balasankar , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Lancet Vol. 403, no. 10440 (2024), p. 2204-2256
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050. Methods: Using forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. Findings: In the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading t a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8–63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0–45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2–34·1] to 15·5% [13·7–17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4–40·3) to 41·1% (33·9–48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6–25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5–43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5–17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across super-regions ranging from 10·4% (9·7–11·3) in the high-income super-region to 23·9% (20·7–27·3) in north Africa and the Middle East. The Safer Environment scenario had its largest decrease in sub-Saharan Africa (5·2% [3·5–6·8]), the Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario in north Africa and the Middle East (23·2% [20·2–26·5]), and the Improved Nutrition and Vaccination scenario in sub-Saharan Africa (2·0% [–0·6 to 3·6]). Interpretation: Globally, life expectancy and age-standardised disease burden were forecasted to improve between 2022 and 2050, with the majority of the burden continuing to shift from CMNNs to NCDs. That said, continued progress on reducing the CMNN disease burden will be dependent on maintaining investment in and policy emphasis on CMNN disease prevention and treatment. Mostly due to growth and ageing of populations, the number of deaths and DALYs due to all causes combined will generally increase. By constructing alternative future scenarios wherein certain risk exposures are eliminated by 2050, we have shown that opportunities exist to substantially improve health outcomes in the future through concerted efforts to prevent exposure to well established risk factors and to expand access to key health interventions. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliates “Balasankar Ganesan and Muhammad Aziz Rahman” are provided in this record**
- Authors: Vollset, Stein , Ababneh, Hazim , Abate, Yohannes , Abbafati, Christiana , Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh , Abbasian, Mohammadreza , Abbastabar, Hedayat , Abd Al Magied, Abdallah , ElHafeez, Samar , Abdelkader, Atef , Abdelmasseh, Michael , Abd-Elsalam, Sherief , Abdi, Parsa , Abdollahi, Mohammad , Abdoun, Meriem , Abdullahi, Auwal , Abebe, Mesfin , Abiodun, Olumide , Aboagye, Richard , Abolhassani, Hassan , Abouzid, Mohamed , Aboye, Girma , Abreu, Lucas , Absalan, Abdorrahim , Abualruz, Hasan , Abubakar, Bilyaminu , Abukhadijah, Hana , Addolorato, Giovanni , Ganesan, Balasankar , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Lancet Vol. 403, no. 10440 (2024), p. 2204-2256
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Future trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050. Methods: Using forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. Findings: In the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading t a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8–63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0–45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2–34·1] to 15·5% [13·7–17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4–40·3) to 41·1% (33·9–48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6–25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5–43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5–17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across super-regions ranging from 10·4% (9·7–11·3) in the high-income super-region to 23·9% (20·7–27·3) in north Africa and the Middle East. The Safer Environment scenario had its largest decrease in sub-Saharan Africa (5·2% [3·5–6·8]), the Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario in north Africa and the Middle East (23·2% [20·2–26·5]), and the Improved Nutrition and Vaccination scenario in sub-Saharan Africa (2·0% [–0·6 to 3·6]). Interpretation: Globally, life expectancy and age-standardised disease burden were forecasted to improve between 2022 and 2050, with the majority of the burden continuing to shift from CMNNs to NCDs. That said, continued progress on reducing the CMNN disease burden will be dependent on maintaining investment in and policy emphasis on CMNN disease prevention and treatment. Mostly due to growth and ageing of populations, the number of deaths and DALYs due to all causes combined will generally increase. By constructing alternative future scenarios wherein certain risk exposures are eliminated by 2050, we have shown that opportunities exist to substantially improve health outcomes in the future through concerted efforts to prevent exposure to well established risk factors and to expand access to key health interventions. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliates “Balasankar Ganesan and Muhammad Aziz Rahman” are provided in this record**
Caring self-efficacy of personal care attendants from english-speaking and non-english-speaking countries working in australian residential aged care settings
- Shrestha, Sumina, Wells, Yvonne, While, Christine, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Authors: Shrestha, Sumina , Wells, Yvonne , While, Christine , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Aging and Health Vol. 36, no. 3-4 (2024), p. 207-219
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objectives: This study compared the caring self-efficacy between personal care attendants (PCAs) from English-speaking and non-English-speaking countries, controlling for potential sociodemographic and work-related covariates. PCAs’ perceptions of their caring self-efficacy were further explored. Methods: An independent samples t-test was used to determine the mean difference in the caring self-efficacy score between the two groups. A multivariate analysis was conducted to adjust for covariates. Thematic analysis was conducted on open-ended responses. Results: The results showed that caring self-efficacy was significantly influenced by whether participants primarily spoke English at home rather than where they were born. Younger age and everyday discrimination experiences were negatively associated with caring self-efficacy. Both groups perceived that inadequate resources and experiencing bullying and discrimination reduced their caring self-efficacy. Discussion: Access to organisational resources and training opportunities and addressing workplace bullying and discrimination against PCAs, particularly younger PCAs and those from non-English-speaking backgrounds, could improve their caring self-efficacy. © The Author(s) 2023.
- Authors: Shrestha, Sumina , Wells, Yvonne , While, Christine , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Journal of Aging and Health Vol. 36, no. 3-4 (2024), p. 207-219
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objectives: This study compared the caring self-efficacy between personal care attendants (PCAs) from English-speaking and non-English-speaking countries, controlling for potential sociodemographic and work-related covariates. PCAs’ perceptions of their caring self-efficacy were further explored. Methods: An independent samples t-test was used to determine the mean difference in the caring self-efficacy score between the two groups. A multivariate analysis was conducted to adjust for covariates. Thematic analysis was conducted on open-ended responses. Results: The results showed that caring self-efficacy was significantly influenced by whether participants primarily spoke English at home rather than where they were born. Younger age and everyday discrimination experiences were negatively associated with caring self-efficacy. Both groups perceived that inadequate resources and experiencing bullying and discrimination reduced their caring self-efficacy. Discussion: Access to organisational resources and training opportunities and addressing workplace bullying and discrimination against PCAs, particularly younger PCAs and those from non-English-speaking backgrounds, could improve their caring self-efficacy. © The Author(s) 2023.
Documentation and management of paediatric obesity : evidence from a paediatric inpatient unit
- Sharma, Hemani, Liu, Anthony, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Poulton, Alison, Bhurawala, Habib
- Authors: Sharma, Hemani , Liu, Anthony , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz , Poulton, Alison , Bhurawala, Habib
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Obesity Research & Clinical Practice Vol. 18, no. 3 (2024), p. 235-237
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Introduction: The obesity epidemic is a worldwide phenomenon.1 In Australia, the prevalence of paediatric overweight or obesity is 25%.2 Children with obesity present to medical services more frequently than children with a healthy weight.3 Therefore, any hospital admission is an opportunity for clinicians to identify and manage children with overweight or obesity. Previous research has not objectively measured how frequently clinicians document a child as being above the healthy weight range and initiate weight management strategies. This study addresses this gap in the literature by demonstrating the prevalence rate and clinical characteristics of children with overweight/obesity in a non-tertiary paediatric inpatient unit and measuring the rate of clinician recognition, documentation, and initiation of weight management strategies.
- Authors: Sharma, Hemani , Liu, Anthony , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz , Poulton, Alison , Bhurawala, Habib
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Obesity Research & Clinical Practice Vol. 18, no. 3 (2024), p. 235-237
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Introduction: The obesity epidemic is a worldwide phenomenon.1 In Australia, the prevalence of paediatric overweight or obesity is 25%.2 Children with obesity present to medical services more frequently than children with a healthy weight.3 Therefore, any hospital admission is an opportunity for clinicians to identify and manage children with overweight or obesity. Previous research has not objectively measured how frequently clinicians document a child as being above the healthy weight range and initiate weight management strategies. This study addresses this gap in the literature by demonstrating the prevalence rate and clinical characteristics of children with overweight/obesity in a non-tertiary paediatric inpatient unit and measuring the rate of clinician recognition, documentation, and initiation of weight management strategies.
Efficacy of educational interventions on improving medical emergency readiness of rural healthcare providers : a scoping review
- Sreeram, Anju, Nair, Ram, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Authors: Sreeram, Anju , Nair, Ram , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: BMC Health Services Research Vol. 24, no. 1 (2024), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Medical emergencies are the leading cause of high mortality and morbidity rates in rural areas of higher and lower-income countries than in urban areas. Medical emergency readiness is healthcare providers’ knowledge, skills, and confidence to meet patients’ emergency needs. Rural healthcare professionals’ medical emergency readiness is imperative to prevent or reduce casualties due to medical emergencies. Evidence shows that rural healthcare providers’ emergency readiness needs enhancement. Education and training are the effective ways to improve them. However, there has yet to be a scoping review to understand the efficacy of educational intervention regarding rural healthcare providers’ medical emergency readiness. Objectives: This scoping review aimed to identify and understand the effectiveness of educational interventions in improving rural healthcare providers’ medical emergency readiness globally. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews were used to select the papers for this scoping review. This scoping review was conducted using MEDLINE, CINHAL, SCOPUS, PUBMED and OVID databases. The Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome [PICO] strategies were used to select the papers from the database. The selected papers were limited to English, peer-reviewed journals and published from 2013 to 2023. A total of 536 studies were retrieved, and ten studies that met the selection criteria were included in the review. Three reviewers appraised the selected papers individually using the Joanna Briggs Institute [JBI] critical appraisal tool. A descriptive method was used to analyse the data. Results: From the identified 536 papers, the ten papers which met the PICO strategies were selected for the scoping review. Results show that rural healthcare providers’ emergency readiness remains the same globally. All interventions were effective in enhancing rural health care providers’ medical emergency readiness, though the interventions were implemented at various durations of time and in different foci of medical emergencies. Results showed that the low-fidelity simulated manikins were the most cost-effective intervention to train rural healthcare professionals globally. Conclusion: The review concluded that rural healthcare providers’ medical emergency readiness improved after the interventions. However, the limitations associated with the studies caution readers to read the results sensibly. Moreover, future research should focus on understanding the interventions’ behavioural outcomes, especially among rural healthcare providers in low to middle-income countries. © The Author(s) 2024.
- Authors: Sreeram, Anju , Nair, Ram , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: BMC Health Services Research Vol. 24, no. 1 (2024), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Medical emergencies are the leading cause of high mortality and morbidity rates in rural areas of higher and lower-income countries than in urban areas. Medical emergency readiness is healthcare providers’ knowledge, skills, and confidence to meet patients’ emergency needs. Rural healthcare professionals’ medical emergency readiness is imperative to prevent or reduce casualties due to medical emergencies. Evidence shows that rural healthcare providers’ emergency readiness needs enhancement. Education and training are the effective ways to improve them. However, there has yet to be a scoping review to understand the efficacy of educational intervention regarding rural healthcare providers’ medical emergency readiness. Objectives: This scoping review aimed to identify and understand the effectiveness of educational interventions in improving rural healthcare providers’ medical emergency readiness globally. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews were used to select the papers for this scoping review. This scoping review was conducted using MEDLINE, CINHAL, SCOPUS, PUBMED and OVID databases. The Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome [PICO] strategies were used to select the papers from the database. The selected papers were limited to English, peer-reviewed journals and published from 2013 to 2023. A total of 536 studies were retrieved, and ten studies that met the selection criteria were included in the review. Three reviewers appraised the selected papers individually using the Joanna Briggs Institute [JBI] critical appraisal tool. A descriptive method was used to analyse the data. Results: From the identified 536 papers, the ten papers which met the PICO strategies were selected for the scoping review. Results show that rural healthcare providers’ emergency readiness remains the same globally. All interventions were effective in enhancing rural health care providers’ medical emergency readiness, though the interventions were implemented at various durations of time and in different foci of medical emergencies. Results showed that the low-fidelity simulated manikins were the most cost-effective intervention to train rural healthcare professionals globally. Conclusion: The review concluded that rural healthcare providers’ medical emergency readiness improved after the interventions. However, the limitations associated with the studies caution readers to read the results sensibly. Moreover, future research should focus on understanding the interventions’ behavioural outcomes, especially among rural healthcare providers in low to middle-income countries. © The Author(s) 2024.
Exploring general practitioners’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards e-cigarette use/vaping in children and adolescents: a pilot cross-sectional study in Sydney
- Singh, Rajiv, Burke, Michael, Towns, Susan, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Bittoun, Renee, Shah, Smita, Liu, Anthony, Bhurawala, Habib
- Authors: Singh, Rajiv , Burke, Michael , Towns, Susan , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz , Bittoun, Renee , Shah, Smita , Liu, Anthony , Bhurawala, Habib
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 21, no. 9 (2024), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: (1) Background: The increasing use of e-cigarettes/vaping in children and adolescents has been recognised as a global health concern. We aim to explore the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of General Practitioners (GPs) in Sydney regarding the use of e-cigarettes in children and adolescents and identify the barriers to addressing this issue. (2) Methods: This pilot study was a cross-sectional study conducted using an electronic questionnaire with a Likert scale and free-text responses. (3) Results: Fifty-three GPs participated in the study (male = 24 and female = 29) with a mean age of 50 ± 5.5 years. There was strong agreement (mean 4.5) about respiratory adverse effects and addictive potential. However, there was less awareness of cardiac side effects and the occurrence of burns. There is a lack of conversation about e-cigarettes in GP practice and a deficit of confidence in GPs regarding managing e-cigarette use in children and adolescents. (4) Conclusions: Our pilot study has shown that GPs are somewhat knowledgeable about the potential adverse effects of the use of e-cigarettes in children and adolescents, though there is a lack of knowledge of the complete spectrum of adverse effects and more importantly, there is a paucity of a structured approach to discuss the use of e-cigarettes with children and adolescents, and there is a low level of confidence in addressing these issues. There is a need for educational interventions for GPs to increase awareness of the potential adverse effects of using e-cigarettes and build confidence in providing management to children and adolescents regarding the use of e-cigarettes. © 2024 by the authors.
- Authors: Singh, Rajiv , Burke, Michael , Towns, Susan , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz , Bittoun, Renee , Shah, Smita , Liu, Anthony , Bhurawala, Habib
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol. 21, no. 9 (2024), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: (1) Background: The increasing use of e-cigarettes/vaping in children and adolescents has been recognised as a global health concern. We aim to explore the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of General Practitioners (GPs) in Sydney regarding the use of e-cigarettes in children and adolescents and identify the barriers to addressing this issue. (2) Methods: This pilot study was a cross-sectional study conducted using an electronic questionnaire with a Likert scale and free-text responses. (3) Results: Fifty-three GPs participated in the study (male = 24 and female = 29) with a mean age of 50 ± 5.5 years. There was strong agreement (mean 4.5) about respiratory adverse effects and addictive potential. However, there was less awareness of cardiac side effects and the occurrence of burns. There is a lack of conversation about e-cigarettes in GP practice and a deficit of confidence in GPs regarding managing e-cigarette use in children and adolescents. (4) Conclusions: Our pilot study has shown that GPs are somewhat knowledgeable about the potential adverse effects of the use of e-cigarettes in children and adolescents, though there is a lack of knowledge of the complete spectrum of adverse effects and more importantly, there is a paucity of a structured approach to discuss the use of e-cigarettes with children and adolescents, and there is a low level of confidence in addressing these issues. There is a need for educational interventions for GPs to increase awareness of the potential adverse effects of using e-cigarettes and build confidence in providing management to children and adolescents regarding the use of e-cigarettes. © 2024 by the authors.
Factors associated with psychological distress, fear, and coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand : a cross-sectional study
- Bhatarasakoon, Patraporn, Inthong, Suwit, Nitayawan, Siriat, Thongyu, Ratree, Sanlaung, Chayapa, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Authors: Bhatarasakoon, Patraporn , Inthong, Suwit , Nitayawan, Siriat , Thongyu, Ratree , Sanlaung, Chayapa , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: SAGE Open Nursing Vol. 10, no. (2024), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Introduction: Despite being initially perceived as a local infectious disease, COVID-19 has emerged as one of the most perilous global health threats, significantly impacting the psychological well-being of individuals worldwide. Objective: This cross-sectional descriptive study investigates the psychological distress, fear, and coping mechanisms among Thai people residing in Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This online cross-sectional survey targeted Thai individuals during the first and third waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants aged 18 and above who provided consent self-reported their responses to the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, Fear of COVID-19 Scale, and Brief Resilient Coping Scale. Data collection occurred between November 2020 and January 2021 across four regions of Thailand. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses explored associations between contextual factors and the variables of interest. Results: Out of 498 survey respondents, with an average age of 43.07 (SD = 13.69) years, 81.9% were female, and 61.6% self-identified as healthcare workers, with 47.59% identified as frontline healthcare workers. Findings revealed that 46% of participants experienced moderate-to-very high levels of psychological distress, 14.3% reported high levels of fear of COVID-19, and 35.1% exhibited low resilient coping. Factors such as changes in employment status or financial situations, comorbidities, contact with known or suspected COVID-19 cases, recent healthcare utilization for COVID-19-related stress, and elevated fear of COVID-19 were associated with higher levels of psychological distress. Conversely, being nurses and perceived better mental health status were linked to more effective coping strategies. Conclusion: These results emphasize the critical importance of government interventions to safeguard the psychological well-being of healthcare workers and the broader Thai population. Urgent measures to bolster resilience among these groups during and after the pandemic are imperative. © The Author(s) 2024.
- Authors: Bhatarasakoon, Patraporn , Inthong, Suwit , Nitayawan, Siriat , Thongyu, Ratree , Sanlaung, Chayapa , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: SAGE Open Nursing Vol. 10, no. (2024), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Introduction: Despite being initially perceived as a local infectious disease, COVID-19 has emerged as one of the most perilous global health threats, significantly impacting the psychological well-being of individuals worldwide. Objective: This cross-sectional descriptive study investigates the psychological distress, fear, and coping mechanisms among Thai people residing in Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This online cross-sectional survey targeted Thai individuals during the first and third waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants aged 18 and above who provided consent self-reported their responses to the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, Fear of COVID-19 Scale, and Brief Resilient Coping Scale. Data collection occurred between November 2020 and January 2021 across four regions of Thailand. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses explored associations between contextual factors and the variables of interest. Results: Out of 498 survey respondents, with an average age of 43.07 (SD = 13.69) years, 81.9% were female, and 61.6% self-identified as healthcare workers, with 47.59% identified as frontline healthcare workers. Findings revealed that 46% of participants experienced moderate-to-very high levels of psychological distress, 14.3% reported high levels of fear of COVID-19, and 35.1% exhibited low resilient coping. Factors such as changes in employment status or financial situations, comorbidities, contact with known or suspected COVID-19 cases, recent healthcare utilization for COVID-19-related stress, and elevated fear of COVID-19 were associated with higher levels of psychological distress. Conversely, being nurses and perceived better mental health status were linked to more effective coping strategies. Conclusion: These results emphasize the critical importance of government interventions to safeguard the psychological well-being of healthcare workers and the broader Thai population. Urgent measures to bolster resilience among these groups during and after the pandemic are imperative. © The Author(s) 2024.
Forecasting the effects of smoking prevalence scenarios on years of life lost and life expectancy from 2022 to 2050 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Bryazka, Dana, Reitsma, Marissa, Abate, Yohannes, Abd Al Magied, Abdallah, Abdelkader, Atef, Abdollahi, Arash, Abdoun, Meriem, Abdulkader, Rizwan, Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto, Abhilash, E., Abiodun, Olugbenga, Abiodun, Olumide, Aboagye, Richard, Abreu, Lucas, Abtahi, Dariush, Abualruz, Hasan, Abubakar, Bilyaminu, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen, Aburuz, Salahdein, Abu-Zaid, Ahmed, Adane, Mesafint, Adebiyi, Akindele, Adegboye, Oyelola, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adewuyi, Habeeb, Adnani, Qorinah, Adzigbli, Leticia, Ganesan, Balasankar, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Alif, Sheikh
- Authors: Bryazka, Dana , Reitsma, Marissa , Abate, Yohannes , Abd Al Magied, Abdallah , Abdelkader, Atef , Abdollahi, Arash , Abdoun, Meriem , Abdulkader, Rizwan , Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto , Abhilash, E. , Abiodun, Olugbenga , Abiodun, Olumide , Aboagye, Richard , Abreu, Lucas , Abtahi, Dariush , Abualruz, Hasan , Abubakar, Bilyaminu , Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen , Aburuz, Salahdein , Abu-Zaid, Ahmed , Adane, Mesafint , Adebiyi, Akindele , Adegboye, Oyelola , Adekanmbi, Victor , Adewuyi, Habeeb , Adnani, Qorinah , Adzigbli, Leticia , Ganesan, Balasankar , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz , Alif, Sheikh
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Lancet Public Health Vol. 9, no. 10 (2024), p. e729-e744
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Smoking is the leading behavioural risk factor for mortality globally, accounting for more than 175 million deaths and nearly 4·30 billion years of life lost (YLLs) from 1990 to 2021. The pace of decline in smoking prevalence has slowed in recent years for many countries, and although strategies have recently been proposed to achieve tobacco-free generations, none have been implemented to date. Assessing what could happen if current trends in smoking prevalence persist, and what could happen if additional smoking prevalence reductions occur, is important for communicating the effect of potential smoking policies. Methods: In this analysis, we use the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's Future Health Scenarios platform to forecast the effects of three smoking prevalence scenarios on all-cause and cause-specific YLLs and life expectancy at birth until 2050. YLLs were computed for each scenario using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 reference life table and forecasts of cause-specific mortality under each scenario. The reference scenario forecasts what could occur if past smoking prevalence and other risk factor trends continue, the Tobacco Smoking Elimination as of 2023 (Elimination-2023) scenario quantifies the maximum potential future health benefits from assuming zero percent smoking prevalence from 2023 onwards, whereas the Tobacco Smoking Elimination by 2050 (Elimination-2050) scenario provides estimates for countries considering policies to steadily reduce smoking prevalence to 5%. Together, these scenarios underscore the magnitude of health benefits that could be reached by 2050 if countries take decisive action to eliminate smoking. The 95% uncertainty interval (UI) of estimates is based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of draws that were carried through the multistage computational framework. Findings: Global age-standardised smoking prevalence was estimated to be 28·5% (95% UI 27·9–29·1) among males and 5·96% (5·76–6·21) among females in 2022. In the reference scenario, smoking prevalence declined by 25·9% (25·2–26·6) among males, and 30·0% (26·1–32·1) among females from 2022 to 2050. Under this scenario, we forecast a cumulative 29·3 billion (95% UI 26·8–32·4) overall YLLs among males and 22·2 billion (20·1–24·6) YLLs among females over this period. Life expectancy at birth under this scenario would increase from 73·6 years (95% UI 72·8–74·4) in 2022 to 78·3 years (75·9–80·3) in 2050. Under our Elimination-2023 scenario, we forecast 2·04 billion (95% UI 1·90–2·21) fewer cumulative YLLs by 2050 compared with the reference scenario, and life expectancy at birth would increase to 77·6 years (95% UI 75·1–79·6) among males and 81·0 years (78·5–83·1) among females. Under our Elimination-2050 scenario, we forecast 735 million (675–808) and 141 million (131–154) cumulative YLLs would be avoided among males and females, respectively. Life expectancy in 2050 would increase to 77·1 years (95% UI 74·6–79·0) among males and 80·8 years (78·3–82·9) among females. Interpretation: Existing tobacco policies must be maintained if smoking prevalence is to continue to decline as forecast by the reference scenario. In addition, substantial smoking-attributable burden can be avoided by accelerating the pace of smoking elimination. Implementation of new tobacco control policies are crucial in avoiding additional smoking-attributable burden in the coming decades and to ensure that the gains won over the past three decades are not lost. Funding: Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliates “Balasankar Ganesan, Muhammad Aziz Rahman and Sheikh Alif” is provided in this record**
- Authors: Bryazka, Dana , Reitsma, Marissa , Abate, Yohannes , Abd Al Magied, Abdallah , Abdelkader, Atef , Abdollahi, Arash , Abdoun, Meriem , Abdulkader, Rizwan , Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto , Abhilash, E. , Abiodun, Olugbenga , Abiodun, Olumide , Aboagye, Richard , Abreu, Lucas , Abtahi, Dariush , Abualruz, Hasan , Abubakar, Bilyaminu , Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen , Aburuz, Salahdein , Abu-Zaid, Ahmed , Adane, Mesafint , Adebiyi, Akindele , Adegboye, Oyelola , Adekanmbi, Victor , Adewuyi, Habeeb , Adnani, Qorinah , Adzigbli, Leticia , Ganesan, Balasankar , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz , Alif, Sheikh
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Lancet Public Health Vol. 9, no. 10 (2024), p. e729-e744
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Smoking is the leading behavioural risk factor for mortality globally, accounting for more than 175 million deaths and nearly 4·30 billion years of life lost (YLLs) from 1990 to 2021. The pace of decline in smoking prevalence has slowed in recent years for many countries, and although strategies have recently been proposed to achieve tobacco-free generations, none have been implemented to date. Assessing what could happen if current trends in smoking prevalence persist, and what could happen if additional smoking prevalence reductions occur, is important for communicating the effect of potential smoking policies. Methods: In this analysis, we use the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's Future Health Scenarios platform to forecast the effects of three smoking prevalence scenarios on all-cause and cause-specific YLLs and life expectancy at birth until 2050. YLLs were computed for each scenario using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 reference life table and forecasts of cause-specific mortality under each scenario. The reference scenario forecasts what could occur if past smoking prevalence and other risk factor trends continue, the Tobacco Smoking Elimination as of 2023 (Elimination-2023) scenario quantifies the maximum potential future health benefits from assuming zero percent smoking prevalence from 2023 onwards, whereas the Tobacco Smoking Elimination by 2050 (Elimination-2050) scenario provides estimates for countries considering policies to steadily reduce smoking prevalence to 5%. Together, these scenarios underscore the magnitude of health benefits that could be reached by 2050 if countries take decisive action to eliminate smoking. The 95% uncertainty interval (UI) of estimates is based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of draws that were carried through the multistage computational framework. Findings: Global age-standardised smoking prevalence was estimated to be 28·5% (95% UI 27·9–29·1) among males and 5·96% (5·76–6·21) among females in 2022. In the reference scenario, smoking prevalence declined by 25·9% (25·2–26·6) among males, and 30·0% (26·1–32·1) among females from 2022 to 2050. Under this scenario, we forecast a cumulative 29·3 billion (95% UI 26·8–32·4) overall YLLs among males and 22·2 billion (20·1–24·6) YLLs among females over this period. Life expectancy at birth under this scenario would increase from 73·6 years (95% UI 72·8–74·4) in 2022 to 78·3 years (75·9–80·3) in 2050. Under our Elimination-2023 scenario, we forecast 2·04 billion (95% UI 1·90–2·21) fewer cumulative YLLs by 2050 compared with the reference scenario, and life expectancy at birth would increase to 77·6 years (95% UI 75·1–79·6) among males and 81·0 years (78·5–83·1) among females. Under our Elimination-2050 scenario, we forecast 735 million (675–808) and 141 million (131–154) cumulative YLLs would be avoided among males and females, respectively. Life expectancy in 2050 would increase to 77·1 years (95% UI 74·6–79·0) among males and 80·8 years (78·3–82·9) among females. Interpretation: Existing tobacco policies must be maintained if smoking prevalence is to continue to decline as forecast by the reference scenario. In addition, substantial smoking-attributable burden can be avoided by accelerating the pace of smoking elimination. Implementation of new tobacco control policies are crucial in avoiding additional smoking-attributable burden in the coming decades and to ensure that the gains won over the past three decades are not lost. Funding: Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliates “Balasankar Ganesan, Muhammad Aziz Rahman and Sheikh Alif” is provided in this record**
Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic : a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Schumacher, Austin, Kyu, Hmwe, Aali, Amirali, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Jaffar, Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh, Abbasi, Madineh, Abbasian, Mohammadreza, Abd ElHafeez, Samar, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abd-Elsalam, Sherief, Abdelwahab, Mohammad, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdoun, Meriem, Abdullahi, Auwal, Abdurehman, Ame, Abebe, Mesfin, Abedi, Aidin, Abedi, Armita, Abegaz, Tadesse, Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto, Abhilash, E., Abiodun, Olugbenga, Aboagye, Richard, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abouzid, Mohamed, Abreu, Lucas, Banik, Biswajit, Ganesan, Balasankar, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Authors: Schumacher, Austin , Kyu, Hmwe , Aali, Amirali , Abbafati, Cristiana , Abbas, Jaffar , Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh , Abbasi, Madineh , Abbasian, Mohammadreza , Abd ElHafeez, Samar , Abdelmasseh, Michael , Abd-Elsalam, Sherief , Abdelwahab, Mohammad , Abdollahi, Mohammad , Abdoun, Meriem , Abdullahi, Auwal , Abdurehman, Ame , Abebe, Mesfin , Abedi, Aidin , Abedi, Armita , Abegaz, Tadesse , Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto , Abhilash, E. , Abiodun, Olugbenga , Aboagye, Richard , Abolhassani, Hassan , Abouzid, Mohamed , Abreu, Lucas , Banik, Biswajit , Ganesan, Balasankar , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Lancet Vol. 403, no. 10440 (2024), p. 1989-2056
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower d ring the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
- Authors: Schumacher, Austin , Kyu, Hmwe , Aali, Amirali , Abbafati, Cristiana , Abbas, Jaffar , Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh , Abbasi, Madineh , Abbasian, Mohammadreza , Abd ElHafeez, Samar , Abdelmasseh, Michael , Abd-Elsalam, Sherief , Abdelwahab, Mohammad , Abdollahi, Mohammad , Abdoun, Meriem , Abdullahi, Auwal , Abdurehman, Ame , Abebe, Mesfin , Abedi, Aidin , Abedi, Armita , Abegaz, Tadesse , Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto , Abhilash, E. , Abiodun, Olugbenga , Aboagye, Richard , Abolhassani, Hassan , Abouzid, Mohamed , Abreu, Lucas , Banik, Biswajit , Ganesan, Balasankar , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Lancet Vol. 403, no. 10440 (2024), p. 1989-2056
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower d ring the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license
Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Brauer, Michael, Roth, Gregory, Aravkin, Aleksandr, Zheng, Peng, Abate, Kalkidan, Abate, Yohannes, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh, Abbasi, Madineh, Abbasian, Mohammadreza, Abbasifard, Mitra, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abd ElHafeez, Samar, Abd-Elsalam, Sherief, Abdi, Parsa, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdoun, Meriem, Abdulah, Deldar, Abdullahi, Auwal, Abebe, Mesfin, Abedi, Aidin, Abedi, Armita, Abegaz, Tadesse, Abeldaño Zuñiga, Robert, Abiodun, Olumide, Abiso, Temesgen, Aboagye, Richard, Banik, Biswajit, Ganesan, Balasankar, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Authors: Brauer, Michael , Roth, Gregory , Aravkin, Aleksandr , Zheng, Peng , Abate, Kalkidan , Abate, Yohannes , Abbafati, Cristiana , Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh , Abbasi, Madineh , Abbasian, Mohammadreza , Abbasifard, Mitra , Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen , Abd ElHafeez, Samar , Abd-Elsalam, Sherief , Abdi, Parsa , Abdollahi, Mohammad , Abdoun, Meriem , Abdulah, Deldar , Abdullahi, Auwal , Abebe, Mesfin , Abedi, Aidin , Abedi, Armita , Abegaz, Tadesse , Abeldaño Zuñiga, Robert , Abiodun, Olumide , Abiso, Temesgen , Aboagye, Richard , Banik, Biswajit , Ganesan, Balasankar , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Lancet Vol. 403, no. 10440 (2024), p. 2162-2203
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and h gh FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliates “Biswajit Banik, Balasankar Ganesan and Muhammad Aziz Rahman” are provided in this record**
- Authors: Brauer, Michael , Roth, Gregory , Aravkin, Aleksandr , Zheng, Peng , Abate, Kalkidan , Abate, Yohannes , Abbafati, Cristiana , Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh , Abbasi, Madineh , Abbasian, Mohammadreza , Abbasifard, Mitra , Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen , Abd ElHafeez, Samar , Abd-Elsalam, Sherief , Abdi, Parsa , Abdollahi, Mohammad , Abdoun, Meriem , Abdulah, Deldar , Abdullahi, Auwal , Abebe, Mesfin , Abedi, Aidin , Abedi, Armita , Abegaz, Tadesse , Abeldaño Zuñiga, Robert , Abiodun, Olumide , Abiso, Temesgen , Aboagye, Richard , Banik, Biswajit , Ganesan, Balasankar , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Lancet Vol. 403, no. 10440 (2024), p. 2162-2203
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and h gh FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliates “Biswajit Banik, Balasankar Ganesan and Muhammad Aziz Rahman” are provided in this record**
Global, regional, and national age-specific progress towards the 2020 milestones of the WHO End TB Strategy : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Ledesma, Jorge, Ma, Jianing, Zhang, Meixin, Basting, Ann, Chu, Huong, Vongpradith, Avina, Novotney, Amanda, LeGrand, Kate, Xu, Yiru, Dai, Xiaochen, Nicholson, Sneha, Stafford, Lauryn, Carter, Austin, Ross, Jennifer, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abdoun, Meriem, Abdulah, Deldar, Aboagye, Richard, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abrha, Woldu, Abubaker Ali, Hiwa, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Aburuz, Salahdein, Addo, Isaac, Adepoju, Abiola, Adhikari, Kishor, Adnani, Qorinah, Adra, Saryia, Banik, Biswajit, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Authors: Ledesma, Jorge , Ma, Jianing , Zhang, Meixin , Basting, Ann , Chu, Huong , Vongpradith, Avina , Novotney, Amanda , LeGrand, Kate , Xu, Yiru , Dai, Xiaochen , Nicholson, Sneha , Stafford, Lauryn , Carter, Austin , Ross, Jennifer , Abbastabar, Hedayat , Abdoun, Meriem , Abdulah, Deldar , Aboagye, Richard , Abolhassani, Hassan , Abrha, Woldu , Abubaker Ali, Hiwa , Abu-Gharbieh, Eman , Aburuz, Salahdein , Addo, Isaac , Adepoju, Abiola , Adhikari, Kishor , Adnani, Qorinah , Adra, Saryia , Banik, Biswajit , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Lancet Infectious Diseases Vol. 24, no. 7 (2024), p. 698-725
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Global evaluations of the progress towards the WHO End TB Strategy 2020 interim milestones on mortality (35% reduction) and incidence (20% reduction) have not been age specific. We aimed to assess global, regional, and national-level burdens of and trends in tuberculosis and its risk factors across five separate age groups, from 1990 to 2021, and to report on age-specific progress between 2015 and 2020. Methods: We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 (GBD 2021) analytical framework to compute age-specific tuberculosis mortality and incidence estimates for 204 countries and territories (1990–2021 inclusive). We quantified tuberculosis mortality among individuals without HIV co-infection using 22 603 site-years of vital registration data, 1718 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data, and 9 site-years of minimally invasive tissue sample (MITS) diagnoses data as inputs into the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling platform. Age-specific HIV and tuberculosis deaths were established with a population attributable fraction approach. We analysed all available population-based data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis mortality, in DisMod-MR 2.1 to produce internally consistent age-specific estimates of tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality. We also estimated age-specific tuberculosis mortality without HIV co-infection that is attributable to the independent and combined effects of three risk factors (smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes). As a secondary analysis, we examined the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis mortality without HIV co-infection by comparing expected tuberculosis deaths, modelled with trends in tuberculosis deaths from 2015 to 2019 in vital registration data, with observed tuberculosis deaths in 2020 and 2021 for countries with available cause-specific mortality data. Findings: We estimated 9·40 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8·36 to 10·5) tuberculosis incident cases and 1·35 million (1·23 to 1·52) deaths due to tuberculosis in 2021. At the global level, the all-age tuberculosis incidence rate declined by 6·26% (5·27 to 7·25) between 2015 and 2020 (the WHO End TB strategy evaluation period). 15 of 204 countries achieved a 20% decrease in all-age tuberculosis incidence between 2015 and 2020, eight of which were in western sub-Saharan Africa. When stratified by age, global tuberculosis incidence rates decreased by 16·5% (14·8 to 18·4) in children younger than 5 years, 16·2% (14·2 to 17·9) in those aged 5–14 years, 6·29% (5·05 to 7·70) in those aged 15–49 years, 5·72% (4·02 to 7·39) in those aged 50–69 years, and 8·48% (6·74 to 10·4) in those aged 70 years and older, from 2015 to 2020. Global tuberculosis deaths decreased by 11·9% (5·77 to 17·0) from 2015 to 2020. 17 countries attained a 35% reduction in deaths due to tuberculosis between 2015 and 2020, most of which were in eastern Europe (six countries) and central Europe (four countries). There was variable progress by age: a 35·3% (26·7 to 41·7) decrease in tuberculosis deaths in children younger than 5 years, a 29·5% (25·5 to 34·1) decrease in those aged 5–14 years, a 15·2% (10·0 to 20·2) decrease in those aged 15–49 years, a 7·97% (0·472 to 14·1) decrease in those aged 50–69 years, and a 3·29% (–5·56 to 9·07) decrease in those aged 70 years and older. Removing the combined effects of the three attributable risk factors would have reduced the number of all-age tuberculosis deaths from 1·39 million (1·28 to 1·54) to 1·00 million (0·703 to 1·23) in 2020, representing a 36·5% (21·5 to 54·8) reduction in tuberculosis deaths compared to those observed in 2015. 41 countries were included in our analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis deaths without HIV co-infection in 2020, and 20 countries were included in the analysis fo 2021. In 2020, 50 900 (95% CI 49 700 to 52 400) deaths were expected across all ages, compared to an observed 45 500 deaths, corresponding to 5340 (4070 to 6920) fewer deaths; in 2021, 39 600 (38 300 to 41 100) deaths were expected across all ages compared to an observed 39 000 deaths, corresponding to 657 (–713 to 2180) fewer deaths. Interpretation: Despite accelerated progress in reducing the global burden of tuberculosis in the past decade, the world did not attain the first interim milestones of the WHO End TB Strategy in 2020. The pace of decline has been unequal with respect to age, with older adults (ie, those aged >50 years) having the slowest progress. As countries refine their national tuberculosis programmes and recalibrate for achieving the 2035 targets, they could consider learning from the strategies of countries that achieved the 2020 milestones, as well as consider targeted interventions to improve outcomes in older age groups. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliates “Biswajit Banik and Muhammad Aziz Rahman” are provided in this record**
- Authors: Ledesma, Jorge , Ma, Jianing , Zhang, Meixin , Basting, Ann , Chu, Huong , Vongpradith, Avina , Novotney, Amanda , LeGrand, Kate , Xu, Yiru , Dai, Xiaochen , Nicholson, Sneha , Stafford, Lauryn , Carter, Austin , Ross, Jennifer , Abbastabar, Hedayat , Abdoun, Meriem , Abdulah, Deldar , Aboagye, Richard , Abolhassani, Hassan , Abrha, Woldu , Abubaker Ali, Hiwa , Abu-Gharbieh, Eman , Aburuz, Salahdein , Addo, Isaac , Adepoju, Abiola , Adhikari, Kishor , Adnani, Qorinah , Adra, Saryia , Banik, Biswajit , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Lancet Infectious Diseases Vol. 24, no. 7 (2024), p. 698-725
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Global evaluations of the progress towards the WHO End TB Strategy 2020 interim milestones on mortality (35% reduction) and incidence (20% reduction) have not been age specific. We aimed to assess global, regional, and national-level burdens of and trends in tuberculosis and its risk factors across five separate age groups, from 1990 to 2021, and to report on age-specific progress between 2015 and 2020. Methods: We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 (GBD 2021) analytical framework to compute age-specific tuberculosis mortality and incidence estimates for 204 countries and territories (1990–2021 inclusive). We quantified tuberculosis mortality among individuals without HIV co-infection using 22 603 site-years of vital registration data, 1718 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data, and 9 site-years of minimally invasive tissue sample (MITS) diagnoses data as inputs into the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling platform. Age-specific HIV and tuberculosis deaths were established with a population attributable fraction approach. We analysed all available population-based data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis mortality, in DisMod-MR 2.1 to produce internally consistent age-specific estimates of tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality. We also estimated age-specific tuberculosis mortality without HIV co-infection that is attributable to the independent and combined effects of three risk factors (smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes). As a secondary analysis, we examined the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis mortality without HIV co-infection by comparing expected tuberculosis deaths, modelled with trends in tuberculosis deaths from 2015 to 2019 in vital registration data, with observed tuberculosis deaths in 2020 and 2021 for countries with available cause-specific mortality data. Findings: We estimated 9·40 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8·36 to 10·5) tuberculosis incident cases and 1·35 million (1·23 to 1·52) deaths due to tuberculosis in 2021. At the global level, the all-age tuberculosis incidence rate declined by 6·26% (5·27 to 7·25) between 2015 and 2020 (the WHO End TB strategy evaluation period). 15 of 204 countries achieved a 20% decrease in all-age tuberculosis incidence between 2015 and 2020, eight of which were in western sub-Saharan Africa. When stratified by age, global tuberculosis incidence rates decreased by 16·5% (14·8 to 18·4) in children younger than 5 years, 16·2% (14·2 to 17·9) in those aged 5–14 years, 6·29% (5·05 to 7·70) in those aged 15–49 years, 5·72% (4·02 to 7·39) in those aged 50–69 years, and 8·48% (6·74 to 10·4) in those aged 70 years and older, from 2015 to 2020. Global tuberculosis deaths decreased by 11·9% (5·77 to 17·0) from 2015 to 2020. 17 countries attained a 35% reduction in deaths due to tuberculosis between 2015 and 2020, most of which were in eastern Europe (six countries) and central Europe (four countries). There was variable progress by age: a 35·3% (26·7 to 41·7) decrease in tuberculosis deaths in children younger than 5 years, a 29·5% (25·5 to 34·1) decrease in those aged 5–14 years, a 15·2% (10·0 to 20·2) decrease in those aged 15–49 years, a 7·97% (0·472 to 14·1) decrease in those aged 50–69 years, and a 3·29% (–5·56 to 9·07) decrease in those aged 70 years and older. Removing the combined effects of the three attributable risk factors would have reduced the number of all-age tuberculosis deaths from 1·39 million (1·28 to 1·54) to 1·00 million (0·703 to 1·23) in 2020, representing a 36·5% (21·5 to 54·8) reduction in tuberculosis deaths compared to those observed in 2015. 41 countries were included in our analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis deaths without HIV co-infection in 2020, and 20 countries were included in the analysis fo 2021. In 2020, 50 900 (95% CI 49 700 to 52 400) deaths were expected across all ages, compared to an observed 45 500 deaths, corresponding to 5340 (4070 to 6920) fewer deaths; in 2021, 39 600 (38 300 to 41 100) deaths were expected across all ages compared to an observed 39 000 deaths, corresponding to 657 (–713 to 2180) fewer deaths. Interpretation: Despite accelerated progress in reducing the global burden of tuberculosis in the past decade, the world did not attain the first interim milestones of the WHO End TB Strategy in 2020. The pace of decline has been unequal with respect to age, with older adults (ie, those aged >50 years) having the slowest progress. As countries refine their national tuberculosis programmes and recalibrate for achieving the 2035 targets, they could consider learning from the strategies of countries that achieved the 2020 milestones, as well as consider targeted interventions to improve outcomes in older age groups. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliates “Biswajit Banik and Muhammad Aziz Rahman” are provided in this record**
Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Steinmetz, Jaimie, Seeher, Katrin, Schiess, Nicoline, Nichols, Emma, Cao, Bochen, Servili, Chiara, Cavallera, Vanessa, Cousin, Ewerton, Hagins, Hailey, Moberg, Madeline, Mehlman, Max, Abate, Yohannes, Abbas, Jaffar, Abbasi, Madineh, Abbasian, Mohammadreza, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahi, Mozhan, Abdollahifar, Mohammad-Amin, Abd-Rabu, Rami, Abdulah, Deldar, Abdullahi, Auwal, Abedi, Aidin, Abedi, Vida, Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto, Abidi, Hassan, Abiodun, Olumide, Ganesan, Balasanker, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Authors: Steinmetz, Jaimie , Seeher, Katrin , Schiess, Nicoline , Nichols, Emma , Cao, Bochen , Servili, Chiara , Cavallera, Vanessa , Cousin, Ewerton , Hagins, Hailey , Moberg, Madeline , Mehlman, Max , Abate, Yohannes , Abbas, Jaffar , Abbasi, Madineh , Abbasian, Mohammadreza , Abbastabar, Hedayat , Abdelmasseh, Michael , Abdollahi, Mohammad , Abdollahi, Mozhan , Abdollahifar, Mohammad-Amin , Abd-Rabu, Rami , Abdulah, Deldar , Abdullahi, Auwal , Abedi, Aidin , Abedi, Vida , Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto , Abidi, Hassan , Abiodun, Olumide , Ganesan, Balasanker , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Lancet Neurology Vol. 23, no. 4 (2024), p. 344-381
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. Methods: We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. Findings: Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. Interpretation: As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 World Health Organization **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Balasankar Ganesan and Muhammad Aziz Rahman" are provided in this record**
- Authors: Steinmetz, Jaimie , Seeher, Katrin , Schiess, Nicoline , Nichols, Emma , Cao, Bochen , Servili, Chiara , Cavallera, Vanessa , Cousin, Ewerton , Hagins, Hailey , Moberg, Madeline , Mehlman, Max , Abate, Yohannes , Abbas, Jaffar , Abbasi, Madineh , Abbasian, Mohammadreza , Abbastabar, Hedayat , Abdelmasseh, Michael , Abdollahi, Mohammad , Abdollahi, Mozhan , Abdollahifar, Mohammad-Amin , Abd-Rabu, Rami , Abdulah, Deldar , Abdullahi, Auwal , Abedi, Aidin , Abedi, Vida , Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto , Abidi, Hassan , Abiodun, Olumide , Ganesan, Balasanker , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Lancet Neurology Vol. 23, no. 4 (2024), p. 344-381
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. Methods: We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. Findings: Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. Interpretation: As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 World Health Organization **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Balasankar Ganesan and Muhammad Aziz Rahman" are provided in this record**
- Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza, Rezaei, Negar, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Khanali, Javad, Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza, Moghaddam, Sahar, Heidari-Foroozan, Mahsa, Rezazadeh-Khadem, Sahba, Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abady, Gdiom, Abdulkader, Rizwan, Abebe, Ayele, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Acharya, Dilaram, Addo, Isaac, Adeagbo, Oluwafemi, Adegboye, Oyelola, Adeyinka, Daniel, Sakilah Adnani, Qorinah, Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo, Afzal, Saira, Afzal, Muhammad, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmad, Aqeel, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed, Mehrunnisha, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Authors: Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza , Rezaei, Negar , Azadnajafabad, Sina , Khanali, Javad , Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza , Moghaddam, Sahar , Heidari-Foroozan, Mahsa , Rezazadeh-Khadem, Sahba , Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi , Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen , Abady, Gdiom , Abdulkader, Rizwan , Abebe, Ayele , Abu-Gharbieh, Eman , Acharya, Dilaram , Addo, Isaac , Adeagbo, Oluwafemi , Adegboye, Oyelola , Adeyinka, Daniel , Sakilah Adnani, Qorinah , Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo , Afzal, Saira , Afzal, Muhammad , Ahmad, Sajjad , Ahmad, Aqeel , Ahmadi, Ali , Ahmadieh, Hamid , Ahmed, Haroon , Ahmed, Mehrunnisha , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Public Health Vol. 237, no. (2024), p. 212-231
- Full Text: false
- Reviewed:
- Description: Objectives: In this study, the trends and current situation of the injury burden as well as attributable burden to injury risk factors at global, regional, and national levels based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 are presented. Study design: To assess the attributable burden of injury risk factors, the data of interest on data sources were retrieved from the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) and analyzed. Methods: Cause-specific death from injuries was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model in the GBD 2019. The burden attributable to each injury risk factor was incorporated in the population attributable fraction to estimate the total attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life years. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) was used to evaluate countries’ developmental status. Results: Globally, there were 713.9 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 663.8 to 766.9) injuries incidence and 4.3 million (UI: 3.9 to 4.6) deaths caused by injuries in 2019. There was an inverse relationship between age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate and SDI quintiles in 2019. Overall, low bone mineral density was the leading risk factor of injury deaths in 2019, with a contribution of 10.5% (UI: 9.0 to 11.6) of total injuries and age-standardized deaths, followed by occupational risks (7.0% [UI: 6.3–7.9]) and alcohol use (6.8% [UI: 5.2 to 8.5]). Conclusion: Various risks were responsible for the imposed burden of injuries. This study highlighted the small but persistent share of injuries in the global burden of diseases and injuries to provide beneficial data to produce proper policies to reach an effective global injury prevention plan. © 2024 Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Muhammad Aziz Rahman" is provided in this record**
Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2021 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Feigin, Valery, Abate, Melsew, Abate, Yohannes, Abd ElHafeez, Samar, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdelkader, Atef, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abd-Elsalam, Sherief, Abdi, Parsa, Abdollahi, Arash, Abdoun, Meriem, Abd-Rabu, Rami, Abdulah, Deldar, Abdullahi, Auwal, Abebe, Mesfin, Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto, Abhilash, E., Abiodun, Olugbenga, Abiodun, Olumide, Abo Kasem, Rahim, Aboagye, Richard, Abouzid, Mohamed, Abreu, Lucas, Abrha, Wolda, Abtahi, Dariush, Abu Rumeileh, Samir, Alif, Sheikh, Ganesan, Balasankar, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Authors: Feigin, Valery , Abate, Melsew , Abate, Yohannes , Abd ElHafeez, Samar , Abd-Allah, Foad , Abdelalim, Ahmed , Abdelkader, Atef , Abdelmasseh, Michael , Abd-Elsalam, Sherief , Abdi, Parsa , Abdollahi, Arash , Abdoun, Meriem , Abd-Rabu, Rami , Abdulah, Deldar , Abdullahi, Auwal , Abebe, Mesfin , Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto , Abhilash, E. , Abiodun, Olugbenga , Abiodun, Olumide , Abo Kasem, Rahim , Aboagye, Richard , Abouzid, Mohamed , Abreu, Lucas , Abrha, Wolda , Abtahi, Dariush , Abu Rumeileh, Samir , Alif, Sheikh , Ganesan, Balasankar , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Lancet Neurology Vol. 23, no. 10 (2024), p. 973-1003
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Up-to-date estimates of stroke burden and attributable risks and their trends at global, regional, and national levels are essential for evidence-based health care, prevention, and resource allocation planning. We aimed to provide such estimates for the period 1990–2021. Methods: We estimated incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) counts and age-standardised rates per 100 000 people per year for overall stroke, ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, and subarachnoid haemorrhage, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. We also calculated burden of stroke attributable to 23 risk factors and six risk clusters (air pollution, tobacco smoking, behavioural, dietary, environmental, and metabolic risks) at the global and regional levels (21 GBD regions and Socio-demographic Index [SDI] quintiles), using the standard GBD methodology. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. Findings: In 2021, stroke was the third most common GBD level 3 cause of death (7·3 million [95% UI 6·6–7·8] deaths; 10·7% [9·8–11·3] of all deaths) after ischaemic heart disease and COVID-19, and the fourth most common cause of DALYs (160·5 million [147·8–171·6] DALYs; 5·6% [5·0–6·1] of all DALYs). In 2021, there were 93·8 million (89·0–99·3) prevalent and 11·9 million (10·7–13·2) incident strokes. We found disparities in stroke burden and risk factors by GBD region, country or territory, and SDI, as well as a stagnation in the reduction of incidence from 2015 onwards, and even some increases in the stroke incidence, death, prevalence, and DALY rates in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania, countries with lower SDI, and people younger than 70 years. Globally, ischaemic stroke constituted 65·3% (62·4–67·7), intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 28·8% (28·3–28·8), and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 5·8% (5·7–6·0) of incident strokes. There were substantial increases in DALYs attributable to high BMI (88·2% [53·4–117·7]), high ambient temperature (72·4% [51·1 to 179·5]), high fasting plasma glucose (32·1% [26·7–38·1]), diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages (23·4% [12·7–35·7]), low physical activity (11·3% [1·8–34·9]), high systolic blood pressure (6·7% [2·5–11·6]), lead exposure (6·5% [4·5–11·2]), and diet low in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (5·3% [0·5–10·5]). Interpretation: Stroke burden has increased from 1990 to 2021, and the contribution of several risk factors has also increased. Effective, accessible, and affordable measures to improve stroke surveillance, prevention (with the emphasis on blood pressure, lifestyle, and environmental factors), acute care, and rehabilitation need to be urgently implemented across all countries to reduce stroke burden. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Sheikh Alif, Balasankar Ganesan, Muhammad Aziz Rahman" is provided in this record**.
- Authors: Feigin, Valery , Abate, Melsew , Abate, Yohannes , Abd ElHafeez, Samar , Abd-Allah, Foad , Abdelalim, Ahmed , Abdelkader, Atef , Abdelmasseh, Michael , Abd-Elsalam, Sherief , Abdi, Parsa , Abdollahi, Arash , Abdoun, Meriem , Abd-Rabu, Rami , Abdulah, Deldar , Abdullahi, Auwal , Abebe, Mesfin , Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto , Abhilash, E. , Abiodun, Olugbenga , Abiodun, Olumide , Abo Kasem, Rahim , Aboagye, Richard , Abouzid, Mohamed , Abreu, Lucas , Abrha, Wolda , Abtahi, Dariush , Abu Rumeileh, Samir , Alif, Sheikh , Ganesan, Balasankar , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Lancet Neurology Vol. 23, no. 10 (2024), p. 973-1003
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Up-to-date estimates of stroke burden and attributable risks and their trends at global, regional, and national levels are essential for evidence-based health care, prevention, and resource allocation planning. We aimed to provide such estimates for the period 1990–2021. Methods: We estimated incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) counts and age-standardised rates per 100 000 people per year for overall stroke, ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, and subarachnoid haemorrhage, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. We also calculated burden of stroke attributable to 23 risk factors and six risk clusters (air pollution, tobacco smoking, behavioural, dietary, environmental, and metabolic risks) at the global and regional levels (21 GBD regions and Socio-demographic Index [SDI] quintiles), using the standard GBD methodology. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. Findings: In 2021, stroke was the third most common GBD level 3 cause of death (7·3 million [95% UI 6·6–7·8] deaths; 10·7% [9·8–11·3] of all deaths) after ischaemic heart disease and COVID-19, and the fourth most common cause of DALYs (160·5 million [147·8–171·6] DALYs; 5·6% [5·0–6·1] of all DALYs). In 2021, there were 93·8 million (89·0–99·3) prevalent and 11·9 million (10·7–13·2) incident strokes. We found disparities in stroke burden and risk factors by GBD region, country or territory, and SDI, as well as a stagnation in the reduction of incidence from 2015 onwards, and even some increases in the stroke incidence, death, prevalence, and DALY rates in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania, countries with lower SDI, and people younger than 70 years. Globally, ischaemic stroke constituted 65·3% (62·4–67·7), intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 28·8% (28·3–28·8), and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 5·8% (5·7–6·0) of incident strokes. There were substantial increases in DALYs attributable to high BMI (88·2% [53·4–117·7]), high ambient temperature (72·4% [51·1 to 179·5]), high fasting plasma glucose (32·1% [26·7–38·1]), diet high in sugar-sweetened beverages (23·4% [12·7–35·7]), low physical activity (11·3% [1·8–34·9]), high systolic blood pressure (6·7% [2·5–11·6]), lead exposure (6·5% [4·5–11·2]), and diet low in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (5·3% [0·5–10·5]). Interpretation: Stroke burden has increased from 1990 to 2021, and the contribution of several risk factors has also increased. Effective, accessible, and affordable measures to improve stroke surveillance, prevention (with the emphasis on blood pressure, lifestyle, and environmental factors), acute care, and rehabilitation need to be urgently implemented across all countries to reduce stroke burden. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Sheikh Alif, Balasankar Ganesan, Muhammad Aziz Rahman" is provided in this record**.
Health and wellbeing of staff working at higher education institutions globally during the post-COVID-19 pandemic period : evidence from a cross-sectional study
- Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Das, Pritimoy, Lam, Louisa, Alif, Sheikh, Sultana, Farhana, Salehin, Masudus, Banik, Banik, Joseph, Bindu, Parul, Parul, Lewis, Andrew, Statham, Dixie, Porter, Joanne, Foster, Kim, Islam, Sheikh, Cross, Wendy, Jacob, Alycia, Hua, Susan, Wang, Qun, Chair, Sek, Chien, Wai, Widati, Sri, Nurmala, Ira, Puspaningsih, Ni, Hammoud, Majeda, Omar, Khatijah, Halim, Muhammad, Gamal-Eltrabily, Mohammed, Ortiz, Georgina, Al Maskari, Turkiya, Polman, Remco
- Authors: Rahman, Muhammad Aziz , Das, Pritimoy , Lam, Louisa , Alif, Sheikh , Sultana, Farhana , Salehin, Masudus , Banik, Banik , Joseph, Bindu , Parul, Parul , Lewis, Andrew , Statham, Dixie , Porter, Joanne , Foster, Kim , Islam, Sheikh , Cross, Wendy , Jacob, Alycia , Hua, Susan , Wang, Qun , Chair, Sek , Chien, Wai , Widati, Sri , Nurmala, Ira , Puspaningsih, Ni , Hammoud, Majeda , Omar, Khatijah , Halim, Muhammad , Gamal-Eltrabily, Mohammed , Ortiz, Georgina , Al Maskari, Turkiya , Polman, Remco
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: BMC Public Health Vol. 24, no. 1 (2024), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: The ongoing global crisis of Higher Education (HE) institutions during the post-COVID-19 pandemic period has increased the likelihood of enduring psychological stressors for staff. This study aimed to identify factors associated with job insecurity, burnout, psychological distress and coping amongst staff working at HE institutions globally. Methods: An anonymous cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 with staff at HE institutions across 16 countries. Job insecurity was measured using the Job Insecurity Scale (JIS), burnout using the Perceived Burnout measure question, psychological distress using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), and coping using the Brief Resilient Coping Scale. Multivariable logistic regression with a stepwise variable selection method was used to identify associations. Results: A total of 2,353 staff participated; the mean age (± SD) was 43(± 10) years and 61% were females. Most staff (85%) did not feel job insecurity, one-third (29%) perceived burnout in their jobs, more than two-thirds (73%) experienced moderate to very high levels of psychological distress, and more than half (58%) exhibited medium to high resilient coping. Perceived job insecurity was associated with staff working part-time [Adjusted Odds Ratio 1.53 (95% Confidence Intervals 1.15–2.02)], having an academic appointment [2.45 (1.78–3.27)], having multiple co-morbidities [1.86 (1.41–2.48)], perceived burnout [1.99 (1.54–2.56)] and moderate to very high level of psychological distress [1.68 (1.18–2.39)]. Perceived burnout was associated with being female [1.35 (1.12–1.63)], having multiple co-morbidities [1.53 (1.20–1.97)], perceived job insecurity [1.99 (1.55–2.57)], and moderate to very high levels of psychological distress [3.23 (2.42–4.30)]. Staff with multiple co-morbidities [1.46 (1.11–1.92)], mental health issues [2.73 (1.79–4.15)], perceived job insecurity [1.61 (1.13–2.30)], and perceived burnout [3.22 (2.41–4.31)] were associated with moderate to very high levels of psychological distress. Staff who perceived their mental health as good to excellent [3.36 (2.69–4.19)] were more likely to have medium to high resilient coping. Conclusions: Factors identified in this study should be considered in reviewing and updating current support strategies for staff at HE institutions across all countries to reduce stress and burnout and improve wellbeing. © The Author(s) 2024. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Pritmoy Das, Sheikh Alif, Masudus Salehin, Biswajit Banik, Bindu Joseph, Parul Parul, Andrew Lewis, Dixie Statham, Joanne Porter, Wendy Cross, Remco Polman” is provided in this record**
- Authors: Rahman, Muhammad Aziz , Das, Pritimoy , Lam, Louisa , Alif, Sheikh , Sultana, Farhana , Salehin, Masudus , Banik, Banik , Joseph, Bindu , Parul, Parul , Lewis, Andrew , Statham, Dixie , Porter, Joanne , Foster, Kim , Islam, Sheikh , Cross, Wendy , Jacob, Alycia , Hua, Susan , Wang, Qun , Chair, Sek , Chien, Wai , Widati, Sri , Nurmala, Ira , Puspaningsih, Ni , Hammoud, Majeda , Omar, Khatijah , Halim, Muhammad , Gamal-Eltrabily, Mohammed , Ortiz, Georgina , Al Maskari, Turkiya , Polman, Remco
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: BMC Public Health Vol. 24, no. 1 (2024), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: The ongoing global crisis of Higher Education (HE) institutions during the post-COVID-19 pandemic period has increased the likelihood of enduring psychological stressors for staff. This study aimed to identify factors associated with job insecurity, burnout, psychological distress and coping amongst staff working at HE institutions globally. Methods: An anonymous cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 with staff at HE institutions across 16 countries. Job insecurity was measured using the Job Insecurity Scale (JIS), burnout using the Perceived Burnout measure question, psychological distress using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10), and coping using the Brief Resilient Coping Scale. Multivariable logistic regression with a stepwise variable selection method was used to identify associations. Results: A total of 2,353 staff participated; the mean age (± SD) was 43(± 10) years and 61% were females. Most staff (85%) did not feel job insecurity, one-third (29%) perceived burnout in their jobs, more than two-thirds (73%) experienced moderate to very high levels of psychological distress, and more than half (58%) exhibited medium to high resilient coping. Perceived job insecurity was associated with staff working part-time [Adjusted Odds Ratio 1.53 (95% Confidence Intervals 1.15–2.02)], having an academic appointment [2.45 (1.78–3.27)], having multiple co-morbidities [1.86 (1.41–2.48)], perceived burnout [1.99 (1.54–2.56)] and moderate to very high level of psychological distress [1.68 (1.18–2.39)]. Perceived burnout was associated with being female [1.35 (1.12–1.63)], having multiple co-morbidities [1.53 (1.20–1.97)], perceived job insecurity [1.99 (1.55–2.57)], and moderate to very high levels of psychological distress [3.23 (2.42–4.30)]. Staff with multiple co-morbidities [1.46 (1.11–1.92)], mental health issues [2.73 (1.79–4.15)], perceived job insecurity [1.61 (1.13–2.30)], and perceived burnout [3.22 (2.41–4.31)] were associated with moderate to very high levels of psychological distress. Staff who perceived their mental health as good to excellent [3.36 (2.69–4.19)] were more likely to have medium to high resilient coping. Conclusions: Factors identified in this study should be considered in reviewing and updating current support strategies for staff at HE institutions across all countries to reduce stress and burnout and improve wellbeing. © The Author(s) 2024. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Pritmoy Das, Sheikh Alif, Masudus Salehin, Biswajit Banik, Bindu Joseph, Parul Parul, Andrew Lewis, Dixie Statham, Joanne Porter, Wendy Cross, Remco Polman” is provided in this record**
Pre-COVID life expectancy, mortality, and burden of diseases for adults 70 years and older in Australia : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study
- Ciobanu, Liliana, Baryshnikova, Nadezhda, Jawahar, Magdalene, Toben, Catherine, Sokolenko, Elysia, Arnet, Victoria, Addo, Isaac, Adegboye, Oyelola, Ahinkorah, Bright, Alam, Khurshid, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Ameyaw, Edward, Anderlini, Deanna, Angell, Blake, Ansar, Adnan, Anyasodor, Anayochukwu, Astell-Burt, Thomas, Atorkey, Prince, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz, Ayano, Getinet, Babu, Abraham, Bagheri, Nasser, Baune, Bernhard, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhaskar, Sonu, Boufous, Soufiane, Briggs, Andrew, Bulamu, Norma, Burns, Richard, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Authors: Ciobanu, Liliana , Baryshnikova, Nadezhda , Jawahar, Magdalene , Toben, Catherine , Sokolenko, Elysia , Arnet, Victoria , Addo, Isaac , Adegboye, Oyelola , Ahinkorah, Bright , Alam, Khurshid , Alif, Sheikh Mohammad , Ameyaw, Edward , Anderlini, Deanna , Angell, Blake , Ansar, Adnan , Anyasodor, Anayochukwu , Astell-Burt, Thomas , Atorkey, Prince , Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz , Ayano, Getinet , Babu, Abraham , Bagheri, Nasser , Baune, Bernhard , Bhandari, Dinesh , Bhaskar, Sonu , Boufous, Soufiane , Briggs, Andrew , Bulamu, Norma , Burns, Richard , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific Vol. 47, no. (2024), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: The Australian population aged 70 and above is increasing and imposing new challenges for policy makers and providers to deliver accessible, appropriate and affordable health care. We examine pre-COVID patterns of health loss between 1990 and 2019 to inform policies and practices. Methods: Using the standardised methodology framework and analytical strategies from GBD 2019 methodologies, we estimated mortality, causes of death, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), life expectancy at age 70 and above (LE-70), and healthy life expectancy (HALE-70) in Australia comparing them globally and with high socio-demographic index (SDI) groups. Findings: DALY rates have been improving steadily over the past 30 years among Australians aged 70 and above. Decreases in DALY rates were primarily attributed to a fall in YLLs attributable to cardiovascular diseases (60%) and chronic respiratory disorders (30.2%) and transport injuries (56.9%), while the non-fatal burden remained stable from 1990 to 2019. According to the DALY rates, the top five leading causes are ischemic heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, COPD, stroke, and falls, where falls exhibited the largest increase since 1990. Interpretation: This study provides an in-depth report on the main causes of mortality and disability in Australia's population aged 70 and above. It sheds light on the shifts in burden over three decades, emphasising the need for the Australian health system to enhance its readiness in addressing the escalating demands of an ageing population. These findings establish pre-COVID baseline estimates for Australia's population aged 70 and above, informing healthcare preparedness. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Authors **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Muhammad Aziz Rahman” is provided in this record**
- Authors: Ciobanu, Liliana , Baryshnikova, Nadezhda , Jawahar, Magdalene , Toben, Catherine , Sokolenko, Elysia , Arnet, Victoria , Addo, Isaac , Adegboye, Oyelola , Ahinkorah, Bright , Alam, Khurshid , Alif, Sheikh Mohammad , Ameyaw, Edward , Anderlini, Deanna , Angell, Blake , Ansar, Adnan , Anyasodor, Anayochukwu , Astell-Burt, Thomas , Atorkey, Prince , Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz , Ayano, Getinet , Babu, Abraham , Bagheri, Nasser , Baune, Bernhard , Bhandari, Dinesh , Bhaskar, Sonu , Boufous, Soufiane , Briggs, Andrew , Bulamu, Norma , Burns, Richard , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific Vol. 47, no. (2024), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: The Australian population aged 70 and above is increasing and imposing new challenges for policy makers and providers to deliver accessible, appropriate and affordable health care. We examine pre-COVID patterns of health loss between 1990 and 2019 to inform policies and practices. Methods: Using the standardised methodology framework and analytical strategies from GBD 2019 methodologies, we estimated mortality, causes of death, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), life expectancy at age 70 and above (LE-70), and healthy life expectancy (HALE-70) in Australia comparing them globally and with high socio-demographic index (SDI) groups. Findings: DALY rates have been improving steadily over the past 30 years among Australians aged 70 and above. Decreases in DALY rates were primarily attributed to a fall in YLLs attributable to cardiovascular diseases (60%) and chronic respiratory disorders (30.2%) and transport injuries (56.9%), while the non-fatal burden remained stable from 1990 to 2019. According to the DALY rates, the top five leading causes are ischemic heart disease, Alzheimer's disease, COPD, stroke, and falls, where falls exhibited the largest increase since 1990. Interpretation: This study provides an in-depth report on the main causes of mortality and disability in Australia's population aged 70 and above. It sheds light on the shifts in burden over three decades, emphasising the need for the Australian health system to enhance its readiness in addressing the escalating demands of an ageing population. These findings establish pre-COVID baseline estimates for Australia's population aged 70 and above, informing healthcare preparedness. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2024 The Authors **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Muhammad Aziz Rahman” is provided in this record**
Shared decision making in rural general practices : a qualitative exploration of older rural South Australians’ perceived involvement in clinical consultations with doctors
- Hamiduzzaman, Mohammad, Siddiquee, Noore, Gaffney, Harry, Barraclough, Frances, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Greenhill, Jennene, Flood, Vicki
- Authors: Hamiduzzaman, Mohammad , Siddiquee, Noore , Gaffney, Harry , Barraclough, Frances , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz , Greenhill, Jennene , Flood, Vicki
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Global Health Journal Vol. 8, no. 3 (2024), p. 140-146
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Shared decision-making (SDM) implementation is a priority for Australian health systems, including general practices but it remains complex for specific groups like older rural Australians. We initiated a qualitative study with older rural Australians to explore barriers to and facilitators of SDM in local general practices. Methods: We conducted a patient-oriented research, partnering with older rural Australians, families, and health service providers in research design. Participants who visited general practices were purposively sampled from five small rural towns in South Australia. A semi-structured interview guide was used for interviews and reflexive thematic coding was conducted. Results: Telephone interviews were held with 27 participants. Four themes were identified around older rural adults’ involvement in SDM: (1) Understanding of “patient involvement”; (2) Positive and negative outcomes; (3) Barriers to SDM; and (4) Facilitators to SDM. Understanding of patient involvement in SDM considerably varied among participants, with some reporting their involvement was contingent on the “opportunity to ask questions” and the “treatment choices” offered to them. Alongside the opportunity for involvement, barriers such as avoidance of cultural care and a lack of continuity of care are new findings. Challenges encountered in SDM implementation also included resource constraints and time limitations in general practices. Rural knowledge of general practitioners and technology integration in consultations were viewed as potential enablers. Conclusion: Adequate resources and well-defined guidelines about the process should accompany the implementation of SDM in rural general practices of South Australia. Innovative strategies by general practitioners promoting health literacy and culturally-tailored communication approaches could increase older rural Australians’ involvement in general. © 2024
- Authors: Hamiduzzaman, Mohammad , Siddiquee, Noore , Gaffney, Harry , Barraclough, Frances , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz , Greenhill, Jennene , Flood, Vicki
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Global Health Journal Vol. 8, no. 3 (2024), p. 140-146
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: Shared decision-making (SDM) implementation is a priority for Australian health systems, including general practices but it remains complex for specific groups like older rural Australians. We initiated a qualitative study with older rural Australians to explore barriers to and facilitators of SDM in local general practices. Methods: We conducted a patient-oriented research, partnering with older rural Australians, families, and health service providers in research design. Participants who visited general practices were purposively sampled from five small rural towns in South Australia. A semi-structured interview guide was used for interviews and reflexive thematic coding was conducted. Results: Telephone interviews were held with 27 participants. Four themes were identified around older rural adults’ involvement in SDM: (1) Understanding of “patient involvement”; (2) Positive and negative outcomes; (3) Barriers to SDM; and (4) Facilitators to SDM. Understanding of patient involvement in SDM considerably varied among participants, with some reporting their involvement was contingent on the “opportunity to ask questions” and the “treatment choices” offered to them. Alongside the opportunity for involvement, barriers such as avoidance of cultural care and a lack of continuity of care are new findings. Challenges encountered in SDM implementation also included resource constraints and time limitations in general practices. Rural knowledge of general practitioners and technology integration in consultations were viewed as potential enablers. Conclusion: Adequate resources and well-defined guidelines about the process should accompany the implementation of SDM in rural general practices of South Australia. Innovative strategies by general practitioners promoting health literacy and culturally-tailored communication approaches could increase older rural Australians’ involvement in general. © 2024
Symptomology, outcomes and risk factors of acute coronary syndrome presentations without cardiac chest pain : a scoping review
- Perona, Meriem, Cooklin, Amanda, Thorpe, Christopher, O’Meara, Peter, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Authors: Perona, Meriem , Cooklin, Amanda , Thorpe, Christopher , O’Meara, Peter , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: European Cardiology Review Vol. 19, no. (2024), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: For patients experiencing acute coronary syndrome, early symptom recognition is paramount; this is challenging without chest pain presentation. The aims of this scoping review were to collate definitions, proportions, symptoms, risk factors and outcomes for presentations without cardiac chest pain. Full-text peer reviewed articles covering acute coronary syndrome symptoms without cardiac chest pain were included. MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus and Embase were systematically searched from 2000 to April 2023 with adult and English limiters; 41 articles were selected from 2,954. Dyspnoea was the most reported (n=39) and most prevalent symptom (11.6–72%). Neurological symptoms, fatigue/weakness, nausea/ vomiting, atypical chest pain and diaphoresis were also common. Advancing age appeared independently associated with presentations without cardiac chest pain; however, findings were mixed regarding other risk factors (sex and diabetes). Patients without cardiac chest pain had worse outcomes: increased mortality, morbidity, greater prehospital and intervention delays and suboptimal use of guideline driven care. There is a need for structured data collection, analysis and interpretation. © The Author(s) 2024.
- Authors: Perona, Meriem , Cooklin, Amanda , Thorpe, Christopher , O’Meara, Peter , Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
- Date: 2024
- Type: Text , Journal article , Review
- Relation: European Cardiology Review Vol. 19, no. (2024), p.
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: For patients experiencing acute coronary syndrome, early symptom recognition is paramount; this is challenging without chest pain presentation. The aims of this scoping review were to collate definitions, proportions, symptoms, risk factors and outcomes for presentations without cardiac chest pain. Full-text peer reviewed articles covering acute coronary syndrome symptoms without cardiac chest pain were included. MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus and Embase were systematically searched from 2000 to April 2023 with adult and English limiters; 41 articles were selected from 2,954. Dyspnoea was the most reported (n=39) and most prevalent symptom (11.6–72%). Neurological symptoms, fatigue/weakness, nausea/ vomiting, atypical chest pain and diaphoresis were also common. Advancing age appeared independently associated with presentations without cardiac chest pain; however, findings were mixed regarding other risk factors (sex and diabetes). Patients without cardiac chest pain had worse outcomes: increased mortality, morbidity, greater prehospital and intervention delays and suboptimal use of guideline driven care. There is a need for structured data collection, analysis and interpretation. © The Author(s) 2024.