Managed identities : How do Australian university students who stutter negotiate their studies?
- Authors: Meredith, Grant
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Previous social research focused on people who stutter has problematised and largely ignored the experiences of university students who stutter, relying heavily upon surveys of teachers and peers while almost ignoring the authentic voices of students who stutter. Using a novel bricolage approach incorporating autoethnography, this project posed the question: “How do students who stutter negotiate their university experiences in Australia?” In 2008, a unique, web-based audit of 39 Australian public universities concluded that little publicly accessible information about stuttering support services was available for prospective university students. In many ways, stuttering is absent from disability classifications and service systems in higher education. An online survey of 102 Australian university students who stutter, and follow-up individual interviews with 15 students, revealed how these students manage their social identities from enrolment through to graduation. Only a minority of students reported ever formally disclosing their functional impairment to university support services or academic staff. This meant they rejected and/or avoided the disability label and associated stigma. The students were found to exercise a high degree of individual agency and creativity throughout their university journey. Many employed ‘concessional bargaining’ techniques to effectively navigate the oral assessment requirements during their degrees. Analysis of the interview and survey data is interspersed with critical self-reflection by the author – as a university lecturer who himself stutters. This thesis makes a significant contribution to shaping our understanding of the social identities and trajectories of university students who stutter. These students have been recast as positive, purposeful, resourceful and creative agents whose actions can be largely understood from a social model of disability. A series of recommendations for supporting and teaching these students are made to key stakeholders in higher education.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Meredith, Grant
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Previous social research focused on people who stutter has problematised and largely ignored the experiences of university students who stutter, relying heavily upon surveys of teachers and peers while almost ignoring the authentic voices of students who stutter. Using a novel bricolage approach incorporating autoethnography, this project posed the question: “How do students who stutter negotiate their university experiences in Australia?” In 2008, a unique, web-based audit of 39 Australian public universities concluded that little publicly accessible information about stuttering support services was available for prospective university students. In many ways, stuttering is absent from disability classifications and service systems in higher education. An online survey of 102 Australian university students who stutter, and follow-up individual interviews with 15 students, revealed how these students manage their social identities from enrolment through to graduation. Only a minority of students reported ever formally disclosing their functional impairment to university support services or academic staff. This meant they rejected and/or avoided the disability label and associated stigma. The students were found to exercise a high degree of individual agency and creativity throughout their university journey. Many employed ‘concessional bargaining’ techniques to effectively navigate the oral assessment requirements during their degrees. Analysis of the interview and survey data is interspersed with critical self-reflection by the author – as a university lecturer who himself stutters. This thesis makes a significant contribution to shaping our understanding of the social identities and trajectories of university students who stutter. These students have been recast as positive, purposeful, resourceful and creative agents whose actions can be largely understood from a social model of disability. A series of recommendations for supporting and teaching these students are made to key stakeholders in higher education.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
Mine evaluation optimisation
- Authors: Grigoryev, Igor
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: The definition of a mineral resource during exploration is a fundamental part of lease evaluation, which establishes the fair market value of the entire asset being explored in the open market. Since exact prediction of grades between sampled points is not currently possible by conventional methods, an exact agreement between predicted and actual grades will nearly always contain some error. These errors affect the evaluation of resources so impacting on characterisation of risks, financial projections and decisions about whether it is necessary to carry on with the further phases or not. The knowledge about minerals below the surface, even when it is based upon extensive geophysical analysis and drilling, is often too fragmentary to indicate with assurance where to drill, how deep to drill and what can be expected. Thus, the exploration team knows only the density of the rock and the grade along the core. The purpose of this study is to improve the process of resource evaluation in the exploration stage by increasing prediction accuracy and making an alternative assessment about the spatial characteristics of gold mineralisation. There is significant industrial interest in finding alternatives which may speed up the drilling phase, identify anomalies, worthwhile targets and help in establishing fair market value. Recent developments in nonconvex optimisation and high-dimensional statistics have led to the idea that some engineering problems such as predicting gold variability at the exploration stage can be solved with the application of clusterwise linear and penalised maximum likelihood regression techniques. This thesis attempts to solve the distribution of the mineralisation in the underlying geology using clusterwise linear regression and convex Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) techniques. The two presented optimisation techniques compute predictive solutions within a domain using physical data provided directly from drillholes. The decision-support techniques attempt a useful compromise between the traditional and recently introduced methods in optimisation and regression analysis that are developed to improve exploration targeting and to predict the gold occurrences at previously unsampled locations.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Grigoryev, Igor
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: The definition of a mineral resource during exploration is a fundamental part of lease evaluation, which establishes the fair market value of the entire asset being explored in the open market. Since exact prediction of grades between sampled points is not currently possible by conventional methods, an exact agreement between predicted and actual grades will nearly always contain some error. These errors affect the evaluation of resources so impacting on characterisation of risks, financial projections and decisions about whether it is necessary to carry on with the further phases or not. The knowledge about minerals below the surface, even when it is based upon extensive geophysical analysis and drilling, is often too fragmentary to indicate with assurance where to drill, how deep to drill and what can be expected. Thus, the exploration team knows only the density of the rock and the grade along the core. The purpose of this study is to improve the process of resource evaluation in the exploration stage by increasing prediction accuracy and making an alternative assessment about the spatial characteristics of gold mineralisation. There is significant industrial interest in finding alternatives which may speed up the drilling phase, identify anomalies, worthwhile targets and help in establishing fair market value. Recent developments in nonconvex optimisation and high-dimensional statistics have led to the idea that some engineering problems such as predicting gold variability at the exploration stage can be solved with the application of clusterwise linear and penalised maximum likelihood regression techniques. This thesis attempts to solve the distribution of the mineralisation in the underlying geology using clusterwise linear regression and convex Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) techniques. The two presented optimisation techniques compute predictive solutions within a domain using physical data provided directly from drillholes. The decision-support techniques attempt a useful compromise between the traditional and recently introduced methods in optimisation and regression analysis that are developed to improve exploration targeting and to predict the gold occurrences at previously unsampled locations.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Park, Sean
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text: false
- Description: At the heart of today’s malware problem lies theoretically infinite diversity created by metamorphism. The majority of conventional machine learning techniques tackle the problem with the assumptions that a sufficiently large number of training samples exist and that the training set is independent and identically distributed. However, the lack of semantic features combined with the models under these wrong assumptions result largely in overfitting with many false positives against real world samples, resulting in systems being left vulnerable to various adversarial attacks. A key observation is that modern malware authors write a script that automatically generates an arbitrarily large number of diverse samples that share similar characteristics in program logic, which is a very cost-effective way to evade detection with minimum effort. Given that many malware campaigns follow this paradigm of economic malware manufacturing model, the samples within a campaign are likely to share coherent semantic characteristics. This opens up a possibility of one-to-many detection. Therefore, it is crucial to capture this non-linear metamorphic pattern unique to the campaign in order to detect these seemingly diverse but identically rooted variants. To address these issues, this dissertation proposes novel deep learning models, including generative static malware outbreak detection model, generative dynamic malware detection model using spatio-temporal isomorphic dynamic features, and instruction cognitive malware detection. A comparative study on metamorphic threats is also conducted as part of the thesis. Generative adversarial autoencoder (AAE) over convolutional network with global average pooling is introduced as a fundamental deep learning framework for malware detection, which captures highly complex non-linear metamorphism through translation invariancy and local variation insensitivity. Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) used as a part of the framework enables oneshot training where semantically isomorphic malware campaigns are identified by a single malware instance sampled from the very initial outbreak. This is a major innovation because, to the best of our knowledge, no approach has been found to this challenging training objective against the malware distribution that consists of a large number of very sparse groups artificially driven by arms race between attackers and defenders. In addition, we propose a novel method that extracts instruction cognitive representation from uninterpreted raw binary executables, which can be used for oneto- many malware detection via one-shot training against frequency spectrum of the Transformer’s encoded latent representation. The method works regardless of the presence of diverse malware variations while remaining resilient to adversarial attacks that mostly use random perturbation against raw binaries. Comprehensive performance analyses including mathematical formulations and experimental evaluations are provided, with the proposed deep learning framework for malware detection exhibiting a superior performance over conventional machine learning methods. The methods proposed in this thesis are applicable to a variety of threat environments here artificially formed sparse distributions arise at the cyber battle fronts.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
New insights into wild deer population genetics, ecology and impacts : implications for management in south eastern Australia
- Authors: Davies, Christopher
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: This thesis is a compilation of my own work, driven by my interest into the ecology and impacts of introduced deer in Victoria. My interest in deer initially lead me to undertake an honours project, focussed on deer as a vector for parasites that can affect domestic livestock. During my honours year it became apparent that little was known about the ecology of wild deer throughout south east Australia. My PhD study was therefore developed to fill knowledge gaps of deer ecology, with a focus on developing and optimising ecological tools to generate data to improve deer management strategies. There are many methods available which can be used to collect ecological data on invasive species, such as deer. For my study, I chose methods from four quite discrete fields; global positioning systems (GPS) tracking, population genetics, camera trapping and spatial modelling. These methods were chosen as they are commonly used in ecological studies of invasive species. During my candidature significant attempts were made to deploy GPS collars onto sambar deer to investigate their movement patterns. Movement pattern data is extremely useful and can provide insights into habitat preferences, dispersal ability and other information useful for management. Significant time (around 12 months) was spent applying for ethics approval, gaining relevant approvals, permits and licenses to perform this work as well as performing collaring attempts. Unfortunately all attempts were unsuccessful and the investigation of sambar deer movement patterns had to be abandoned. This highlights the difficulties of working with cryptic deer species inhabiting difficult terrain. The other fields of research pursued (population genetics, camera trapping and spatial modelling) were more successful, the results of which are presented and discussed in this thesis. As the three methods employed in this study are taken from very different fields, a number of experts were enlisted to guide the respective data chapters. The population genetic studies (Chapters two and three) were guided by my primary supervisor Dr Fiona Hogan. I conducted all scat collections from across Victoria, including French Island and Mount Cole and performed all DNA isolations (over 300 in total). Population structure analysis for chapter three was undertaken with the assistance of Dr Faye Wedrowicz and Dr Carlo Pacioni. The camera trapping study (Chapter four) involved deploying camera traps in Baw Baw National Park, which I conducted myself. Occupancy and detectability data analysis for chapter four was performed with the assistance of Dr Hugh Davies. Spatial modelling (Chapter five) which focussed on modelling deer-vehicle collision risk across Victoria was directed by Dr Casey Visintin. Chapter’s two to five are written as independent scientific publications, therefore there is some unavoidable repetition within the thesis as a whole. Minor changes have been made to the formatting of the published papers to keep style consistent within the thesis.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Davies, Christopher
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: This thesis is a compilation of my own work, driven by my interest into the ecology and impacts of introduced deer in Victoria. My interest in deer initially lead me to undertake an honours project, focussed on deer as a vector for parasites that can affect domestic livestock. During my honours year it became apparent that little was known about the ecology of wild deer throughout south east Australia. My PhD study was therefore developed to fill knowledge gaps of deer ecology, with a focus on developing and optimising ecological tools to generate data to improve deer management strategies. There are many methods available which can be used to collect ecological data on invasive species, such as deer. For my study, I chose methods from four quite discrete fields; global positioning systems (GPS) tracking, population genetics, camera trapping and spatial modelling. These methods were chosen as they are commonly used in ecological studies of invasive species. During my candidature significant attempts were made to deploy GPS collars onto sambar deer to investigate their movement patterns. Movement pattern data is extremely useful and can provide insights into habitat preferences, dispersal ability and other information useful for management. Significant time (around 12 months) was spent applying for ethics approval, gaining relevant approvals, permits and licenses to perform this work as well as performing collaring attempts. Unfortunately all attempts were unsuccessful and the investigation of sambar deer movement patterns had to be abandoned. This highlights the difficulties of working with cryptic deer species inhabiting difficult terrain. The other fields of research pursued (population genetics, camera trapping and spatial modelling) were more successful, the results of which are presented and discussed in this thesis. As the three methods employed in this study are taken from very different fields, a number of experts were enlisted to guide the respective data chapters. The population genetic studies (Chapters two and three) were guided by my primary supervisor Dr Fiona Hogan. I conducted all scat collections from across Victoria, including French Island and Mount Cole and performed all DNA isolations (over 300 in total). Population structure analysis for chapter three was undertaken with the assistance of Dr Faye Wedrowicz and Dr Carlo Pacioni. The camera trapping study (Chapter four) involved deploying camera traps in Baw Baw National Park, which I conducted myself. Occupancy and detectability data analysis for chapter four was performed with the assistance of Dr Hugh Davies. Spatial modelling (Chapter five) which focussed on modelling deer-vehicle collision risk across Victoria was directed by Dr Casey Visintin. Chapter’s two to five are written as independent scientific publications, therefore there is some unavoidable repetition within the thesis as a whole. Minor changes have been made to the formatting of the published papers to keep style consistent within the thesis.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
Re(dis)covering the creative power of eros : finding liberation from neoliberalism through the feminist awakening of aphrodite-demeter consciousness
- Authors: Clements. Eileen
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: There is a problem with western patriarchal capitalist narratives of love and connected models of subjectivity which some feminisms, in particular, neoliberal (post)feminism, continue rather than criticise. This is a problem, not only because these feminisms uphold existing patriarchal structures and values, but because models of patriarchal subjectivity are founded on a repression and devaluation of love that contributes to what I am naming a ‘crisis of love’ in neoliberal societies. While some solutions to this problem have been offered, including by feminist love studies scholars, none of the solutions address the whole issue – for example, feminisms that ignore issues of spirituality and the female subject’s relationship to the divine, and the impact of myth on the psyche. Until these aspects are included in a rethinking of both female subjectivity and narratives of love, the problem will not be solved. There are many kinds of love but Eros in particular, which is such a charged narrative in western patriarchal capitalist society, is the kind of love that most urgently needs to be rethought and re(dis)covered. Through examination of the major founding myth of female subjectivity for western patriarchy – the Madonna/whore binary – a pathway to addressing this problem of love becomes possible. Rethinking this binary according to reinterpretations of the myths of Aphrodite and Demeter offers a rethinking of Eros as a creative, life-affirming power. This renewed narrative of Eros creates new models of female subjectivity – and the potentiality for new models of ethics – that challenge the contemporary neoliberal paradigm.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Clements. Eileen
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: There is a problem with western patriarchal capitalist narratives of love and connected models of subjectivity which some feminisms, in particular, neoliberal (post)feminism, continue rather than criticise. This is a problem, not only because these feminisms uphold existing patriarchal structures and values, but because models of patriarchal subjectivity are founded on a repression and devaluation of love that contributes to what I am naming a ‘crisis of love’ in neoliberal societies. While some solutions to this problem have been offered, including by feminist love studies scholars, none of the solutions address the whole issue – for example, feminisms that ignore issues of spirituality and the female subject’s relationship to the divine, and the impact of myth on the psyche. Until these aspects are included in a rethinking of both female subjectivity and narratives of love, the problem will not be solved. There are many kinds of love but Eros in particular, which is such a charged narrative in western patriarchal capitalist society, is the kind of love that most urgently needs to be rethought and re(dis)covered. Through examination of the major founding myth of female subjectivity for western patriarchy – the Madonna/whore binary – a pathway to addressing this problem of love becomes possible. Rethinking this binary according to reinterpretations of the myths of Aphrodite and Demeter offers a rethinking of Eros as a creative, life-affirming power. This renewed narrative of Eros creates new models of female subjectivity – and the potentiality for new models of ethics – that challenge the contemporary neoliberal paradigm.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
Reciprocal peer tutoring in an Australian undergraduate clinical skills setting : A mixed methods study
- Authors: Gazula, Swapnali
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Background Incorporation of active learning approaches in the preparation of nursing students for future educational roles is an imperative. Reciprocal peer tutoring (RPT) is an active teaching/learning approach, in which individuals from similar academic levels rotate teaching/learning roles. This study aimed to explore the outcomes of RPT on undergraduate nursing students learning. Design/Methods A sequential explanatory mixed methods design, incorporating pre-post intervention surveys and focus groups with a convenience sample of 102 final-year students, from a cohort of 132 (RR = 77.3%), from a regional Australian university campus. Prior to attendance, online resources were provided on teaching fundamentals and two selected clinical skills, namely tracheostomy suctioning and intravenous cannulation. Attending participants were randomly allocated into pairs, rotating teaching and learning roles within clinical skills laboratories. Pre-post intervention survey tools examined knowledge and self-reported attitudes to a peer teaching and clinical teaching preferences (Clinical Teaching Preference Questionnaire). Post-intervention measures included a peer teaching experience (Peer Teaching Experience Questionnaire). Focus group interviews (n = 4) were conducted with 22 participants, to further understand students’ RPT experiences. Results There was positive improvement in attitudes to peer teaching (M = 49.2, SD = 10.0 to M = 52.3, SD = 8.2, p < 0.05, [95% CI = 0.7 to 5.4]). Knowledge scores also increased significantly (M = 6.9, SD = 2.0 to M = 9.7, SD = 1.9), p < 0.05 [95% CI = 2.3 to 3.2]. Aggregate mean knowledge scores increased more for peer teachers (M = 3.3) than they did for peer learners (M = 2.2). Thematic outcomes from focus groups indicated challenging yet beneficial journeys, collective learning outcomes, along with benefits of RPT including enhanced teaching, self-confidence, communication, and independent and collaborative learning. Conclusion This study concludes that RPT is effective in clinical skills teaching and sets a foundation for further research.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Gazula, Swapnali
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Background Incorporation of active learning approaches in the preparation of nursing students for future educational roles is an imperative. Reciprocal peer tutoring (RPT) is an active teaching/learning approach, in which individuals from similar academic levels rotate teaching/learning roles. This study aimed to explore the outcomes of RPT on undergraduate nursing students learning. Design/Methods A sequential explanatory mixed methods design, incorporating pre-post intervention surveys and focus groups with a convenience sample of 102 final-year students, from a cohort of 132 (RR = 77.3%), from a regional Australian university campus. Prior to attendance, online resources were provided on teaching fundamentals and two selected clinical skills, namely tracheostomy suctioning and intravenous cannulation. Attending participants were randomly allocated into pairs, rotating teaching and learning roles within clinical skills laboratories. Pre-post intervention survey tools examined knowledge and self-reported attitudes to a peer teaching and clinical teaching preferences (Clinical Teaching Preference Questionnaire). Post-intervention measures included a peer teaching experience (Peer Teaching Experience Questionnaire). Focus group interviews (n = 4) were conducted with 22 participants, to further understand students’ RPT experiences. Results There was positive improvement in attitudes to peer teaching (M = 49.2, SD = 10.0 to M = 52.3, SD = 8.2, p < 0.05, [95% CI = 0.7 to 5.4]). Knowledge scores also increased significantly (M = 6.9, SD = 2.0 to M = 9.7, SD = 1.9), p < 0.05 [95% CI = 2.3 to 3.2]. Aggregate mean knowledge scores increased more for peer teachers (M = 3.3) than they did for peer learners (M = 2.2). Thematic outcomes from focus groups indicated challenging yet beneficial journeys, collective learning outcomes, along with benefits of RPT including enhanced teaching, self-confidence, communication, and independent and collaborative learning. Conclusion This study concludes that RPT is effective in clinical skills teaching and sets a foundation for further research.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Garg, Bharti
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text: false
- Description: Coal is the dominant and most reliable source of energy in Australia. However, the increasing global temperatures and its impact on the climate raises concerns on the use of coal worldwide. Due to availability of abundant, cheap quality coals, Australia is researching how it and its international customers can continue to use its abundant coal resources whilst limiting greenhouse emissions. Hence, low CO2 emitting energy technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS) have an important role to play not only in power but also the cement and steel industries Post-combustion CO2 capture (PCC), the most developed technology in CCS using aqueous amines to capture CO2, still face challenges for its large-scale commercialisation. The cost of electricity with PCC rises to almost double that produced without integrating PCC technology in new power stations. The retrofit of PCC technology into existing power stations is very site specific and costs can be around half of the cost of building a new power plant. Apart from this, the implementation of PCC poses an energy penalty to the power station as the efficiency of the plant can drop almost by 10-11% due to the increased solvent heating and CO2 compression loads. Particularly with the nations like Australia, the cost of PCC installation is even higher as there are no flue gas desulfurisation (FGD) units in Australian power stations. The presence of harmful gases like SO2 in coal-fired power plant flue gases affect CO2 capture performance during PCC due to the higher affinity of amines to absorb stronger acidic gases against CO2 which is a weaker acid gas than SO2. These stronger acidic gases tend to form heat stable salts with the absorbent amines used to capture CO2 . Heat stable salts refer to the thermally non-regenerable protonated amines which are usually produced when the amine solution is contaminated by organic acids (Weiland et al., 2004). Hence, the bonded amine is not available for CO2 capture, increasing the requirement for makeup amine resulting in higher operating cost. Therefore, FGD units are an essential requirement before the installation of PCC facilities in a coal-fired power station. This results in a levelised cost of electricity in Australian power plants that is high compared to nations which have FGD installed in their power stations. CSIRO has developed a combined capture process to simultaneously capture CO2 and SO2 from Australian power plant flue gases using a single amine absorbent in order to lower the cost of PCC installation in Australia. The process generates a unique sulfur rich amine absorbent which needs regeneration. This thesis investigates various amine regeneration processes, using MEA as a reference, and their commercial viability to the CS-Cap process. Due to the unique nature of the sulfur rich absorbent generated in the CS-Cap process, its amine is recoverable through many other regeneration processes besides standard thermal reclamation. My thesis investigates the effectiveness of regeneration techniques like Ion exchange, Electro-dialysis, Crystallisation, Nano-filtration in regenerating the sulfur rich amine. Initially the theoretical investigation was carried as a part of literature review and further a brief exploratory laboratory scale evaluation of the most suited technologies was carried out. The results obtained from laboratory scale experimentation were fed to an Aspen Plus simulation model in order to understand the behaviour of the system under various operating conditions. Further a cost estimation was carried out in order to produce a high level cost for the selected regeneration technologies in the CS-Cap process. The cost of the regeneration technologies were further integrated into the overall CO2 capture process in order to compare the cost of standard FGD + PCC process against the CS-Cap process which answers the broader research question whether the CS-Cap process will be economical for Australian coal power plants. Overall this thesis reveals the effectiveness of various technologies in regenerating sulfur rich amines. It suggests CSIRO’s patented CS-Cap process is a cost-effective approach for capturing CO2 from Australian coal fired power plants despite its sensitivity to regeneration cost.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
Rethinking english language support : reflections from chinese international students on communicating orally in english in the study abroad context
- Authors: Pruis, Karen
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Australian universities are currently emphasizing such graduate qualities as English language proficiency. However, this can be problematic for many international students who may still be struggling to communicate orally in English while participating in their chosen course of study. Indeed, the English language proficiency of international students has often received negative attention from the Australian media, employers, and academics. Several government reviews have recommended ongoing English language support for international students that extends beyond existing English language entry requirements, English Academic Preparation programs, and Post-entry Language Assessments. At the same time, there has been a critique of responses to these issues which focus on language proficiency—and simply place the onus on international students to increase their English language proficiency—without taking issues of intercultural communicative competence into account, along with calls for institutional frameworks to better support student experience. This thesis is one contribution to this debate, supported and informed by an exploration of lived experiences of Chinese students engaging with oral English language use and other supports. Not only are Chinese students the largest cohort of international students in Australia, but English education in China also does not appear to prepare them effectively to communicate orally in English. Very different sociocultural backgrounds can also make it difficult for this cohort to engage both academically and socially in Australian higher education. These issues comprise road blockers that can limit English language practice opportunities and negatively affect academic success. iii This thesis shines a light on this cohort’s oral English language experiences in the study abroad context via engagement of Max van Manen’s (1990, 2014) frameworks for phenomenologically oriented qualitative research. Drawing on the lived experiences of Chinese students and a critical review of the regulatory frameworks that inform sectoral and institutional English language proficiency models, this thesis argues for an English language proficiency support framework that integrates insights from intercultural communicative competence into oral English language proficiency as well as the development of curriculum, course delivery, and assessments.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Pruis, Karen
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Australian universities are currently emphasizing such graduate qualities as English language proficiency. However, this can be problematic for many international students who may still be struggling to communicate orally in English while participating in their chosen course of study. Indeed, the English language proficiency of international students has often received negative attention from the Australian media, employers, and academics. Several government reviews have recommended ongoing English language support for international students that extends beyond existing English language entry requirements, English Academic Preparation programs, and Post-entry Language Assessments. At the same time, there has been a critique of responses to these issues which focus on language proficiency—and simply place the onus on international students to increase their English language proficiency—without taking issues of intercultural communicative competence into account, along with calls for institutional frameworks to better support student experience. This thesis is one contribution to this debate, supported and informed by an exploration of lived experiences of Chinese students engaging with oral English language use and other supports. Not only are Chinese students the largest cohort of international students in Australia, but English education in China also does not appear to prepare them effectively to communicate orally in English. Very different sociocultural backgrounds can also make it difficult for this cohort to engage both academically and socially in Australian higher education. These issues comprise road blockers that can limit English language practice opportunities and negatively affect academic success. iii This thesis shines a light on this cohort’s oral English language experiences in the study abroad context via engagement of Max van Manen’s (1990, 2014) frameworks for phenomenologically oriented qualitative research. Drawing on the lived experiences of Chinese students and a critical review of the regulatory frameworks that inform sectoral and institutional English language proficiency models, this thesis argues for an English language proficiency support framework that integrates insights from intercultural communicative competence into oral English language proficiency as well as the development of curriculum, course delivery, and assessments.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
Rule-based interactive assisted reinforcement learning
- Authors: Bignold, Adam
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Reinforcement Learning (RL) has seen increasing interest over the past few years, partially owing to breakthroughs in the digestion and application of external information. The use of external information results in improved learning speeds and solutions to more complex domains. This thesis, a collection of five key contributions, demonstrates that comparable performance gains to existing Interactive Reinforcement Learning methods can be achieved using less data, sourced during operation, and without prior verifcation and validation of the information's integrity. First, this thesis introduces Assisted Reinforcement Learning (ARL), a collective term referring to RL methods that utilise external information to leverage the learning process, and provides a non-exhaustive review of current ARL methods. Second, two advice delivery methods common in ARL, evaluative and informative, are compared through human trials. The comparison highlights how human engagement, accuracy of advice, agent performance, and advice utility differ between the two methods. Third, this thesis introduces simulated users as a methodology for testing and comparing ARL methods. Simulated users enable testing and comparing of ARL systems without costly and time-consuming human trials. While not a replacement for well-designed human trials, simulated users offer a cheap and robust approach to ARL design and comparison. Fourth, the concept of persistence is introduced to Interactive Reinforcement Learning. The retention and reuse of advice maximises utility and can lead to improved performance and reduced human demand. Finally, this thesis presents rule-based interactive RL, an iterative method for providing advice to an agent. Existing interactive RL methods rely on constant human supervision and evaluation, requiring a substantial commitment from the advice-giver. Rule-based advice can be provided proactively and be generalised over the state-space while remaining flexible enough to handle potentially inaccurate or irrelevant information. Ultimately, the thesis contributions are validated empirically and clearly show that rule-based advice signicantly reduces human guidance requirements while improving agent performance.
- Description: Doctor of Pholosophy
- Authors: Bignold, Adam
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Reinforcement Learning (RL) has seen increasing interest over the past few years, partially owing to breakthroughs in the digestion and application of external information. The use of external information results in improved learning speeds and solutions to more complex domains. This thesis, a collection of five key contributions, demonstrates that comparable performance gains to existing Interactive Reinforcement Learning methods can be achieved using less data, sourced during operation, and without prior verifcation and validation of the information's integrity. First, this thesis introduces Assisted Reinforcement Learning (ARL), a collective term referring to RL methods that utilise external information to leverage the learning process, and provides a non-exhaustive review of current ARL methods. Second, two advice delivery methods common in ARL, evaluative and informative, are compared through human trials. The comparison highlights how human engagement, accuracy of advice, agent performance, and advice utility differ between the two methods. Third, this thesis introduces simulated users as a methodology for testing and comparing ARL methods. Simulated users enable testing and comparing of ARL systems without costly and time-consuming human trials. While not a replacement for well-designed human trials, simulated users offer a cheap and robust approach to ARL design and comparison. Fourth, the concept of persistence is introduced to Interactive Reinforcement Learning. The retention and reuse of advice maximises utility and can lead to improved performance and reduced human demand. Finally, this thesis presents rule-based interactive RL, an iterative method for providing advice to an agent. Existing interactive RL methods rely on constant human supervision and evaluation, requiring a substantial commitment from the advice-giver. Rule-based advice can be provided proactively and be generalised over the state-space while remaining flexible enough to handle potentially inaccurate or irrelevant information. Ultimately, the thesis contributions are validated empirically and clearly show that rule-based advice signicantly reduces human guidance requirements while improving agent performance.
- Description: Doctor of Pholosophy
Seeds, soils and moisture : ecophysiology to inform mine site restoration in arid zones
- Authors: Duncan, Corinne
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Mining in arid regions of Australia is followed by restoration and rehabilitation efforts. However, attempts to reintroduce many woody plant species have been unsuccessful. Water is the key limiting resource to plant growth and seed germination in arid zones. In this thesis, I investigated ecophysiological processes that may help improve recruitment across novel arid landscapes. I tested seed traits and dormancy cues of eight keystone plants and found that six of them had non-dormant, rapidly germinating seeds; a trait we propose is an adaptation to the region’s unpredictable rainfall. To identify the germination niche of species, I incubated seeds under different temperatures and water potentials, and found drought avoidance to be an important survival strategy for arid species. I collected soil samples to compare biophysicochemical properties of reconstructed soils to remnant ecosystems, and found that the distribution of clay content in the reconstructed soils did not mirror the remnant soils, compromising their ability to sustain perennial vegetation. I also monitored soil moisture and found that soil reconstruction reduces rainfall infiltration and retention, and subsequently increases evaporation. The synthesis of these results demonstrate some of the limitations to successful restoration in these systems, such as (1) unknown dormancy cues and poor seed longevity, (2) infrequent and episodic plant recruitment due to water limitation, and (3) reduced hydrological function of reconstructed soils. The failure to reinstate hydrological function is the major constraint to ecological restoration in this arid zone. Nonetheless, results from this study suggest that restoration is possible through more strategic use of seed, careful selection of drought tolerant species, and increasing soil moisture. Further failures to reinstate ecosystem function and community dynamics in arid zones with reconstructed soils can be prevented by understanding the edaphic constraints to plant establishment, and ameliorating conditions to mimic ecohydrological processes in remnant ecosystems.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Duncan, Corinne
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Mining in arid regions of Australia is followed by restoration and rehabilitation efforts. However, attempts to reintroduce many woody plant species have been unsuccessful. Water is the key limiting resource to plant growth and seed germination in arid zones. In this thesis, I investigated ecophysiological processes that may help improve recruitment across novel arid landscapes. I tested seed traits and dormancy cues of eight keystone plants and found that six of them had non-dormant, rapidly germinating seeds; a trait we propose is an adaptation to the region’s unpredictable rainfall. To identify the germination niche of species, I incubated seeds under different temperatures and water potentials, and found drought avoidance to be an important survival strategy for arid species. I collected soil samples to compare biophysicochemical properties of reconstructed soils to remnant ecosystems, and found that the distribution of clay content in the reconstructed soils did not mirror the remnant soils, compromising their ability to sustain perennial vegetation. I also monitored soil moisture and found that soil reconstruction reduces rainfall infiltration and retention, and subsequently increases evaporation. The synthesis of these results demonstrate some of the limitations to successful restoration in these systems, such as (1) unknown dormancy cues and poor seed longevity, (2) infrequent and episodic plant recruitment due to water limitation, and (3) reduced hydrological function of reconstructed soils. The failure to reinstate hydrological function is the major constraint to ecological restoration in this arid zone. Nonetheless, results from this study suggest that restoration is possible through more strategic use of seed, careful selection of drought tolerant species, and increasing soil moisture. Further failures to reinstate ecosystem function and community dynamics in arid zones with reconstructed soils can be prevented by understanding the edaphic constraints to plant establishment, and ameliorating conditions to mimic ecohydrological processes in remnant ecosystems.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Strachan, Shirley
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text: false
- Description: This PhD is the first prosopographical study of two generations of Australian manual healers in the twentieth century. The central historical figure is Thomas Ambrose Bowen (1916-1982) a self-titled Australian osteopath and arguably a therapeutic genius turned victim of health politics of the twentieth century. Bowen was stripped of his osteopathic identity as a result of political machinations that occurred during regulation of the industry in the late-1970s and early-1980s. This thesis reveals the legitimacy of Bowen’s claim to osteopathic stature and how his career is representative of the experience of a number of osteopaths during regulation of chiropractic and osteopathy. Bowen’s career was obscured in two respects. Firstly, in the lead up to the Chiropractors and Osteopaths Act 1978, overseas educated interests sought to disenfranchise Australian practitioners. This was offset by a successful response from the Australian chiropractic lobby. Secondly, posthumous commercial popularisation of Bowen’s claimed work, absent observer consensus and historical research, has further served to obfuscate Bowen’s prowess and marginalised his legacy. This thesis is the first to link Bowen’s practice to the influence of F G Roberts, an early Australian pioneer of naturopathic osteopathy. It explores Bowen’s emergence from a network of prominent football masseurs to his professional engagement with osteopathic advocates. This thesis is the first historical study to present the clinical life and times of Bowen among his contemporaries. In doing so it examines his broader significance as a consummate Australian osteopath. New historical narratives founded on extensive primary sources, oral histories as well as discourse analysis, ethnography, biography, hermeneutics and cultural mapping are used to place Bowen in context with his peers on the Australian osteopathic stage. Posthumous narratives that underpin commercial global marketing are challenged to the extent they obscure a clear historical view of Bowen and his marginalised contemporaries as unique actors in their struggle for recognition
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
The impacts of climate change on trade and foreign direct investment flows
- Authors: Barua, Suborna
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: A growing body of climate economics research suggests that climate change affects production, prices, distribution structures, investments and national income. Studies further describe international trade and climate related investments as key activities in climate impact mitigation and adaptation. However, despite its increasing relevance, the empirical link between climate change and international trade and investment remains largely unexplored. This thesis investigates the climate change impacts on trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) flows using static and dynamic panel estimations covering 102 countries. The modelling uses temperature and precipitation variability to separately evaluate changes in international trade from 1962 to 2014, and in FDI inflows from 1995 to 2014. The trade impacts estimations consider exports of total merchandise, agriculture and six agricultural sectors; while controlling for income, comparative advantage, productivity, domestic and trade policies, and climate zones. The FDI impacts modelling evaluates total and sectoral inflows, while controlling for income, market size, infrastructure, openness, financial development, the global financial crisis and climate zones. Results show that climate change significantly affects both exports and FDI inflows. In particular, temperature affects merchandise exports, negatively at the global and developing country level, and positively in high-income countries. Agricultural exports are negatively affected by temperature. At the sectoral level, oil-seeds and dairy are mostly affected. Precipitation effects are limited and mostly negative for agriculture. The FDI world aggregate flows respond mostly positively to both temperature and precipitation, and static estimations indicate a FDI positive response in developing countries. Furthermore, FDI sectoral estimations indicate a differentiated response. Findings could inform the formulation of trade and investment policies, at the national and global level, in consideration to the differential impacts of climate change across sectors, regions and economic status. Furthermore, these estimates could be used in projections considering climate change as a determinant of trade and investment flows.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Barua, Suborna
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: A growing body of climate economics research suggests that climate change affects production, prices, distribution structures, investments and national income. Studies further describe international trade and climate related investments as key activities in climate impact mitigation and adaptation. However, despite its increasing relevance, the empirical link between climate change and international trade and investment remains largely unexplored. This thesis investigates the climate change impacts on trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) flows using static and dynamic panel estimations covering 102 countries. The modelling uses temperature and precipitation variability to separately evaluate changes in international trade from 1962 to 2014, and in FDI inflows from 1995 to 2014. The trade impacts estimations consider exports of total merchandise, agriculture and six agricultural sectors; while controlling for income, comparative advantage, productivity, domestic and trade policies, and climate zones. The FDI impacts modelling evaluates total and sectoral inflows, while controlling for income, market size, infrastructure, openness, financial development, the global financial crisis and climate zones. Results show that climate change significantly affects both exports and FDI inflows. In particular, temperature affects merchandise exports, negatively at the global and developing country level, and positively in high-income countries. Agricultural exports are negatively affected by temperature. At the sectoral level, oil-seeds and dairy are mostly affected. Precipitation effects are limited and mostly negative for agriculture. The FDI world aggregate flows respond mostly positively to both temperature and precipitation, and static estimations indicate a FDI positive response in developing countries. Furthermore, FDI sectoral estimations indicate a differentiated response. Findings could inform the formulation of trade and investment policies, at the national and global level, in consideration to the differential impacts of climate change across sectors, regions and economic status. Furthermore, these estimates could be used in projections considering climate change as a determinant of trade and investment flows.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
The making and placing of a personal view : Questions of place
- Authors: Farago, Anna
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , Masters
- Full Text:
- Description: The Making and Placing of a Personal View: Questions of Place uses various making methods to explore both the artist’s and others personal connection to place. The research investigates the intersection of memory, identity, and place. Memory is what informs personal history and collective futures. Identity, for the artist is as daughter, sister, mother, wife, friend, crafter, artist, woman and now widow. For others involved in the research, it is as Indigenous Elders, rangers and locals connected to specific sites. Place as which grounds and locates memories and landscapes that preoccupy the creative works. Memory and identity is explored materially through making, connecting art to place using craft’s historical connection with domestic and natural environments. Using the postmodern feminist geography of Doreen Massey, place is a site of flow and routes, rather than origins and roots. The relation between art and Massey’s notion of place is investigated as sympathetic to craft as a feminine epistemology. The creative work created comprises of four large textile patchworks, a series of small embroideries, and a pair of gouache paintings. The making of three large patchwork banner works were informed by conversational interviews conducted with Indigenous and non-Indigenous rangers. The banner works were installed for the duration of a weekend in Darebin Parklands in Alphington, Victoria in 2016 and at Pigeon House Mountain Didthul, Morton National Park, NSW in 2017. Performative and documentation photographs and videos were created in response to these installations. In addition a hand-stitched patchwork was slowly constructed over a year of grief and then used as a cloak and protective cloth in directed performative photos shot in the garden and on the roof of the artist’s home.
- Description: Masters by Research
- Authors: Farago, Anna
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , Masters
- Full Text:
- Description: The Making and Placing of a Personal View: Questions of Place uses various making methods to explore both the artist’s and others personal connection to place. The research investigates the intersection of memory, identity, and place. Memory is what informs personal history and collective futures. Identity, for the artist is as daughter, sister, mother, wife, friend, crafter, artist, woman and now widow. For others involved in the research, it is as Indigenous Elders, rangers and locals connected to specific sites. Place as which grounds and locates memories and landscapes that preoccupy the creative works. Memory and identity is explored materially through making, connecting art to place using craft’s historical connection with domestic and natural environments. Using the postmodern feminist geography of Doreen Massey, place is a site of flow and routes, rather than origins and roots. The relation between art and Massey’s notion of place is investigated as sympathetic to craft as a feminine epistemology. The creative work created comprises of four large textile patchworks, a series of small embroideries, and a pair of gouache paintings. The making of three large patchwork banner works were informed by conversational interviews conducted with Indigenous and non-Indigenous rangers. The banner works were installed for the duration of a weekend in Darebin Parklands in Alphington, Victoria in 2016 and at Pigeon House Mountain Didthul, Morton National Park, NSW in 2017. Performative and documentation photographs and videos were created in response to these installations. In addition a hand-stitched patchwork was slowly constructed over a year of grief and then used as a cloak and protective cloth in directed performative photos shot in the garden and on the roof of the artist’s home.
- Description: Masters by Research
The molecular characterisation of shigella spp. from Papua New Guinea and Pacific Island Nations
- Authors: Malau, Elisheba
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text: false
- Description: In Papua New Guinea (PNG) and other low-middle income countries (LMICs) in Oceania, diarrhoea remains a leading cause of hospitalisation and death in children <5 years old; and is an important cause of illness in older children and adults. Shigella is one of four leading causes of diarrhoea globally and is likely a major cause of diarrhoea in Oceanic LMICs, particularly PNG. A survey was conducted among parents of children with diarrhoea in the PNG highlands, demonstrating limited access to, and application of, sanitation and hygiene; likely contributing to the transmission of Shigella and other pathogens in PNG. To better understand Shigella in Oceanic LMICs, multiple analyses of isolates from within PNG (n=38), far-northeastern Australia, and from travellers returning to Australia from Oceanic LMICs with shigellosis (n=34) were conducted. Antimicrobial susceptibility (by disc diffusion), detection of virulence genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were conducted on all isolates, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) conducted on 63 isolates. Shigella spp. were commonly resistant to two or more classes of first-line antibiotics, with resistance more common in post-2010 relative to pre-2010 isolates. WGS was used to verify PCR detection of virulence genes, determine whether resistance could be predicted genetically, and conduct phylogenetic analysis of Shigella spp. in Oceania. WGS surpassed PCR in the detection of virulence genes, but correlated poorly with phenotypic antimicrobial resistance. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the intra- and inter-country relatedness. Three phylogenetic groups of S. flexneri co-exist in Oceanic LMICs (and far-northeastern Australia), the result of multiple incursions. Two lineages of S. sonnei were detected, one circulating in PNG and New Caledonia, and the other in various other countries including Fiji; with no geographical overlap of the two S. sonnei lineages. Incursions of Shigella into the Oceanic LMICs occur regularly, and are likely to occur again. This study provides evidence of the need for, and potential approach to, expanded surveillance of Shigella in the region.
- Description: Doctor of Philsophy
The molecular epidemiology of influenza in Cambodia
- Authors: Suttie, Annika
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) represent a risk to the health of humans and animals. The prevalence of AIVs in live bird markets in Cambodia is among the highest in the world, being detected in 45.5% of tested poultry in 2015. To better understand the potential risk presented by AIVs, this thesis investigated the genetic characteristics of AIVs circulating in Cambodia between 2014 to 2018; focusing on subtypes that pose the greatest risk to human and animal health (H5, H7 and H9). Highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c viruses and low pathogenic H9N2 BJ/94-like h9-4.2.5 clade viruses were the most frequently detected subtypes, and circulate endemically in Cambodia’s domestic poultry. Co-infections were detected and facilitated the production of two novel reassortant H5N1 AIVs with single genes from H9N2 viruses. Additionally, numerous intrasubtypic reassortment events were detected for H5 and H9 AIVs. This is concerning as reassortment events can rapidly produce novel viruses of public health risk. Phylogenetic analyses showed some genes of the Cambodian H5, H7 and H9 AIVs clustered with zoonotic viruses, suggesting a common origin. There are parallels between H5N1 and H9N2 AIVs detected in Cambodia and Vietnam, likely facilitated through the illegal trade of live poultry and/or the migration of wild birds. Molecular analyses showed H9 AIVs have major markers associated with adaptation to mammals; though during the study period the only human AIV cases were the result of HP H5N1. Molecular markers of resistance to adamantine antivirals was observed in 3% of H5 and 41% of H9 AIVs; however, both subtypes remain susceptible to first line antiviral treatment, neuraminidase inhibitors. The data presented in this thesis demonstrates that circulation of Cambodian AIVs represents a risk for the emergence of novel viruses. Interventions are urgently needed to mitigate the threat posed to poultry and humans.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Suttie, Annika
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) represent a risk to the health of humans and animals. The prevalence of AIVs in live bird markets in Cambodia is among the highest in the world, being detected in 45.5% of tested poultry in 2015. To better understand the potential risk presented by AIVs, this thesis investigated the genetic characteristics of AIVs circulating in Cambodia between 2014 to 2018; focusing on subtypes that pose the greatest risk to human and animal health (H5, H7 and H9). Highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c viruses and low pathogenic H9N2 BJ/94-like h9-4.2.5 clade viruses were the most frequently detected subtypes, and circulate endemically in Cambodia’s domestic poultry. Co-infections were detected and facilitated the production of two novel reassortant H5N1 AIVs with single genes from H9N2 viruses. Additionally, numerous intrasubtypic reassortment events were detected for H5 and H9 AIVs. This is concerning as reassortment events can rapidly produce novel viruses of public health risk. Phylogenetic analyses showed some genes of the Cambodian H5, H7 and H9 AIVs clustered with zoonotic viruses, suggesting a common origin. There are parallels between H5N1 and H9N2 AIVs detected in Cambodia and Vietnam, likely facilitated through the illegal trade of live poultry and/or the migration of wild birds. Molecular analyses showed H9 AIVs have major markers associated with adaptation to mammals; though during the study period the only human AIV cases were the result of HP H5N1. Molecular markers of resistance to adamantine antivirals was observed in 3% of H5 and 41% of H9 AIVs; however, both subtypes remain susceptible to first line antiviral treatment, neuraminidase inhibitors. The data presented in this thesis demonstrates that circulation of Cambodian AIVs represents a risk for the emergence of novel viruses. Interventions are urgently needed to mitigate the threat posed to poultry and humans.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
The nature of professional small business advisor knowledge and the knowledge transmission process : A regional Australian perspective
- Authors: Labas, Alan
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: This thesis specifically examines the relationship between professional business advisor (PBA) knowledge and the knowledge transmission actions undertaken by such advisors when addressing the knowledge requirements of businesses, specifically Regional Australian small businesses. The thesis adopts a qualitative research approach to explore perceptions of individuals who provide advisory services to small businesses, within the context of Regional Australia. The analysis undertaken is a practical application of the critical realist research paradigm to explain how human agency, social structures, and mechanisms interact in the process of creating a knowledge transmission event by PBAs. The conceptual framework developed in this thesis brings together key concepts from scholarly research disciplines of knowledge management, information management, communications, services marketing and business advice. The conceptual framework reflects the research aims and provides the basis for the research methodology. The framework is of a unique critical realist research design that allows the study to progress through sequential world views. Each world view allows the continual broadening of the reality being studied, enabling more focused answers to the research questions posed. This study focuses on PBAs who service small businesses operating in four inner regional and two outer regional locations within the State of Victoria. Over the six regions, a total of 29 face-to-face interviews were conducted, along with one focus group in each region. The findings from this database, using the conceptual framework as a guide, identified a complex, heterogeneous, open environment in which PBA knowledge transmission occurs. This research process recognises PBAs as social structures with causal powers whose knowledge stock is the primary mechanism through which these powers are exercised to generate a knowledge transmission event. A significant conclusion emerges that PBA tacit (and not explicit) knowledge is a conditional mechanism which gate-keeps whether the PBA knowledge transmission event is enacted.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Labas, Alan
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: This thesis specifically examines the relationship between professional business advisor (PBA) knowledge and the knowledge transmission actions undertaken by such advisors when addressing the knowledge requirements of businesses, specifically Regional Australian small businesses. The thesis adopts a qualitative research approach to explore perceptions of individuals who provide advisory services to small businesses, within the context of Regional Australia. The analysis undertaken is a practical application of the critical realist research paradigm to explain how human agency, social structures, and mechanisms interact in the process of creating a knowledge transmission event by PBAs. The conceptual framework developed in this thesis brings together key concepts from scholarly research disciplines of knowledge management, information management, communications, services marketing and business advice. The conceptual framework reflects the research aims and provides the basis for the research methodology. The framework is of a unique critical realist research design that allows the study to progress through sequential world views. Each world view allows the continual broadening of the reality being studied, enabling more focused answers to the research questions posed. This study focuses on PBAs who service small businesses operating in four inner regional and two outer regional locations within the State of Victoria. Over the six regions, a total of 29 face-to-face interviews were conducted, along with one focus group in each region. The findings from this database, using the conceptual framework as a guide, identified a complex, heterogeneous, open environment in which PBA knowledge transmission occurs. This research process recognises PBAs as social structures with causal powers whose knowledge stock is the primary mechanism through which these powers are exercised to generate a knowledge transmission event. A significant conclusion emerges that PBA tacit (and not explicit) knowledge is a conditional mechanism which gate-keeps whether the PBA knowledge transmission event is enacted.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
The relationship between business incubator services and the psychological capital of tenants
- Authors: Ollerenshaw, Alison
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Business incubators (BI) provide a supportive environment for new tenant businesses to grow to independence. Incubators offer characteristic services including (a) space, physical resources, and infrastructure; (b) business support services, (c) networking; and, (d) structured selection, entry, and exit. Despite the global growth in incubator facilities, complemented by extensive research, knowledge gaps remain. Little research has examined the relationship between the characteristic services at incubators and tenants’ psychological capital; a higher-order construct representing an individual’s positive psychological state of development that includes hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism. Preliminary examination of the characteristic services at business incubators show analogies with interventions for developing psychological capital. Two research studies were designed to examine these relationships. In the first study, survey (n = 30) and interview data (n = 12) were collected from incubator tenants to examine the existence of a relationship between the four characteristic services at business incubators and tenants’ psychological capital, their hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism. The survey data confirmed the existence of a relationship between three incubator services – space, physical resources, and infrastructure, business support services, and networking – and tenants’ psychological capital. Tenants’ narrative experiences confirmed that these same three incubator services support tenants’ hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism. This finding implies that the three incubator services contribute to, and augment tenants’ positive psychological states, which is then manifest in their positive behaviours and attitudes towards their business. To further elucidate these relationships a second study was conducted. Data from surveys (n = 75) and interviews (n = 28) with incubators managers also confirmed that space, physical resources, and infrastructure, business support services, and networking were analogous with methods that support tenants’ hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism. These findings infer that incubator managers are not only instrumental in delivering these three characteristic services at incubators but are integral in optimising these services to benefit tenants’ hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism. This current research provides robust evidence that three characteristic services at incubators are associated with tenants’ psychological capital, hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism. These research findings are novel, and the implications for the incubator industry wide-ranging, with evidence indicating that the three characteristic services at incubators are analogous with interventions that support tenants’ psychological capital, and that incubator staff are integral to the delivery of these characteristic services. New directions for the incubator industry are proposed that include establishing a consistent approach to delivering the characteristic services at incubators that support incubator tenants’ businesses, and their positive psychological development.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Ollerenshaw, Alison
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Business incubators (BI) provide a supportive environment for new tenant businesses to grow to independence. Incubators offer characteristic services including (a) space, physical resources, and infrastructure; (b) business support services, (c) networking; and, (d) structured selection, entry, and exit. Despite the global growth in incubator facilities, complemented by extensive research, knowledge gaps remain. Little research has examined the relationship between the characteristic services at incubators and tenants’ psychological capital; a higher-order construct representing an individual’s positive psychological state of development that includes hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism. Preliminary examination of the characteristic services at business incubators show analogies with interventions for developing psychological capital. Two research studies were designed to examine these relationships. In the first study, survey (n = 30) and interview data (n = 12) were collected from incubator tenants to examine the existence of a relationship between the four characteristic services at business incubators and tenants’ psychological capital, their hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism. The survey data confirmed the existence of a relationship between three incubator services – space, physical resources, and infrastructure, business support services, and networking – and tenants’ psychological capital. Tenants’ narrative experiences confirmed that these same three incubator services support tenants’ hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism. This finding implies that the three incubator services contribute to, and augment tenants’ positive psychological states, which is then manifest in their positive behaviours and attitudes towards their business. To further elucidate these relationships a second study was conducted. Data from surveys (n = 75) and interviews (n = 28) with incubators managers also confirmed that space, physical resources, and infrastructure, business support services, and networking were analogous with methods that support tenants’ hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism. These findings infer that incubator managers are not only instrumental in delivering these three characteristic services at incubators but are integral in optimising these services to benefit tenants’ hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism. This current research provides robust evidence that three characteristic services at incubators are associated with tenants’ psychological capital, hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism. These research findings are novel, and the implications for the incubator industry wide-ranging, with evidence indicating that the three characteristic services at incubators are analogous with interventions that support tenants’ psychological capital, and that incubator staff are integral to the delivery of these characteristic services. New directions for the incubator industry are proposed that include establishing a consistent approach to delivering the characteristic services at incubators that support incubator tenants’ businesses, and their positive psychological development.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
The role of Zn2+ in insulin signalling and muscle atrophy
- Authors: Maier, Michelle
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Zn2+ is a broadly utilised ion in biology that has important catalytic, structural and regulatory roles within the cell. Zn2+ distribution in cells is maintained by zinc transporters, Zips and ZnTs, and disruptions in levels of Zn2+ have been associated with insulin resistance and muscle atrophy disorders. Zn2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) interact through inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases and ROS-mediated oxidation of the metal-binding metallothioneins (Mts) causing release of bound Zn2+, however the precise mechanisms are unclear. In the first study of this thesis addition of inhibitors of ROS-generating enzymes, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) showed that only SOD1 inhibition increased short-term insulin-mediated Zn2+ release and increased the expression of Mt1 and 2. These results may suggest that ROS, in particular O2- accumulation through inhibition of SOD1, plays a role in insulin-mediated Zn2+ release. Inhibiting SOD1 prevents the conversion of O2- to H2O2 causing an accumulation of O2- in the cell which oxidises Mts to release Zn2+, thereby increasing Zn2+ levels within the cell. Manipulation of the expression of the zinc transporter Zip-7 has previously been shown to modulate cell signalling and glucose metabolism in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, warranting further investigation into the role of Zn2+ within insulin signalling. Reducing Zip-7 expression when NOX1 was inhibited caused a decrease in Mt2 expression in response to insulin suggesting an interaction between insulin, Zip-7 and NOX1 activity but this requires further investigation. Skeletal muscle atrophy is a clinical symptom of insulin resistance and diabetes. Muscle atrophy is associated with increases in circulating glucocorticoid levels and accumulation of Zn2+ in muscle. This study investigates if Zn2+ homeostasis is disrupted in glucocorticoid-induced atrophy using C2C12 skeletal muscle cells treated with Dexamethasone (DEX) and iv insulin. Results demonstrate DEX-induced atrophy significantly increased the gene expression of the Mt1&2 and decreased glycogen accumulation when treated with insulin. Both confocal microscopy and flow cytometry showed significant increases in free cellular Zn2+ after DEX treatment. Notably, free Zn2+ levels observed with confocal microscopy increased after insulin treatment in control cells but decreased in DEX treated cells. Total cellular Zn2+ was increased by DEX treatment. This demonstrates that DEX causes Zn2+ accumulation in muscle cells and disrupts both Zn2+ homeostasis through blocking insulin-induced Zn2+ release, and insulin-induced glycogen synthesis. This raised the question of whether the same effects of atrophy on Zn2+ homeostasis apply to other cell systems. To investigate this, we examined adipose cells given that these too are involved in insulin resistance and muscle atrophy disorders. In this study we found similar increases in mRNA abundance of Mt1 & 2. Confocal microscopy revealed that DEX treatment caused changes in the distribution of free Zn2+ within peri-nuclear and cytosolic regions of the cell upon stimulation with insulin. Furthermore, investigation into morphometric changes using Oil Red O staining and particle analysis through Coherent Anti-Stokes Ramen Spectrophotometry (CARS) microscopy showed changes in cell and lipid droplet size consistent with reduced lipid turnover in DEX treated cells. These results highlight a potential mechanistic role for Zn2+ in the development of atrophy in 3T3-L1 adipocytes where increased free Zn2+ and its redistribution in cells may inhibit lipid metabolism downstream of insulin signalling. These findings show that insulin-induced Zn2+ release is disrupted by glucocorticoids and this is associated with insulin resistance. Restoring control of Zn2+ homeostasis, possibly through controlling oxidation or manipulating Zn2+ levels directly, may prove beneficial in metabolic disease states such as diabetes.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Maier, Michelle
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: Zn2+ is a broadly utilised ion in biology that has important catalytic, structural and regulatory roles within the cell. Zn2+ distribution in cells is maintained by zinc transporters, Zips and ZnTs, and disruptions in levels of Zn2+ have been associated with insulin resistance and muscle atrophy disorders. Zn2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) interact through inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases and ROS-mediated oxidation of the metal-binding metallothioneins (Mts) causing release of bound Zn2+, however the precise mechanisms are unclear. In the first study of this thesis addition of inhibitors of ROS-generating enzymes, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) showed that only SOD1 inhibition increased short-term insulin-mediated Zn2+ release and increased the expression of Mt1 and 2. These results may suggest that ROS, in particular O2- accumulation through inhibition of SOD1, plays a role in insulin-mediated Zn2+ release. Inhibiting SOD1 prevents the conversion of O2- to H2O2 causing an accumulation of O2- in the cell which oxidises Mts to release Zn2+, thereby increasing Zn2+ levels within the cell. Manipulation of the expression of the zinc transporter Zip-7 has previously been shown to modulate cell signalling and glucose metabolism in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, warranting further investigation into the role of Zn2+ within insulin signalling. Reducing Zip-7 expression when NOX1 was inhibited caused a decrease in Mt2 expression in response to insulin suggesting an interaction between insulin, Zip-7 and NOX1 activity but this requires further investigation. Skeletal muscle atrophy is a clinical symptom of insulin resistance and diabetes. Muscle atrophy is associated with increases in circulating glucocorticoid levels and accumulation of Zn2+ in muscle. This study investigates if Zn2+ homeostasis is disrupted in glucocorticoid-induced atrophy using C2C12 skeletal muscle cells treated with Dexamethasone (DEX) and iv insulin. Results demonstrate DEX-induced atrophy significantly increased the gene expression of the Mt1&2 and decreased glycogen accumulation when treated with insulin. Both confocal microscopy and flow cytometry showed significant increases in free cellular Zn2+ after DEX treatment. Notably, free Zn2+ levels observed with confocal microscopy increased after insulin treatment in control cells but decreased in DEX treated cells. Total cellular Zn2+ was increased by DEX treatment. This demonstrates that DEX causes Zn2+ accumulation in muscle cells and disrupts both Zn2+ homeostasis through blocking insulin-induced Zn2+ release, and insulin-induced glycogen synthesis. This raised the question of whether the same effects of atrophy on Zn2+ homeostasis apply to other cell systems. To investigate this, we examined adipose cells given that these too are involved in insulin resistance and muscle atrophy disorders. In this study we found similar increases in mRNA abundance of Mt1 & 2. Confocal microscopy revealed that DEX treatment caused changes in the distribution of free Zn2+ within peri-nuclear and cytosolic regions of the cell upon stimulation with insulin. Furthermore, investigation into morphometric changes using Oil Red O staining and particle analysis through Coherent Anti-Stokes Ramen Spectrophotometry (CARS) microscopy showed changes in cell and lipid droplet size consistent with reduced lipid turnover in DEX treated cells. These results highlight a potential mechanistic role for Zn2+ in the development of atrophy in 3T3-L1 adipocytes where increased free Zn2+ and its redistribution in cells may inhibit lipid metabolism downstream of insulin signalling. These findings show that insulin-induced Zn2+ release is disrupted by glucocorticoids and this is associated with insulin resistance. Restoring control of Zn2+ homeostasis, possibly through controlling oxidation or manipulating Zn2+ levels directly, may prove beneficial in metabolic disease states such as diabetes.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
Three-dimensional numerical study on the batter instability mechanism of Maddingley Brown Coal Open Pit, Victoria, Australia using PLAXIS 3D
- Authors: Zhao, Lei
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: With the increased size of excavation due to long-term open cut mining, batter instability has become a major geo-hazard in Victorian Brown Coal Open Pits where facilitate some largest brown coal mining operations in the world. Block failure is a unique failure mode in Victorian brown coal mines, which is often associated with cracks and rainfall. Maddingley Brown Coal Mine (MBC) is located in Bacchus Marsh, Victoria, Australia. Slope instability has also been a major geo-problem since the open pit mining commenced in MBC in 1940s. Making clear the cracking mechanism and the correlations between rainfall and batter instability have important implications in better understanding and predicting batter failures in Victorian brown coal mines. In this research, three-dimensional geologic models were developed to investigate the mechanism of brown coal batter instability. The finite element program encoded in Plaxis 3D was employed to conduct the complex two-phase (fluid-solid) coupled numerical simulations. The results revealed the cracking mechanism of coal batter and the effects of rainfall on batter stability. It was found that the brown coal batter with overburden tends to lead a circular critical path while the batter after overburden removal shows a trend of block sliding as interpreted by the shear and tensile strains simulated. The existence of joints and the hydrostatic water pressure in the joints could adversely affect the stability of brown coal batter towards block failure. Precipitation can increase the deformation, excess pore pressure, total pore pressure, active pressure and decrease the matric suction, and thereby decrease the shear strength, effective stress, and batter stability. The results from the three-dimensional hydro-mechanically coupled finite element study were well agreed with the field monitored data, theoretical calculations, and Victorian brown coal mining experience.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Zhao, Lei
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: With the increased size of excavation due to long-term open cut mining, batter instability has become a major geo-hazard in Victorian Brown Coal Open Pits where facilitate some largest brown coal mining operations in the world. Block failure is a unique failure mode in Victorian brown coal mines, which is often associated with cracks and rainfall. Maddingley Brown Coal Mine (MBC) is located in Bacchus Marsh, Victoria, Australia. Slope instability has also been a major geo-problem since the open pit mining commenced in MBC in 1940s. Making clear the cracking mechanism and the correlations between rainfall and batter instability have important implications in better understanding and predicting batter failures in Victorian brown coal mines. In this research, three-dimensional geologic models were developed to investigate the mechanism of brown coal batter instability. The finite element program encoded in Plaxis 3D was employed to conduct the complex two-phase (fluid-solid) coupled numerical simulations. The results revealed the cracking mechanism of coal batter and the effects of rainfall on batter stability. It was found that the brown coal batter with overburden tends to lead a circular critical path while the batter after overburden removal shows a trend of block sliding as interpreted by the shear and tensile strains simulated. The existence of joints and the hydrostatic water pressure in the joints could adversely affect the stability of brown coal batter towards block failure. Precipitation can increase the deformation, excess pore pressure, total pore pressure, active pressure and decrease the matric suction, and thereby decrease the shear strength, effective stress, and batter stability. The results from the three-dimensional hydro-mechanically coupled finite element study were well agreed with the field monitored data, theoretical calculations, and Victorian brown coal mining experience.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
Time experience and judgement in depression : A theory of isomorphic general relativity (TIGR)
- Authors: Kent, Lachlan
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: This thesis presents studies assessing aspects of time experience and judgement in depression. It focuses on a phenomenon called time dilation, which is the perception of slow temporal flow in conscious experience. This thesis by publication explains a novel theory of time dilation in depression, called the Theory of Isomorphic General Relativity (TIGR), and elaborates this theory to propose a general framework for consciousness and cognition according to timescale. The final outcome is a dual-pronged theory of time consciousness and the experience of time dilation in depression that has the same form as Einstein’s (1920) general theory of relativity. The thesis begins with a published paper called “Duration perception versus perception duration: A proposed model for the consciously experienced moment” (Kent, 2019). This paper defines temporal flow in conscious experience in terms of an interval of time perception known as the ‘experienced moment’ (Wittmann, 2011). In this paper, I reviewed evidence for a view of time dilation in depression that is distinct from either immediate sensory integration or working memory (WM) activity. The thesis continues with a second published paper called “Time dilation and acceleration in depression” (Kent, Van Doorn, & Klein, 2019) that reviews the literature specific to time perception in depression, and meta-analytically tests the preceding definition of time dilation within the experienced moment. This paper also details the experimental methodology used and proposes the TIGR as a descriptive and explanatory theory of time perception. xx The third published paper, “Bayes, time perception, and relativity: The central role of hopelessness” (Kent, Van Doorn, Hohwy, & Klein, 2019), formulates and tests the TIGR in a time perception experiment using the methodology outlined in the second paper. The time judgement and experience data of 64 participants, with and without sub-clinical symptoms of depression, were analysed using a statistical version of a Bayesian prediction error minimisation framework called ‘distrusting the present’ (Hohwy, Paton, & Palmer, 2016). The results showed that hopelessness was associated with slower time experience, while arousal was associated with faster time experience. The paper also supported the use of a relative difference equation to model these effects. This relative difference equation has the same general form as a basic general relativity equation used to calculate time dilation due to gravity, called the Schwarzschild metric (Schwarzschild, 1916). The fourth paper, “Time perception in depression: A perceived delay cues feelings of hopelessness” (Kent, Van Doorn, Hohwy, & Klein, under review), is under review by the journal Acta Psychologica. It looks more closely at the experimental effect reported in the third paper to explore the clinical implications of an increase in hopelessness caused by a brief time production task. The analysis showed that a particular sub-factor of the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) called ‘feelings of hopelessness’ was more affected than other facets of hopelessness (Beck, Weissman, Lester, & Trexler, 1974). The fifth paper, “Systema temporis: A time-based dimensional framework for consciousness and cognition” (Kent, Van Doorn, & Klein, under review), is currently under review by the journal Consciousness and Cognition. In this paper, we extend elements of the TIGR related to consciousness in the first four papers xxi to argue that time consciousness can be used to systematise aspects of consciousness and cognition. The paper proposes a hierarchical framework that reflects the commonly-conceived structure of memory, intelligence, and emotional intelligence. This framework integrates aspects of consciousness including experience, wakefulness, and self-consciousness. The final paper, submitted to the journal Personality and Social Psychology Review and entitled “Systema psyches: A time-based framework for consciousness, cognition and related psychological and social theories” (Kent, Van Doorn, & Klein, submitted) extends the ‘Systema Temporis’ paper to incorporate extended timeframes and theories of social cognition including personality, cognitive and moral development, and personal values. The analysis suggests that time consciousness is also a facet of collective experience and so, in framing the closing discussion around time dilation in depression, the thesis concludes that the TIGR extends beyond the narrow domain of individual psychopathology to incorporate timescales of collective memory and human evolution.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy
- Authors: Kent, Lachlan
- Date: 2019
- Type: Text , Thesis , PhD
- Full Text:
- Description: This thesis presents studies assessing aspects of time experience and judgement in depression. It focuses on a phenomenon called time dilation, which is the perception of slow temporal flow in conscious experience. This thesis by publication explains a novel theory of time dilation in depression, called the Theory of Isomorphic General Relativity (TIGR), and elaborates this theory to propose a general framework for consciousness and cognition according to timescale. The final outcome is a dual-pronged theory of time consciousness and the experience of time dilation in depression that has the same form as Einstein’s (1920) general theory of relativity. The thesis begins with a published paper called “Duration perception versus perception duration: A proposed model for the consciously experienced moment” (Kent, 2019). This paper defines temporal flow in conscious experience in terms of an interval of time perception known as the ‘experienced moment’ (Wittmann, 2011). In this paper, I reviewed evidence for a view of time dilation in depression that is distinct from either immediate sensory integration or working memory (WM) activity. The thesis continues with a second published paper called “Time dilation and acceleration in depression” (Kent, Van Doorn, & Klein, 2019) that reviews the literature specific to time perception in depression, and meta-analytically tests the preceding definition of time dilation within the experienced moment. This paper also details the experimental methodology used and proposes the TIGR as a descriptive and explanatory theory of time perception. xx The third published paper, “Bayes, time perception, and relativity: The central role of hopelessness” (Kent, Van Doorn, Hohwy, & Klein, 2019), formulates and tests the TIGR in a time perception experiment using the methodology outlined in the second paper. The time judgement and experience data of 64 participants, with and without sub-clinical symptoms of depression, were analysed using a statistical version of a Bayesian prediction error minimisation framework called ‘distrusting the present’ (Hohwy, Paton, & Palmer, 2016). The results showed that hopelessness was associated with slower time experience, while arousal was associated with faster time experience. The paper also supported the use of a relative difference equation to model these effects. This relative difference equation has the same general form as a basic general relativity equation used to calculate time dilation due to gravity, called the Schwarzschild metric (Schwarzschild, 1916). The fourth paper, “Time perception in depression: A perceived delay cues feelings of hopelessness” (Kent, Van Doorn, Hohwy, & Klein, under review), is under review by the journal Acta Psychologica. It looks more closely at the experimental effect reported in the third paper to explore the clinical implications of an increase in hopelessness caused by a brief time production task. The analysis showed that a particular sub-factor of the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) called ‘feelings of hopelessness’ was more affected than other facets of hopelessness (Beck, Weissman, Lester, & Trexler, 1974). The fifth paper, “Systema temporis: A time-based dimensional framework for consciousness and cognition” (Kent, Van Doorn, & Klein, under review), is currently under review by the journal Consciousness and Cognition. In this paper, we extend elements of the TIGR related to consciousness in the first four papers xxi to argue that time consciousness can be used to systematise aspects of consciousness and cognition. The paper proposes a hierarchical framework that reflects the commonly-conceived structure of memory, intelligence, and emotional intelligence. This framework integrates aspects of consciousness including experience, wakefulness, and self-consciousness. The final paper, submitted to the journal Personality and Social Psychology Review and entitled “Systema psyches: A time-based framework for consciousness, cognition and related psychological and social theories” (Kent, Van Doorn, & Klein, submitted) extends the ‘Systema Temporis’ paper to incorporate extended timeframes and theories of social cognition including personality, cognitive and moral development, and personal values. The analysis suggests that time consciousness is also a facet of collective experience and so, in framing the closing discussion around time dilation in depression, the thesis concludes that the TIGR extends beyond the narrow domain of individual psychopathology to incorporate timescales of collective memory and human evolution.
- Description: Doctor of Philosophy