Health effects associated with inhalation of airborne arsenic arising from mining operations
- Martin, Rachael, Dowling, Kim, Pearce, Dora, Sillitoe, Jim, Florentine, Singarayer
- Authors: Martin, Rachael , Dowling, Kim , Pearce, Dora , Sillitoe, Jim , Florentine, Singarayer
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Geosciences (Switzerland) Vol. 4, no. 3 (2014), p. 128-175
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Arsenic in dust and aerosol generated by mining, mineral processing and metallurgical extraction industries, is a serious threat to human populations throughout the world. Major sources of contamination include smelting operations, coal combustion, hard rock mining, as well as their associated waste products, including fly ash, mine wastes and tailings. The number of uncontained arsenic-rich mine waste sites throughout the world is of growing concern, as is the number of people at risk of exposure. Inhalation exposures to arsenic-bearing dusts and aerosol, in both occupational and environmental settings, have been definitively linked to increased systemic uptake, as well as carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health outcomes. It is therefore becoming increasingly important to identify human populations and sensitive sub-populations at risk of exposure, and to better understand the modes of action for pulmonary arsenic toxicity and carcinogenesis. In this paper we explore the contribution of smelting, coal combustion, hard rock mining and their associated waste products to atmospheric arsenic. We also report on the current understanding of the health effects of inhaled arsenic, citing results from various toxicological, biomedical and epidemiological studies. This review is particularly aimed at those researchers engaged in the distinct, but complementary areas of arsenic research within the multidisciplinary field of medical geology. © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
- Authors: Martin, Rachael , Dowling, Kim , Pearce, Dora , Sillitoe, Jim , Florentine, Singarayer
- Date: 2014
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Geosciences (Switzerland) Vol. 4, no. 3 (2014), p. 128-175
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Arsenic in dust and aerosol generated by mining, mineral processing and metallurgical extraction industries, is a serious threat to human populations throughout the world. Major sources of contamination include smelting operations, coal combustion, hard rock mining, as well as their associated waste products, including fly ash, mine wastes and tailings. The number of uncontained arsenic-rich mine waste sites throughout the world is of growing concern, as is the number of people at risk of exposure. Inhalation exposures to arsenic-bearing dusts and aerosol, in both occupational and environmental settings, have been definitively linked to increased systemic uptake, as well as carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health outcomes. It is therefore becoming increasingly important to identify human populations and sensitive sub-populations at risk of exposure, and to better understand the modes of action for pulmonary arsenic toxicity and carcinogenesis. In this paper we explore the contribution of smelting, coal combustion, hard rock mining and their associated waste products to atmospheric arsenic. We also report on the current understanding of the health effects of inhaled arsenic, citing results from various toxicological, biomedical and epidemiological studies. This review is particularly aimed at those researchers engaged in the distinct, but complementary areas of arsenic research within the multidisciplinary field of medical geology. © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Prevalence and risk factors of ischaemic stroke in the young : a regional Australian perspective
- Siriratnam, Pakeeran, Godfrey, Amelia, O’Connor, Ellie, Pearce, Dora, Hu, Chih, Low, Ashlea, Hair, Casey, Oqueli, Ernesto, Sharma, Anand, Kraemer, Thomas, Sahathevan, Ramesh
- Authors: Siriratnam, Pakeeran , Godfrey, Amelia , O’Connor, Ellie , Pearce, Dora , Hu, Chih , Low, Ashlea , Hair, Casey , Oqueli, Ernesto , Sharma, Anand , Kraemer, Thomas , Sahathevan, Ramesh
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Internal Medicine Journal Vol. 50, no. 6 (2020), p. 698-704
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: There is no universally accepted age cut-off for defining young strokes. Aims: We aimed to determine, based on the profile of young stroke patients in our regional centre, an appropriate age cut-off for young strokes. Methods: A retrospective analysis of all ischaemic stroke patients admitted to our centre from 2015 to 2017. We identified 391 ischaemic stroke patients; 30 patients between the ages of ≤50, 40 between 51–60 inclusive and 321 ≥ 61 years of age. We collected data on demographic profiles, risk factors and stroke classification using the Trial of Org 10 172 in Acute Stroke Treatment criteria. Results: We found significant differences between the ≤50 and ≥61 age groups for most of the risk factors and similarities between the 51–60 inclusive and ≥ 61 age groups. At least one of the six risk factors assessed in the study was present in 86.7% of the youngest group, 97.5% of the intermediate age group and 97.2% in the oldest group. In terms of the mechanisms of stroke, the youngest and oldest age groups in our study differed in the prevalence of cryptogenic, cardioembolic and other causes of stroke. The middle and older age groups had similar mechanisms of stroke. Conclusions: The prevalence of vascular risk factors and mechanisms of stroke likewise differed significantly across age groups. This study suggests that 50 years is an appropriate age cut-off for defining young strokes and reinforces the importance of primary prevention in all age groups. © 2019 Royal Australasian College of Physicians
- Authors: Siriratnam, Pakeeran , Godfrey, Amelia , O’Connor, Ellie , Pearce, Dora , Hu, Chih , Low, Ashlea , Hair, Casey , Oqueli, Ernesto , Sharma, Anand , Kraemer, Thomas , Sahathevan, Ramesh
- Date: 2020
- Type: Text , Journal article
- Relation: Internal Medicine Journal Vol. 50, no. 6 (2020), p. 698-704
- Full Text:
- Reviewed:
- Description: Background: There is no universally accepted age cut-off for defining young strokes. Aims: We aimed to determine, based on the profile of young stroke patients in our regional centre, an appropriate age cut-off for young strokes. Methods: A retrospective analysis of all ischaemic stroke patients admitted to our centre from 2015 to 2017. We identified 391 ischaemic stroke patients; 30 patients between the ages of ≤50, 40 between 51–60 inclusive and 321 ≥ 61 years of age. We collected data on demographic profiles, risk factors and stroke classification using the Trial of Org 10 172 in Acute Stroke Treatment criteria. Results: We found significant differences between the ≤50 and ≥61 age groups for most of the risk factors and similarities between the 51–60 inclusive and ≥ 61 age groups. At least one of the six risk factors assessed in the study was present in 86.7% of the youngest group, 97.5% of the intermediate age group and 97.2% in the oldest group. In terms of the mechanisms of stroke, the youngest and oldest age groups in our study differed in the prevalence of cryptogenic, cardioembolic and other causes of stroke. The middle and older age groups had similar mechanisms of stroke. Conclusions: The prevalence of vascular risk factors and mechanisms of stroke likewise differed significantly across age groups. This study suggests that 50 years is an appropriate age cut-off for defining young strokes and reinforces the importance of primary prevention in all age groups. © 2019 Royal Australasian College of Physicians
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