Showing items 1 - 20 of 55

A high burden of asymptomatic gastrointestinal infections in traditional communities in Papua New Guinea

- Horwood, Paul, Soli, Kevin, Maure, Tobias, Naito, Yuichi, Morita, Ayako, Natsuhara, Kazumi, Tadokoro, Kiyoshi, Baba, Jun, Odani, Shingo, Tomitsuka, Eriko, Igai, Katsura, Larkins, Jo-Ann, Siba, Peter, Pomat, William, McBryde, Emma, Umezaki, Masahiro, Greenhill, Andrew

A large outbreak of shigellosis commencing in an internally displaced population, Papua New Guinea, 2013

- Benny, Edwin, Mesere, Kelly, Pavlin, Boris, Yakam, Logan, Ford, Rebecca, Yoannes, Mition, Kisa, Debbie, Abdad, Mohammad, Menda, Lincoln, Greenhill, Andrew, Horwood, Paul

  • Authors: Benny, Edwin , Mesere, Kelly , Pavlin, Boris , Yakam, Logan , Ford, Rebecca , Yoannes, Mition , Kisa, Debbie , Abdad, Mohammad , Menda, Lincoln , Greenhill, Andrew , Horwood, Paul
  • Date: 2014
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Western Pacific surveillance and response journal : WPSAR Vol. 5, no. 3 (2014), p. 18-21
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  • Description: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate a large outbreak of shigellosis in Papua New Guinea that began in a camp for internally displaced persons before spreading throughout the general community. METHODS: Outbreak mitigation strategies were implemented in the affected area to curtail the spread of the disease. Data were collected from the surveillance system and analysed by time, place and person. Rectal swab samples were tested by standard culture methods and real-time polymerase chain reaction to determine the etiology of the outbreak. RESULTS: Laboratory analysis at two independent institutions established that the outbreak was caused by Shigella sp., with one strain further characterized as Shigella flexneri serotype 2. Approximately 1200 suspected cases of shigellosis were reported in a two-month period from two townships in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. The outbreak resulted in at least five deaths, all in young children. DISCUSSION: This outbreak of shigellosis highlights the threat of enteric diseases to vulnerable populations such as internally displaced persons in Papua New Guinea, as has been observed in other global settings.

Addressing food insecurity in Papua New Guinea through food safety and sago cropping

- Pue, Aisak, Fletcher, Mary, Blaney, Barry, Greenhill, Andrew, Warner, Jeffrey, Latifa, Atagazli, Ng, Jack

  • Authors: Pue, Aisak , Fletcher, Mary , Blaney, Barry , Greenhill, Andrew , Warner, Jeffrey , Latifa, Atagazli , Ng, Jack
  • Date: 2018
  • Type: Text , Book chapter
  • Relation: Sago Palm: Multiple Contributions to Food Security and Sustainable Livelihoods 9 p. 123-137
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  • Description: Papua New Guinea (PNG) is known to have a large resource base of sago with over 1 million ha, as well as a high number of germplasm types of the Metroxylon species. The country’s food security status is very low and is primarily dependent on subsistence fresh garden produce as practiced by 85% of the population who are rural dwellers. Postharvest losses can be as high as 40% with little to no postharvest technology nor processing of foods done. Sago provides well for food security and sustains life in rural communities during disasters such as droughts, floods, and cyclones. The dilemma of sago being an underutilized crop in PNG is exacerbated by the introduction of new food crops, cash crops, and limited accessibility to cash to purchase other foods. Over the last 50 years, sago consumption has diminished as one of the major traditional food staples, from 16% to less than 10%. Neglect of sago is further due to food safety concerns about traditionally processed sago, in particular, the risk from sago hemolytic disease (SHD). For over 30 years, SHD has been a food safety issue since it was first reported in 1973. Investigations on SHD highlight the serious need to improve on the hygiene and sanitation of the traditional postharvest processing and storage methods of sago starch in PNG. A set of hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) protocols has been developed for traditional processing of sago as a food safety measure to improve food safety for food security. While commercial cultivation is nonexistent, there is increased planting of the larger hapaxanthic, non-soboliferous sago species, Metroxylon salomonense Becc., in some nontraditional sago-consuming areas as a low-cost raw material source for roof thatching and other building materials. It is however a wasted opportunity for food security in these areas as the starch from the palm is not utilized. Current work in these areas promotes sago as a potential food source that can be harvested or processed into flour. This is to improve the food security status in areas of high population density, like island communities where land is scarce.

Antibiotic resistant Shigella is a major cause of diarrhoea in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea

- Greenhill, Andrew, Guwada, Carlton, Siba, Valentine, Michael, Audrey, Yoannes, Mution, Wawarie, Yolandah, Ford, Rebecca, Siba, Peter, Horwood, Paul

  • Authors: Greenhill, Andrew , Guwada, Carlton , Siba, Valentine , Michael, Audrey , Yoannes, Mution , Wawarie, Yolandah , Ford, Rebecca , Siba, Peter , Horwood, Paul
  • Date: 2014
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Journal of Infection in Developing Countries Vol. 8, no. 11 (2014), p. 1391-1397
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  • Description: Introduction: Diarrhoea remains a major cause of illness in Papua New Guinea (PNG); however, little is known about its aetiology. As a result of the cholera outbreak that spread throughout PNG in 2009-2011, we conducted diarrhoeal surveillance in Eastern Highlands Province. Methodology: Following informed consent and a brief questionnaire, participants provided a stool sample or duplicate rectal swabs. Samples were tested for common bacterial pathogens Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Vibrio spp., Campylobacter spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica using established culture methods. Enteric parasites were detected using microscopy. Results: A total of 216 participants were enrolled; where age was recorded, 42% were under 5 years of age, 6.7% were 5 to 17 years of age and 51.3% ≥18 years of age. One or more pathogens were detected in 68 (31.5%) participants, with Shigella (primarily S. flexneri) being the most commonly isolated (47 of 216 participants). Enteric parasites were detected in 23 of the 216 participants, occurring as a co-infection with another pathogen in 12 of 23 cases. No Vibrio cholerae was detected. Shigella isolates were commonly resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, co-trimoxazole and chloramphenicol. Conclusions: Shigellae, specifically S. flexneri, are important pathogens in the highlands of PNG. While most studies in low-income settings focus on childhood aetiology, we have demonstrated the importance of Shigella in both children and adults. Enteric parasites remain present and presumably contribute to the burden of gastrointestinal illness. While improvements in sanitation and hygiene would help lower the burden of all aetiologies of infectious diarrhoea, additional control strategies targeting Shigella may also be warranted. © 2014 Greenhill et al.

Antimicrobial sensitivity trends and virulence genes in Shigella spp. from the Oceania region

- Malau, Elisheba, Ford, Rebecca, Valcanis, Mary, Jennison, Amy, Mosse, Jenny, Bean, David, Yoannes, Mition, Pomat, William, Horwood, Paul, Greenhill, Andrew

  • Authors: Malau, Elisheba , Ford, Rebecca , Valcanis, Mary , Jennison, Amy , Mosse, Jenny , Bean, David , Yoannes, Mition , Pomat, William , Horwood, Paul , Greenhill, Andrew
  • Date: 2018
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Infection, Genetics and Evolution Vol. 64, no. (2018), p. 52-56
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  • Description: Shigella is a common cause of diarrhoea in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and other Oceania countries. However, little is known about the strains causing infection. Archived Shigella isolates (n = 72) were obtained from research laboratories in PNG and reference laboratories in Australia. Shigella virulence genes were detected by PCR, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion. The ipaH virulence gene was present in all 72 isolates. The prevalence of other virulence genes was variable, with ial, invE, ipaBCD, sen/ospD3 and virF present in 60% of isolates and set1A and set1B genes present in 42% of isolates. Most S. flexneri isolates contained genes encoding enterotoxin 1 and/or enterotoxin 2. Resistance to antibiotics was common, with 51/72 isolates resistant to 2–4 antimicrobials. A greater proportion of bacteria isolated since 2010 (relative to pre-2010 isolates) were resistant to commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; suggesting that antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Shigella is increasing over time in the Oceania region. There is a need for improved knowledge regarding Shigella circulation in the Oceania region and further monitoring of AMR patterns. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.

Association of protein intakes and variation of diet-scalp hair nitrogen isotopic discrimination factor in Papua New Guinea highlanders

- Naito, Yuichi, Morita, Ayako, Natsuhara, Kazumi, Tadokoro, Kiyoshi, Baba, Jun, Odani, Shingo, Tomitsuka, Eriko, Igai, Katsura, Tsutaya, Takumi, Yoneda, Minoru, Greenhill, Andrew, Horwood, Paul, Soli, Kevin, Phuanukoonnon, Suparat, Siba, Peter, Umezaki, Masahiro

  • Authors: Naito, Yuichi , Morita, Ayako , Natsuhara, Kazumi , Tadokoro, Kiyoshi , Baba, Jun , Odani, Shingo , Tomitsuka, Eriko , Igai, Katsura , Tsutaya, Takumi , Yoneda, Minoru , Greenhill, Andrew , Horwood, Paul , Soli, Kevin , Phuanukoonnon, Suparat , Siba, Peter , Umezaki, Masahiro
  • Date: 2015
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: American Journal of Physical Anthropology Vol. 158, no. 3 (2015), p. 359-370
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  • Description: Objectives: We present new nitrogen isotopic discrimination factor between diets and scalp hairs (Δ15NHair-Diet: δ15NHair - δ15NDiet) for indigenous residents in three communities in the Papua New Guinea Highlands who consumed various amounts and qualities of protein. The Δ15N is important for precise evaluation of the dietary habits of human populations; in both contemporary and traditional lifestyles. Several hypotheses have been proposed regarding factors that affect Δ15N values, based largely on observations from animal feeding experiments. However, variations and factors controlling Δ15N in humans are not well understood, mainly due to the difficulty of controlling the diets of participants. Materials and Methods: These residents were studied because they have maintained relatively traditional dietary habits, which allow quantitative recording of diets. Δ15N was estimated by comparing hair δ15N values to mean dietary δ15N values calculated from the recorded intake of each food item and their δ15N values. Results: The results showed that: i) there was a significant difference in Δ15N among study locations (3.9±0.9‰ for most urbanized, 5.2±1.0‰ for medium and 5.0±0.9‰ for least urbanized communities; range=1.2-7.3‰ for all participants); and ii) estimated Δ15N values were negatively correlated with several indicators of animal protein intake (% nitrogen in diet: range=0.9-7.6%). Discussion: We hypothesize that a combination of several factors, which presumably included urea recycling and amino acid and protein recycling and/or de novo synthesis during metabolic processes, altered the Δ15N values of the participants. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:359-370, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Bloodstream infections caused by resistant bacteria in surgical patients admitted to Modilon Hospital, Madang

- Asa, Henao, Laman, Moses, Greenhill, Andrew, Siba, Peter, Davis, Timothy, Maihua, John, Manning, Laurens

  • Authors: Asa, Henao , Laman, Moses , Greenhill, Andrew , Siba, Peter , Davis, Timothy , Maihua, John , Manning, Laurens
  • Date: 2012
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Papua and New Guinea Medical Journal Vol. 55, no. 1-4 (2012), p. 5-11
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  • Description: In view of the dearth of information relating to antibiotic resistance in community- and hospital-acquired bacterial infections in Papua New Guinea (PNG), we carried out a prospective, hospital-based observational study of surgical patients between October 2008 and October 2009. In a sample of 115 patients (median age 30 years; 55% males) suspected of having a bloodstream infection, blood cultures were positive in 11 (10%) and a significant pathogen was isolated in 9 (8%). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 4 patients (44%) and 3 were methicillin resistant; all these isolates were considered community acquired because cultures were performed within 48 hours of admission. Of the remaining 5 isolates, 4 were Gram-negative organisms with at least intermediate resistance to chloramphenicol that were grown from blood taken > 48 hours post-admission and thus considered nosocomially acquired. These data suggest two distinct patterns of bacterial infection in PNG surgical inpatients that have implications for national antibiotic prescription guidelines.

Causes of morbidity and mortality of wild aquatic birds at billabong sanctuary, Townsville, North Queensland, Australia

- Hoque, Md Ahasanul, Burgess, Graham, Greenhill, Andrew, Hedlefs, Robert, Skerratt, Lee

  • Authors: Hoque, Md Ahasanul , Burgess, Graham , Greenhill, Andrew , Hedlefs, Robert , Skerratt, Lee
  • Date: 2012
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Avian Diseases Vol. 56, no. 1 (2012), p. 249-256
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  • Description: Infectious diseases are common causes of significant morbidity and mortality events of wild aquatic birds (WABs) worldwide. Reports of Australian events are infrequent. A 3-yr passive surveillance program investigating the common causes of morbidity and mortality of WABs was conducted at Billabong Sanctuary near Townsville, North Queensland, from April 2007 to March 2010. Forty-two carcasses were obtained and evaluated by clinico-pathologic, histologic, bacteriologic, and virologic (molecular) examinations. Morbidity and mortality were sporadic and more commonly observed in chicks and juvenile birds in April than other months of the year. Morbid birds were frequently unable to walk. Hemorrhagic lesions and infiltration of lymphocytes in various organs were the most common findings in dead birds. Identified bacterial diseases that could cause bird mortality were colibacillosis, pasteurellosis, and salmonellosis. Salmonella serotypes Virchow and Hvittingfoss were isolated from an Australian white ibis (Threskiornis molucca) chick and two juvenile plumed whistling ducks (Dendrocygna eytoni) in April 2007. These strains have been previously isolated from humans in North Queensland. A multiplex real time reverse transcriptasePCR (rRT-PCR) detected Newcastle disease viral RNA (class 2 type) in one adult Australian pelican (Pelecanus conspicillatus) and a juvenile plumed whistling duck. No avian influenza viral RNA was detected from any sampled birds by the rRT-PCR for avian influenza. This study identified the public health importance of Salmonella in WABs but did not detect the introduction of the high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N1 virus in the population. A successful network was established between the property owner and the James Cook University research team through which dead birds, with accompanying information, were readily obtained for analysis. There is an opportunity for establishing a long-term passive disease surveillance program for WABs in North Queensland, an important region in Australian biosecurity, thus potentially significantly benefitting public health in the region and the country. © 2012 American Association of Avian Pathologists.

Characterization of the gut microbiota of Papua New Guineans using reverse transcription quantitative PCR

- Greenhill, Andrew, Tsuji, Hirokazu, Ogata, Kiyohito, Natsuhara, Kazumi, Morita, Ayako, Soli, Kevin, Larkins, Jo-Ann, Tadokoro, Kiyoshi, Odani, Shingo, Baba, Jun, Naito, Yuichi, Tomitsuka, Eriko, Nomoto, Kriko, Siba, Peter, Horwood, Paul, Umezaki, Masahiro

  • Authors: Greenhill, Andrew , Tsuji, Hirokazu , Ogata, Kiyohito , Natsuhara, Kazumi , Morita, Ayako , Soli, Kevin , Larkins, Jo-Ann , Tadokoro, Kiyoshi , Odani, Shingo , Baba, Jun , Naito, Yuichi , Tomitsuka, Eriko , Nomoto, Kriko , Siba, Peter , Horwood, Paul , Umezaki, Masahiro
  • Date: 2015
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: PLoS ONE Vol. 10, no. 2 (2015), p. 1-15
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  • Description: There has been considerable interest in composition of gut microbiota in recent years, leading to a better understanding of the role the gut microbiota plays in health and disease. Most studies have been limited in their geographical and socioeconomic diversity to high-income settings, and have been conducted using small sample sizes. To date, few analyses have been conducted in low-income settings, where a better understanding of the gut microbiome could lead to the greatest return in terms of health benefits. Here, we have used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction targeting dominant and sub-dominant groups of microorganisms associated with human gut microbiome in 115 people living a subsistence lifestyle in rural areas of Papua New Guinea. Quantification of Clostridium coccoides group, C. leptum subgroup, C. perfringens, Bacteroides fragilis group, Bifidobacterium, Atopobium cluster, Prevotella, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, and Lactobacillus spp. was conducted. Principle coordinates analysis (PCoA) revealed two dimensions with Prevotella, clostridia, Atopobium, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus and Staphylococcus grouping in one dimension, while B. fragilis, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus grouping in the second dimension. Highland people had higher numbers of most groups of bacteria detected, and this is likely a key factor for the differences revealed by PCoA between highland and lowland study participants. Age and sex were not major determinants in microbial population composition. The study demonstrates a gut microbial composition with some similarities to those observed in other low-income settings where traditional diets are consumed, which have previously been suggested to favor energy extraction from a carbohydrate rich diet. © 2015 PLOS ONE.

Childhood pneumonia and meningitis in the Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea in the era of conjugate vaccines: study methods and challenges

- Blyth, Christopher, Ford, Rebecca, Sapura, Joycelyn, Kumani, Tonny, Masiria, Geraldine, Kave, John, Yuasi, Lapule, Greenhill, Andrew, Hwaihwanje, Ilomo, Lang, Amanda, Lehmann, Deborah, Pomat, William

  • Authors: Blyth, Christopher , Ford, Rebecca , Sapura, Joycelyn , Kumani, Tonny , Masiria, Geraldine , Kave, John , Yuasi, Lapule , Greenhill, Andrew , Hwaihwanje, Ilomo , Lang, Amanda , Lehmann, Deborah , Pomat, William
  • Date: 2017
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Pneumonia Vol. 9, no. 1 (2017/03/05 2017), p. 5
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  • Description: Background: Pneumonia and meningitis are common causes of severe childhood illness in Papua New Guinea (PNG). The etiology of both clinical conditions in PNG has not been recently assessed. Changes in lifestyle, provision and access to healthcare, antimicrobial utilization and resistance, and the national childhood vaccination schedule necessitate reassessment. Methods: A prospective case-control study was undertaken, enrolling children <5 years of age to determine the contemporary etiology of clinically defined moderate or severe pneumonia or suspected meningitis. Cases were identified following presentation for inpatient or outpatient care in Goroka town, the major population centre in the Eastern Highlands Province. Following enrolment, routine diagnostic specimens including blood, nasopharyngeal swabs, urine and (if required) cerebrospinal fluid, were obtained. Cases residing within one hour’s drive of Goroka were followed up, and recruitment of healthy contemporaneous controls was undertaken in the cases’ communities. Results: 998 cases and 978 controls were enrolled over 3 years. This included 784 cases (78.6%) with moderate pneumonia, 187 (18.7%) with severe pneumonia and 75 (7.5%) with suspected meningitis, of whom 48 (4.8%) had concurrent pneumonia. The median age of cases was 7.8 months (Interquartile range [IQR] 3.9–14.3), significantly lower than community controls, which was 20.8 months (IQR 8.2–36.4). Half the cases were admitted to hospital (500/998; 50.1%). Recruitment of cases and controls and successful collection of diagnostic specimens improved throughout the study, with blood volume increasing and rates of blood culture contamination decreasing. The overall case fatality rate was 18/998 (1.8%). Of cases eligible for follow-up, outcome data was available from 76.7%. Low but increasing coverage of Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccines on the national schedule was observed during the study period: three dose DTPw-HepB-Hib coverage in children >3 months increased from 14.9 to 43.0% and 29.0 to 47.7% in cases and controls (both p < 0.001). Despite inclusion in the national immunization program in 2014, 2015 PCV13 three-dose coverage in cases and controls >3 months was only 4.0 and 6.5%. Conclusions: Recruitment of large numbers of pediatric pneumonia and meningitis cases and community controls in a third-world setting presents unique challenges. Successful enrolment of 998 cases and 978 controls with comprehensive clinical data, biological specimens and follow up was achieved. Increased vaccine coverage remains an ongoing health priority.

Cholera in Oceania

- Horwood, Paul, Greenhill, Andrew

  • Authors: Horwood, Paul , Greenhill, Andrew
  • Date: 2016
  • Type: Text , Book chapter
  • Relation: Neglected Tropical Diseases - Oceania Chapter 1 p. 1-31
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  • Description: For approximately 200 years, cholera has been feared globally as a disease that can cause rapid-onset epidemics. The causative organisms, Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups, are endemic to Southern Asia, but appear to spread globally in waves resulting in seven recognised pandemics to date. The current seventh pandemic has seen the introduction of V. cholerae O1 El Tor into the Oceania region. Since 1962 there have been five large outbreaks at a frequency of approximately one per decade. There have also been regular small outbreaks and clusters of disease throughout the region during the seventh pandemic. The most recent outbreak of cholera in the region occurred in Papua New Guinea in 2009–2011, and this was the largest outbreak to occur in the region to date. In Oceania the majority of people live in high-income settings (Australia and New Zealand) so the risk of cholera transmission is low. Despite this, an estimated 6.5 million people living in the region are at risk of cholera. The most important risk factors are inadequate access to safe water and lack of appropriate sanitation and hygiene measures. However, many other factors may contribute to cholera transmission risk, and people living in Pacific Island countries may be at increased risk in the future due to climate change. Strengthening health delivery services in the region will ensure countries are better equipped to handle future cholera outbreaks; and further understanding the epidemiology of cholera and the causative agent in the region could help prevent future transmission.

Cholera in Papua New Guinea : Observations to date and future considerations

- Horwood, Paul, Greenhill, Andrew

  • Authors: Horwood, Paul , Greenhill, Andrew
  • Date: 2013
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Papua and New Guinea Medical Journal Vol. 56, no. 3-4 (2013), p. 162-165
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  • Description: Cholera is a severe diarrhoeal illness caused by infection with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. From July 2009 to late 2011 Papua New Guinea (PNG) experienced thefirst outbreak of cholera ever reported in this country. During this time > 15,000 cases of cholera were reported, resulting in approximately 500 deaths. The origin of this outbreak is unknown, but considering the remote location of the initial outbreak an infected international traveller is unlikely to be the source. In this paper we review the characteristics of the PNG cholera outbreak and discuss the ongoing threat of cholera to the country and the region.

Cholera in Papua New Guinea and the importance of safe water sources and sanitation

- Horwood, Paul, Greenhill, Andrew

Clonal origins of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains, Papua New Guinea, 2009-2011

- Horwood, Paul, Collins, Deirdre, Jonduo, Marinjho, Rosewell, Alexander, Dutta, Samir, Dagina, Rosheila, Ropa, Berry, Siba, Peter, Greenhill, Andrew

Detection of enteric viral and bacterial pathogens associated with paediatric diarrhoea in Goroka, Papua New Guinea

- Soli, Kevin, Maure, Tobias, Kas, Monalisa, Bande, Grace, Bebes, Sauli, Luang-Suarkia, Dagwin, Siba, Peter, Morita, Ayako, Umezaki, Masahiro, Greenhill, Andrew, Horwood, Paul

  • Authors: Soli, Kevin , Maure, Tobias , Kas, Monalisa , Bande, Grace , Bebes, Sauli , Luang-Suarkia, Dagwin , Siba, Peter , Morita, Ayako , Umezaki, Masahiro , Greenhill, Andrew , Horwood, Paul
  • Date: 2014
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: International Journal of Infectious Diseases Vol. 27, no. (2014), p. 54-58
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  • Description: Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the viral and bacterial causes of acute watery diarrhoea in hospitalized children in Papua New Guinea. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on stool samples collected from 199 children (age > 5 years) admitted to the paediatric ward of Goroka General Hospital from August 2009 through November 2010. A large range of viral and bacterial enteric pathogens were targeted using real-time PCR/RT-PCR assays. Results: Young children were much more likely to be admitted with acute gastroenteritis, with 62.8% of patients aged >1 year and 88.4% aged >2 years. An enteric pathogen was detected in 69.8% (n= 138) of patients. The most commonly detected pathogens were Shigella spp (26.6%), rotavirus (25.6%), adenovirus types 40/41 (11.6%), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (11.1%), enteropathogenic E. coli (8.5%), norovirus G2 (6.0%), and Campylobacter spp (4.0%). Norovirus G1, sapovirus, and Salmonella spp were also detected, but below our statistical limit of detection. Vibrio cholerae and astrovirus were not detected in any patients. Mixed infections were detected in 22.1% of patients, with Shigella and rotavirus most commonly detected in co-infections with other pathogens. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that Shigella and rotavirus are the major pathogens associated with acute paediatric gastroenteritis in this setting. © 2014 The Authors.

Detection of low pathogenicity influenza a(H7n3) virus during duck mortality event, Cambodia, 2017

- Suttie, Annika, Yann, Sokhoun, Phalla, Y., Tum, Sothyra, Deng, Yi-Mo, Hul, Vibol, Horm, Viseth, Barr, Ian, Greenhill, Andrew, Horwood, Paul, Osbjer, Kristina, Karlsson, Erik, Dussart, Philippe

Development, validation, and use of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for assessing protein intake in Papua New Guinean Highlanders

- Morita, Ayako, Natsuhara, Kazumi, Tomitsuka, Eriko, Odani, Shingo, Baba, Jun, Tadokoro, Kiyoshi, Igai, Katsura, Greenhill, Andrew, Horwood, Paul, Soli, Kevin, Phuanukoonnon, Suparat, Siba, Peter, Umezaki, Masahiro

  • Authors: Morita, Ayako , Natsuhara, Kazumi , Tomitsuka, Eriko , Odani, Shingo , Baba, Jun , Tadokoro, Kiyoshi , Igai, Katsura , Greenhill, Andrew , Horwood, Paul , Soli, Kevin , Phuanukoonnon, Suparat , Siba, Peter , Umezaki, Masahiro
  • Date: 2015
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: American Journal of Human Biology Vol. 27, no. 3 (2015), p. 349-357
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  • Description: Objectives: The aim of this article was to develop a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and evaluate its validity to estimate habitual protein intake, and investigate current dietary protein intakes of Papua New Guinea (PNG) Highlanders. Methods: A 32-item FFQ was developed and tested among 135 healthy male and female volunteers. The FFQ-estimated daily total and animal protein intakes were compared with biomarkers and 3-day Weighed Food Records (WFR) by correlation analyses, Bland-Altman plot analyses and joint classification analyses. Results: The FFQ-estimated total protein intake significantly correlated with urinary nitrogen in the first morning void after adjusting urinary creatinine concentration (r=0.28, P<0.01) and the FFQ-estimated animal protein intake significantly correlated with the hair δ15N (Spearman's r=0.34, P<0.001). The limits of agreement were ±2.39 Z-score residuals for total protein intake and ±2.19 Z-score for animal protein intake, and intra-individual differences increased as protein intake increased. The classification into the same and adjacent quartiles was 66.0% for total protein intake and 73.6% for animal protein intake. Median daily total and animal protein intake estimates from the FFQ and the 3-day WFR showed a good agreement with differences of 0.2 and 4.9 g, respectively. None of the studied communities in the PNG Highlands met the biologically required protein intake; although the community closer to an urban center showed higher protein intake than the more remote communities. Conclusions: The newly developed 32-item FFQ for PNG Highlanders is applicable for evaluation of protein intake at the individual level. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 27:349-357, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Diarrhoeal disease surveillance in Papua New Guinea : findings and challenges

- Abdad, Mohammad, Soli, Kevin, Pham, Bang, Bande, Grace, Maure, Tobias, Jonduo, Marinjo, Kisa, Debbie, Rai, Glennis, Phuanukoonnon, Suparat, Siba, Peter, Horwood, Paul, Greenhill, Andrew

  • Authors: Abdad, Mohammad , Soli, Kevin , Pham, Bang , Bande, Grace , Maure, Tobias , Jonduo, Marinjo , Kisa, Debbie , Rai, Glennis , Phuanukoonnon, Suparat , Siba, Peter , Horwood, Paul , Greenhill, Andrew
  • Date: 2020
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Vol. 11, no. 1 (Jan-Mar 2020), p. 6
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  • Description: Diarrhoeal diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the Western Pacific Region. However, data on the major causes of infectious diarrhoea are limited in many countries within the Region, including Papua New Guinea. In 2013-2014, we conducted surveillance for acute diarrhoeal illness in four provinces in Papua New Guinea. One rural health clinic from each province participated in the surveillance activity. Samples were sent to central laboratories and batch analysed for bacterial and viral gastrointestinal pathogens that are commonly associated with diarrhoea. Across the four sites, the most commonly detected pathogens were Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp. and rotavirus. In this paper, we report the results of the surveillance activity and the challenges that we faced. The lessons learnt may be applicable to other parts of the Region with a similar socioeconomic status.

Divergent Barmah forest virus from Papua New Guinea

- Caly, Leon, Horwood, Paul, Dhanasekaran, VijaykrishnaLynch, Stacey, Greenhill, Andrew, Pomat, William, Rai, Glennis, Kisa, Debbie, Bande, Grace, Druce, Julian, Abdad, Mohammad

Draft genome sequences of four citrobacter isolates recovered from wild australian shorebirds

- Smith, Hannah, Bean, David, Pitchers, William, Valcanis, Mary, Clarke, Rohan, Loyn, Richard, Hassell, Chris, Greenhill, Andrew

  • Authors: Smith, Hannah , Bean, David , Pitchers, William , Valcanis, Mary , Clarke, Rohan , Loyn, Richard , Hassell, Chris , Greenhill, Andrew
  • Date: 2021
  • Type: Text , Journal article
  • Relation: Microbiology Resource Announcements Vol. 10, no. 1 (2021), p.
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  • Description: Citrobacter is a ubiquitous bacterial genus whose members inhabit a variety of niches. Some species are clinically important for both antimicrobial resistance (AMR) carriage and as the cause of nosocomial infections. Surveillance of Citrobacter species in the environment can provide indicators of the spread of AMR genes outside clinical spaces. In this study, we present draft genome sequences of four Citrobacter isolates obtained from three species of wild Australian shorebirds. Copyright © 2021 Smith et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.